Transperitoneal laparoscopic pyeloplasty: Brazilian initial experience with 55 cases

CLINICAL UROLOGY

Transperitoneal laparoscopic pyeloplasty: Brazilian initial experience with 55 cases

Marco T. C. Lasmar; Hilario A. Castro Junior; Alessandro Vengjer; Francisco A. T. Guerra; Eugenio A. C. Souza; Lydston M. Rocha

Felicio Rocho Hospital, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil

^{Correspondence}

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: To evaluate prospectively the results obtained in 55 patients undergoing laparoscopic pyeloplasty through transperitoneal access.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: From January 2005 to July 2009, fifty-five patients between 13 and 64 years old, were treated for ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) stenosis via a transperitoneal laparoscopy. All patients had clinical symptoms of high urinary obstruction and hydronephrosis confirmed by imaging methods. Anderson-Hynes dismembered pyeloplasty was performed in 51 patients and Fenger technique in the other 4 cases. Patients were clinically and imaging evaluated in the postoperative period at 3 and 6 months and then followed-up annually.

RESULTS: The operative time ranged from 95 to 270 min. The mean hospital stay was 2 days. The average blood loss was 170 mL. The time to return to normal activities ranged from 10 to 28 days. Anomalous vessels were identified in 27 patients, intrinsic stenosis in 23 patients and 5 patients had high implantation of the ureter. Laparoscopic pyelolithotomy was successfully performed in 6 patients with associated renal stones. That series monitoring ranged from 1 to 55 months. One patient had longer urinary fistula (11 days), 3 patients had portal infection and 6 patients had prolonged ileus. There was one conversion due to technical difficulties. From the later postoperative complications, 2 patients had re-stenosis, one determined by Anderson-Hynes technique and the other by Fenger technique. The success rate was 95.65%.

CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic pyeloplasty has functional results comparable to conventional open technique. It offers less morbidity, with aesthetic and post-operative convalescence benefits and lower complication rates.

Key words: kidney; ureter; laparoscopy; pyeloplasty; treatment outcome

INTRODUCTION

Ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) obstruction is one of the most common ureter intrinsic pathologies generally manifested by back pain, renal colic and urinary tract infection. It can lead to progressive hydronephrosis and renal dysfunction (1).

The gold standard treatment of this pathology is Anderson-Hynes dismembered pyeloplasty, traditionally performed in a conventional open procedure, with success rates over 90% (2).

Minimally invasive techniques, both endoscopic and percutaneous, with incision of UPJ are also performed with low morbidity, but with success rates lower than those of conventional surgery (3,4).

Laparoscopic pyeloplasty, first performed by Schuessler et al. (5), in 1993, maintains the principles of open dismembered pyeloplasty, with excellent functional results and significant reductions in morbidity (6).

The objective of the present a study was to evaluate prospectively, from the first visit to the follow-up after surgery, the results obtained in 55 patients undergoing laparoscopic pyeloplasty by transperitoneal access.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In the period from January 2005 to July 2009, 55 patients, 29 men and 26 women, aged between 13 and 64 years old were treated for UPJ stenosis through transperitoneal laparoscopy by the same surgeon (MTCL). All patients had clinical symptoms of high urinary obstruction and hydronephrosis, confirmed by intravenous urogram and / or multi-slice CT scan. None of them had undergone any previous treatment (Table-1).

Patients were placed in a lateral contralateral position on the side to be treated. Pneumoperitoneum was made with a Veress needle and maintained at 15 mmHg. Three or four trocars were placed according to standard configuration (Figure-1), a paraumbilical one, another between this one and the ipsilateral iliac crest and the third between that and the xiphoid appendix. In 44 patients one more trocar was used being located in the anterior axillary line. A peritoneal incision was made in the line of Toldt and the colon was medially folded until identifying the ureter and renal pelvis. Anderson-Hynes dismembered pyeloplasty was performed in 51 patients and Fenger technique in the other 4 cases. In all cases was performed a suture of UPJ with 4-0 polyglycolic acid thread in separated stitches on the spatulated ureter and continuous stitches on renal pelvis. In 6 cases a lithiasis treatment was made previously identified in imaging studies, being the calculi successfully removed. The first 15 patients underwent implantation of double-J stent through retrograde way and in the others through anterograde way. They were removed after 6 weeks of surgery. All patients remained with intravesical Foley catheter for 24-48 h and Penrose drain for the same period, except when its drainage persisted. Patients were clinically assessed and imaging evaluated at 3 and 6 months and followed annually since then.

