Dental caries experience in 12-year-old schoolchildren in southeastern Brazil

ORIGINAL ARTICLES

Dental caries experience in 12-year-old schoolchildren in southeastern Brazil

Silvia Cypriano^I; Rosana H. S. Hoffmann^II; Maria da Luz R. de Sousa^III; Ronaldo S. Wada^IV

^IDDS, PhD, Professor, Department of Preventive Dentistry, Pontifical Catholic University, Campinas, SP, Brazil

^IIDDS, MSc, PhD Student, Department of Cariology, Dental School of Piracicaba, State University of Campinas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil

^IIIDDS, MSc, PhD, Chair Professor, Department of Community and Preventive Dentistry, Public Health Area, Dental School of Piracicaba, State University of Campinas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil

^IVDDS, MSc, PhD, Professor, Department of Social Dentistry, Biostatics Area, Dental School of Piracicaba, State University of Campinas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil

^{Corresponding address}

ABSTRACT

The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of caries-free children using DMFT and significant caries (SiC) indexes in different caries prevalence groups in cities of the region of Campinas, São Paulo State, Brazil. The methodology proposed by the World Health Organization (1997) was used for caries diagnosis in 2,378 individuals. According to the DMFT index obtained in each evaluated city, 3 prevalence groups with representative samples were formed, being classified as low, moderate and high. SiC index was used to classify the one third of the population with the highest caries prevalence. In the low prevalence group, 32.4% of the children were caries free (DMFT=0), with mean DMFT of 2.29 and SiC index of 4.93. In the moderate prevalence group, 21.8% of the children were caries free, with mean DMFT of 3.36 and SiC of 6.74. Only 6.9% of the children in the high prevalence group were caries free and the mean DMFT was 5.54 (SiC=9.62). There was a great heterogeneity in dental caries distribution within the studied population, as well as a high caries prevalence considering the 3 classifications. Other indexes besides DMFT could be used to improve oral health assessment during establishment of the treatment plan and intervention.

Key Words: Epidemiology. Oral health. Dental caries. DMF index.

INTRODUCTION

Significant gains in oral health levels have been observed over the last few years in countries like Germany¹⁶, England, USA, Scandinavia, Scotland¹⁸, Norway⁴ and Australia¹¹. Several researchers believe that the use of different fluoride-releasing vehicles has significantly contributed to such dental caries decline^4,5,14,18. There is a consensus among experts who consider the addition of fluoride to dentifrices as the main strategy to reduce dental caries prevalence^7,13. However, several population groups still have a high caries experience and a great need for dental care ^{3,6,10,11,19,20,21,23}. Finding instruments and effective strategies to minimize the inequalities in oral health levels remains a major challenge.

Bratthall⁸ (2000) developed the significant caries (SiC) index to select individuals with the highest caries scores. The validity of this tool has been confirmed by Marthaler¹⁴ (2004), who reported that dental caries assessment can be done regardless of the socioeconomic level.

Several Brazilian studies have shown a decrease in the prevalence and severity of dental caries, mainly among schoolchildren. Bönecker and Cleaton-Jones⁹ (2003) detected this trend towards a decrease in dental caries among children from Latin America and the Caribbean. National epidemiological surveys conducted by the Brazilian Ministry of Health in 1996 and 2003 showed a DMFT reduction of 9.15% (3.06 to 2.78) in 12-year-olds. Epidemiological surveys are needed to verify whether this trend in DMFT polarization does exist. Thus, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the percentage of caries-free children, as well as the DMFT and SiC indexes focusing on different caries prevalence groups in 12-year-olds living in the southeastern Brazil.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The present study was independently reviewed and approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Dental School of Piracicaba, State University of Campinas, Brazil.

Oral health epidemiological surveys involving 29 cities located in the region of Campinas (São Paulo State, Brazil) were carried out between 1998 and 2001. In order to reach this number, all cities from the region of Campinas were first pre-stratified according to their size [large (more than 50,000 inhabitants), medium-sized (10,000-50,000 inhabitants) and small (fewer than 10,000 inhabitants)], and dental caries prevalence (cities with moderate and high caries prevalence). The city sample size was defined according to the specifications of the World Health Organization²⁴ (1997) for areas with moderate and high caries prevalence. Public and private schools were randomly selected from the official information records supplied by each city's Education Department. The 12-year-olds enrolled in this survey studied at these schools and were selected by systematic sample without reposition. Only children whose parents/guardians signed an informed consent form and were present on the day of the survey were included. Schoolchildren having 5 or more orthodontic brackets were excluded.

