Refining the laparoscopic retroperitoneal lymph node dissection for testicular cancer

SURGICAL TECHNIQUE

Refining the laparoscopic retroperitoneal lymph node dissection for testicular cancer

Frederico R. Romero; Andrew Wagner; Fabio A. Brito; Michael Muntener; Guilherme C. Lima; Louis R. Kavoussi

James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, USA

^{Correspondence}

ABSTRACT

Since its initial description, the laparoscopic retroperitoneal lymph node dissection has evolved considerably, from a purely diagnostic tool performed to stage germ cell testicular cancer to a therapeutic operation that fully duplicates the open technique. Herein, we describe the current technique employed at our institution, along with illustrations of all surgical steps, and delineate the refinements of the technique over time.

Key words: testicular neoplasms; lymph node excision; laparoscopy; diagnostic techniques, surgical

INTRODUCTION

Retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (RPLND) has been used for diagnosis and treatment of clinical stage I and II nonseminomatous germ cell tumors (NSGCT), and as a salvage therapy for bulky metastatic germ cell testicular tumors following cisplatin-based chemotherapy.

Since the first description of open RPLND in 1902 (1), the surgical technique has undergone several modifications in an effort to decrease morbidity and enhance oncological efficacy (2). The laparoscopic RPLND (L-RPLND) has similarly evolved. Initially used purely as a diagnostic tool, L-RPLND, when properly performed, has developed into a therapeutic operation that strictly adheres to established oncologic principles and fully duplicates the open technique (3).

The objective of the present article is to illustrate in detail the laparoscopic technique employed at our institution, outlining the refinements of L-RPLND over time.

SURGICAL TECHNIQUE

After the induction with general endotracheal anesthesia, a nasogastric tube and Foley catheter are inserted. Patients are placed in a modified flank-up position using a jelly role to slightly elevate the ipsilateral side. They are then taped securely to the operating room table across the chest, hips, and legs. This allows the surgeon to role the patient into a completely lateral position during the procedure if necessary. Abdomen and flank are prepped and draped in a sterile fashion.

Pneumoperitoneum is achieved in the standard manner. Four equidistant 10/12 mm laparoscopic ports are positioned in the midline beginning 2 to 4 cm below the xiphoid process (Figure-1). All ports are placed under direct vision and sutured to the skin with 2-0 silk sutures to avoid inadvertent removal during the procedure.

To begin the dissection on either side, the colon is reflected medially by incising the line of Toldt. Care is taken not to damage the delicate mesenteric vasculature. The spermatic vessels are first identified, then dissected free of surrounding tissues distally toward the internal inguinal ring (Figure-2). At the area of the internal ring, sharp and blunt dissection is necessary, often using monopolar cautery, to liberate the most distal aspect of the vessels, along with the nonabsorbable stitch from the previous radical inguinal orchiectomy. Great care is necessary to avoid injury to the adjacent iliac vessels during this dissection. The spermatic vessels, along with all contiguous lymphatic tissue, are sharply dissected and brought up to their origin (renal hilum on the left, and inferior vena cava on the right), where they are clipped and transected.

The removal of the retroperitoneal lymph node packets is performed in a modified template fashion. The borders of our dissection are shown in Figure-3. Dissection over the aorta is halted at the level of the inferior mesenteric artery to avoid damaging the hypogastric plexus of nerves, which can result in impaired ejaculation. A right-sided dissection necessitates complete mobilization of the duodenum and head of pancreas medially using sharp dissection and the strict avoidance of thermal energy (Kocher maneuver). This will expose the inferior vena cava (IVC) and aorta (Ao).

Both right and left dissections generally proceed in a similar fashion. First, a split/roll technique is used to gather all precaval/preaortic and lateral lymphatic tissues up to the renal hilum, exposing the renal vein and renal artery (Figure-4). The lateral nodal tissues are lifted and separated from the underlying psoas fascia. The interaortocaval tissue is then dissected. An atraumatic grasper is used to gain additional exposure to this area by lifting the vena cava and aorta, allowing the nodal packet to be gently teased off the surface of the great vessels (Figure-5). We liberally use 5 and 10 mm titanium clips to secure vasculature and lymph structures. Finally, retrocaval/retroaortic dissection is performed to remove the only remaining lymphatic tissue, again taking care to clip all lymphatic channels and lumbar vessels encountered (Figure-6). The sympathetic chains are identified and carefully dissected free (Figure-7).