RESULTS

The operative and post-operative results are distributed in Table-2. Mean operative time was 150 minutes (ranging from 95 to 270 min.). There was a progressive decrease in operative time after the first 20 cases. The average blood loss was 170 mL (60 to 370 mL), measured by the content aspirated that may have contained urine. The mean hospital stay was 2 days (1 to 11 days). The average time to return to normal activities was 15 days (10 to 28 days).

Anderson-Hynes dismembered pyeloplasty was performed in 51 patients and Fenger plasty in 4. Anomalous vessels were identified in 27 patients (49.09%), ureter intrinsic stenosis in 23 patients (41.81%) and 5 patients (9.09%) had ureter high implantation. Laparoscopic pyelolithotomy was successfully performed in 6 patients with associated calculi, with greater opening of the renal pelvis and using the laparoscopic equipment.

This series follow-up ranged from 1 to 55 months. Forty-six patients had more than 6 months of follow-up, with complete resolution of pain observed in 44 of these (95.65%), except for two cases where re-stenosis was detected in postoperative follow-up period.

There was conversion to open surgery in a 13-year-old patient due to technical difficulties, in a case carried out at the beginning of this series. One patient had urinary fistula, which lasted 11 days, 3 patients had portal infection and 6 patients had prolonged ileus. All these minor complications were treated conservatively with complete resolution. From the later postoperative complications, 2 patients (4.35%), over six months of follow-up, showed re-stenosis, one in which the surgery was performed through Anderson-Hynes technique and the other through Fenger technique. These complications were identified at 8 and 4 months of follow-up respectively by low back pain after drinking water and was confirmed by imaging methods. The first was treated by retrograde endopyelotomy and the second by open pyeloplasty, both with success.

COMMENTS

Since its description in 1949 by Anderson-Hynes, open dismembered pyeloplasty has been the gold standard for UPJ obstruction treatment, with success rates exceeding 90% (2). The lumbar incision adopted most of the time (lumbotomy), among other factors, leads to higher morbidity in the procedure, mainly related to the use of analgesics postoperatively and worse cosmetic effect besides a longer period of convalescence (6).

Minimally invasive procedures have emerged with the aim of reducing the morbidity in the open surgery. Retrograde and anterograde endopyelotomy, pneumatic balloon dilatation, Acucise, cold Knife and more recently the use of laser were used for the purpose of treatment of UPJ stenosis. Such procedures have low morbidity, but lower rates of success (3,4). Moreover, there is evidence that patients with large renal pelvis, poor kidney function and anomalous vessel are not good candidates for endoluminal techniques. Added to this, the long-term results are also worse, at around 63% with more frequent relapses (7).

Initially accepted with difficulty due to the long operative period and the need for advanced laparoscopic skills, video-assisted pyeloplasty decreased morbidity and improved cosmetic effect while maintaining success rates similar to those of the conventional open technique (1).

Anderson-Hynes dismembered technique is used in most series of published laparoscopic pyeloplasties, reflecting an attempt to reproduce the well-established principles of open surgery (6,8), besides being more effective than other minimally invasive procedures (3,4,7). The dismembered technique should always be considered, even in the presence of anomalous vessel, because in more than half of the cases there is an associated intrinsic stenosis (9).

Laparoscopic pyeloplasty can be performed by either trans or retroperitoneal approach. Although, the transperitoneal approach provides more working space for dissection and suturing with more defined anatomical references, retroperitoneoscopy promotes direct access to UPJ with less need for dissection and without violating the peritoneal envelope (10). Both operative time and the results of transperitoneal way are comparable to retroperitoneal access (11).

When evaluating the results based on the used ways, both the transperitoneal and retroperitoneal approaches offer similar success rates, with similar rates of complications (12-18), varying the choice according to surgeon’s preference and experience.