The authors participated in all study phases, including calibration, data collection and analysis of the results. Prior to the survey, calibration exercises comprising practical and theoretical activities were carried out by dentists who were adequately calibrated by S.C and M.L.R.S. at intermittent periods totaling 24 h. Inter-examiner reliability was assessed and a percentage agreement of 85% was reached. Because of the large number of cities, the examinations were carried out by groups varying from 7 to 25 examiners, regardless of the cities assessed in each year during the study period. During data collection, duplicate examinations of approximately 10% of the children were performed to assess intra-examiner variability. WHO's²⁴ international standards were used to perform the epidemiological survey. Children, lying on a school desk, were examined either in a classroom under artificial light or outdoors under natural light. A dental mirror and a CPI probe were used in each examination. Results were recorded on a form developed by the Public Health School, University of São Paulo, Brazil.

Twenty-nine out of 42 cities were assessed. Areas with very low caries prevalence and/or considerably insufficient number of individuals were excluded. Digitized epidemiological data were obtained from each city. Typing was reviewed and DMFT values were checked. Cities were classified according to a scale as an indicator of oral health: DMFT 0 to 1.1 (very low prevalence); DMFT 1.2 to 2.6 (low prevalence); DMFT 2.7 to 4.4 (moderate prevalence); DMFT 4.5 to 6.5 (high prevalence) and DMFT > 6.6 (very high prevalence). Caries prevalence was established and the number of children was determined to verify if it was sufficient for statistical analysis. The variability (SD) of DMFT mean values was used to verify whether samples were representative of each level of prevalence, considering an error of 5% and a confidence interval of 95%.

Percentage of caries-free scholars (DMFT=0) and DMFT and SiC indexes⁸ were used to describe dental caries distribution in each prevalence group and to evaluate caries distribution among the individuals. SiC index calculations were used to classify the children according to their DMFT, to select the one third of the population with the highest caries scores, and to calculate the mean DMFT for the subgroups. SiC mean values were obtained according to the subgroup (one third of the population) with the highest dental caries prevalence, and the other subgroups (two thirds of the population) with lower dental caries prevalence.

Excel^® software²⁵ (www.whocollab.od.mah.se/expl/siccalculation.xls) was used to calculate SiC index. EPI-Info software was used to calculate DMFT index and the percentage of caries-free individuals. The chi-square test was used to verify different proportions among caries-free schoolchildren. Differences among DMFT and SiC index values, concerning the groups with low, moderate and high caries prevalence, were analyzed by the Mann-Whitney U-test. Nonparametric tests were used for the variables with a non-normal distribution. A statistical significance level of 5% was adopted.

RESULTS

The percentage of inter-examiner agreement ranged from 92.5 to 98.5%. These values are admissible according to the WHO's²⁴ criteria. Intra-examiner agreement ranged from 89 to 99.8%. The response rate was 84.1%, as some subjects were absent on the day of the dental examination.

Examinations were carried out in 2,378 12-year-old children. Sample distribution concerning gender was equitable in all caries prevalence groups: 1,135 boys (47.7%) and 1,243 girls (52.3%). Most children examined were enrolled in state schools (93.9%) and lived in urban areas (89.8%). Figure 1 shows the geographic variance of caries experience in the assessed region, according to the prevalence scale. DMFT index ranged from 1.0 to 6.2, revealing large heterogeneity of disease distribution in the areas.

Thirteen cities were classified as low prevalence, totaling 1,141 epidemiological exams (Table 1). The DMFT ranged from 1.76 to 2.64, SiC index ranged from 4.00 to 6.59 and caries-free percentage ranged from 43.2 to 21.9, showing heterogeneous levels of dental caries. Moderate prevalence was found in 14 cities (n=1,018), with values ranging from 2.71 to 4.00 for DMFT, 5.34 to 8.13 for SiC index, and 35.5 to 12.9 for caries free percentage. Only 2 cities (n=188) were classified as high caries prevalence. Very high prevalence was not found (Table 1). Considering the total sample, the DMFT was 3.02, the SiC index was 6.22 and the caries-free percentage was 25.7% (Table 1).

Figure 2 shows the dental caries experience and distribution for the low, moderate and high prevalence groups. Mean values for decayed teeth ranged from 2.29 to 5.54, concerning the three prevalence groups (low, moderate and high). Statistically significant differences (p<0.001) were observed among the prevalence groups.

Considering the WHO goals for the year 2000 (DMFT=3), the mean values for the cities with low prevalence in the present study were lower than such value. Considering all cities, 58.6% presented DMFT mean values <3. Figure 3 illustrates the SiC index values recorded in the different caries prevalence groups. This index, representing the one-third of the population that was the most affected by caries disease, ranged from 4.93 to 9.62. There was statistically significant difference among the groups (p<0.001). The other two-thirds of the population that presented the lowest DMFT scores, also showed statistically significant differences among the groups (p<0.001), which clearly demonstrates the inequalities in the oral health pattern, when compared to the remaining population (two thirds) least affected by dental caries.

Figure 4 shows the distribution of the DMFT and SiC index in the cities evaluated in this study.