Meticulous lymphatic ligation minimizes the risk of postoperative lymphocele. Venous bleeding is often encountered and should first be controlled using direct pressure. A laparoscopic laparotomy pad (standard pad cut into a 3 cm wide strip for insertion through the trocar) is frequently used for this purpose and most venous bleeding will stop with several minutes of continuous pressure. To gain control of arterial bleeding, especially that from the aorta, we resort to using clips, bipolar cautery, or if the bleeding is directly from the aorta, intracorporeal suturing using 3-0 monofilament, nonabsorbable suture.

Retroperitoneal lymph nodes and spermatic cord are placed into a 10 cm specimen bag, removed from the abdomen, and sent for pathologic analysis. At the end of the procedure, intraabdominal pressure is lowered to 5 mm Hg to evaluate active bleeding. Port sites are closed endoscopically under direct vision using 0-polyglactin suture.

COMMENTS

We have been performing L-RPLND for testicular cancer since 1992 at our institution. Originally, the procedure was used in a diagnostic fashion to provide pathologic staging information for clinical Stage I NSGCT. In 1999, we retrospectively reviewed our first 29 patients undergoing L-RPLND for clinical Stage I NSGCT. We demonstrated that the procedure provided useful pathologic information with minimal short and long-term morbidity. This data supported the notion that L-RPLND was a feasible, minimally invasive surgical alternative to observation or open RPLND (4). With time and additional laparoscopic experience, we began to perform L-RPLND on post-chemotherapy patients who required resection of residual retroperitoneal masses. In 2002, we reported the results of 7 such patients. Again, L-RPLND was considered feasible in this situation, though extremely challenging due to the chemotherapy-induced retroperitoneal fibrosis (5).

After our initial experience, it was apparent that we could perform a dissection that mirrored that of the open procedure. Therefore, our objectives for L-RPLND evolved from a diagnostic to a therapeutic intervention, although because approximately 50% of pathologic stage II patients relapse (6), we continue to use 2 cycles of chemotherapy when positive nodes are discovered. In 2003, we evaluated the long-term oncologic efficacy of our patients. There were no abdominal recurrences, however 1 of 15 (6.6%) patients with pathologic stage I disease had biochemical recurrence with a median follow-up of 5.8 years. Though our numbers were relatively small we concluded that cancer control appeared similar, and L-RPLND offered minimal morbidity compared with the open procedure (7).

As of May 2005, we have performed a total of 92 L-RPLND for testicular cancer. Seventy-six (82.6%) patients underwent the complete template dissection as described above, and sixteen (17.4%) patients underwent an abbreviated dissection due to positive lymph nodes found on frozen section. Median age was 30.5 years-old (range 15 to 45). Seventy-seven (83.7%) patients underwent L-RPLND for clinical stage I or II NSGCT of the testis, and 15 (16.3%) for residual retroperitoneal mass following chemotherapy. Right and left-sided modified unilateral template dissection were performed in 49 (53.3%) and 40 (43.5%) patients, respectively. Three (3.2%) patients underwent bilateral dissection. Intraoperative complications occurred in 10 (10.8%) patients: cavotomy (5.4%), injury to the renal hilum (3.1%), transection of the external iliac artery (1%), and gallbladder lesion (1%). Open conversion rate was 5.4%. The median estimate blood loss was 300 mL (range 50 to 4500), and median length of hospital stay was 2 days (range 1 to 71).

After the establishment and refinement of L-RPLND by experienced laparoscopists throughout the world (8-10), appropriate changes in the procedure, namely resection of retrocaval and retroaortic tissue and preservation of the sympathetic chains, have allowed the procedure to truly mimic its open counterpart. This has allowed L-RPLND to become an oncologically sound treatment option for men with germ cell testicular tumors. Early and mid-term results of L-RPLND parallel those of the open technique, and moreover, provide the patients with the inherent benefits of a laparoscopic approach (decreases in postoperative pain, scarring, and convalescence). It remains to be seen, however, if this procedure will become commonplace as it requires advanced laparoscopic skill and patience. Furthermore, with improvements in chemotherapeutic regimens, RPLND may be less commonly indicated in the future. A prospective randomized trial comparing the morbidity and oncologic outcomes of laparoscopic and open RPLND would be the ideal method of fully evaluating the L-RPLND in this setting.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Timothy Phelps, MS, FAMI (Department of Arts as Applied to Medicine, Johns Hopkins University) made the illustrations.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

None declared.

Accepted after revision: October 10, 2005

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  08 June 2006
• Date of issue
  Apr 2006

History

• Accepted
  10 Oct 2005
• Received
  10 Oct 2005