There was a significant and progressive decrease in the operative time during this series, associated with greater experience acquired by the surgeon (MTCL), observing a final average time of 150 min. In the literature several series of video-laparoscopic pyeloplasty are described where there is evidence that the time varied from 77 to 312 min with progressive reduction in the postoperative period as it increases the number of cases, due to the learning curve (18). There was also a decrease in blood loss with the progression of the learning curve and therefore it was not necessary to perform blood transfusion in any patient.

Conversion was necessary in one patient in this series due to technical difficulties. The patient was 13 years old and was operated in the beginning of the presented series. The conversion rate was 1.81%, consistent with other series described in the literature. (17,18).

In this study there were two cases of re-stenosis (4.34%), one performed through Fenger technique and the other through Anderson-Hynes. Reports of re-stenosis in the literature ranged from 3.5 to 4.8% of the cases with the use of Anderson-Hynes technique (18). We must consider that in open surgery the rates are similar and Fenger technique, itself, has higher rates of re-stenosis (2). Re-stenosis can be treated by laparoscopic approach, with success rates similar to those of primary obstruction (19). In our cases, re-stenosis was operated by open surgery because they occurred at the beginning of the surgeon’s learning curve. Intraoperative complications are rare during laparoscopic pyeloplasty as well as postoperative complications, with rates ranging from 2% to 15% (18,20,21). Complications in this series were limited, totaling 10.9%, which were a urinary fistula that lasted 11 days in one patient, three other patients who had operative wound infection and two cases of re-stenosis.

Open pyeloplasty has been the gold standard for the treatment of UPJ stenosis since its establishment, with long-term success rates higher than 90% (2). However, its morbidity is high especially related to chronic pain, risk of incisional hernia and later return to ‘daily activities’ (6). The success rates of laparoscopic pyeloplasty were comparable to those of open surgery with long-term rates as high as 98% (12-18).

In this series, there was a success rate of 95.65%, consistent with the data presented in the literature for laparoscopic and open pyeloplasty Table-3.

Since its first report by Sung et al. (22), pyeloplasty has been performed also assisted by robotics, with results similar to laparoscopic procedures and standard open surgery. The most recent reports show a lower learning curve and shorter operative time, resulting mainly from a higher skill in surgery and simplification of suture (23), besides the opportunity to perform the treatment of bilateral pathology cases at once, with practicality, safety and without functional loss (24). The costs of robotic surgery are major limitations to the procedure application in several centers.

CONCLUSIONS

Laparoscopic pyeloplasty has functional results comparable to the conventional open technique and better than the other endoluminal procedures. It is a safe and effective alternative for the treatment of pyeloureteral junction stenosis and it can be considered as first choice by surgeons with experience in laparoscopy. The complication rates are low and concurrent procedures, as pyelolithotomies, can be performed.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

None declared.

Accepted after revision: March 15, 2010

EDITORIAL COMMENT

This article reinforces that excellent results of laparoscopic pyeloplasty can be consistently obtained by many authors. In those services with experience in laparoscopy, it is considered the standard of care for relieving all conditions related to pyeloureteral junction obstruction for adults and older children.

The rate of success of Anderson-Hynes dismembered pyeloplasty has duplicated that of open surgery with incomparable less invasiveness. The endopyelotomy (transureteral, percutaneous or by Acucise catheter) showed reduced results when compared to conventional or laparoscopic pyeloplasty and for this reason is nowadays much less used.

Transperitoneal or retroperitoneal access is no longer a concern but much more a preference for surgeons. Laparoscopic pyeloplasty has shown to be an excellent option for secondary pyeloureteral obstruction as considered in discussion. Removal of renal associated stones may depend on intra-renal location, size, number of stones, and the anatomy of the urinary tract and the rate of success is not uniform. Flexible nephroscope may be an important tool to retrieve calyceal stone not approachable using rigid lens, leaving more kidneys stone free.

When available, in my opinion, the assistance of the Da Vinci robot may become laparoscopic pyeloplasty accessible for all urologists particularly those with no experience with laparoscopic procedure.

Dr. Anuar I. Mitre

University of Sao Paulo, USP

Sao Paulo, Brazil

E-mail: [e-mail]

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  23 Mar 2011
• Date of issue
  Dec 2010

History

• Accepted
  15 Mar 2010
• Received
  15 Mar 2010