DISCUSSION

Campinas region showed good oral health levels in the surveyed 12-year-old-children population. Caries prevalence was low in 44.8% of the evaluated cities. High caries prevalence was found in only 6.9% of the cities.

Conversely, Baldani, et al. ¹ (2002) reported a low caries prevalence among 12-year-old schoolchildren in 7.3% of the cities the state of Paraná, Brazil, while a high prevalence was found in most cities (means DMFT=5.38). Likewise, Peres, et al.¹⁷ (1997) reported a low caries prevalence among 12-year-olds in only few cities of the state of São Paulo (4.0%), between 1990 and 1995, while 80.0% of the cities presented a high or very high caries prevalence.

In the present study, most cities in the region of Campinas achieved the WHO goals for the year 2000 (DMFT=3) (FDI, 1982)¹². However, as shown in Table 1, high SiC index values and low percentage of caries-free children were found for some cities where caries prevalence was classified as low. These findings are most likely related to the socioeconomic level of the evaluated cities. Other important factors, such as local service organization, access to fluoridated water and preventive procedures, investment in public health and health promotion measures, might also contribute to these findings.

Baldani, et al.¹ (2002) reported that social, ethnical and cultural differences might result in distinct health profiles. Bratthall⁸ (2000) stated that less privileged population subgroups in some areas are 5 to 37 times more likely to develop caries. This denotes a skewed distribution of dental caries. While some children have high or very high DMFT values, others are caries free or show low DMFT values.

In the present study, SiC index was used to identify the high caries experience group and plan strategies to decrease the inequalities in oral health patterns. Therefore, in addition to the DMFT index, other approaches for caries evaluation should be considered. Marthaler¹⁴ (2004), analyzing the changes in dental caries, mentioned an advantage of the SiC index that allows comparing different real situations, which is the fact that this index does not require any socioeconomic level assessment, thereby avoiding different ways of interpretation.

In countries like Germany¹⁶, United Kingdom¹⁹, Switzerland, Mexico and Uruguay²⁵, when the mean DMFT values ranged from 1.2 to 2.5, denoting low caries prevalence, the SiC index ranged from 3.2 to 5.3. DMFT and SiC mean values obtained in the present study were similar to those recorded in countries like Mexico and Uruguay²⁵. Lower values for such indexes were observed in the USA⁸ and Switzerland²⁵ 10 years ago, showing better oral health patterns. When DMFT mean values ranged from 2.8 to 4.4 (moderate caries prevalence) in countries like Nicaragua, Portugal and Mexico²⁵, the SiC index ranged from 5.7 to 7.5. However, lower values than the ones (DMFT 5.5; SiC 9.6) found in the present study were observed in countries like Portugal, Bolivia (DMFT 4.7; SiC 8.8) and Greece (DMFT 4.5 and SiC 8.1)²⁵.

In the present study, considering all prevalence patterns (low, moderate, and high), DMFT and SiC means values were observed to increase simultaneously. However, the ratio of caries-free individuals was found to range from 21.9 to 43.2%, 12.9 to 38.3% and 3.1 to 8.9% for the low, moderate, and high prevalence groups, respectively.

The inequalities in oral health are remarkable and easily noted among caries-free children. Children residing in areas with moderate caries prevalence were 3.8 times more likely to be caries-free when compared to children living in high caries prevalence areas. The chances are even higher when children living in low prevalence areas are compared to those living in high prevalence areas (6.5 times).

Vehkalahti, et al.²² (1997) reported that even when positive changes in oral health occur, there is a group within the population with greater need for oral heath care, suggesting that a preventive strategy, including early identification of high-risk patients and individualized treatment, should be considered.

Analyzing the SiC index mean values among the different caries prevalence groups, there is one that can easily be seen to have the worst health levels (Figure 3). Figure 3 shows mean caries levels for one-third of the children with the highest caries scores (SiC index) and for two-thirds of the children with the lowest caries scores. Based on the results of the present study and on the WHO's guidelines for dental caries in 12-year-olds in the years 2000¹² and 2015⁸, specific strategies should be developed for the different situations concerning oral health status. Burt¹⁰ (1998) evaluated the oral health conditions in Scandinavian countries and proposed preventive approaches to reduce dental caries levels in the population as a whole, in areas with the highest caries prevalence, and in high-caries-risk individuals.

In the region studied in the present study, a first step would be to meet the DMFT=3 goal in all areas by implementing preventive and educational oral health measures, aiming at the population as a whole. Secondly, there is a need to identify areas with high caries levels, even if the DMFT =3 goal had already been achieved, and develop oral health strategies for the groups with the highest caries prevalence. Finally, individualized approaches should be applied, promoting reasonable, effective and lasting health actions. Strategies directed to the whole population should always be considered irrespective of health-disease levels², not only to maintain or decrease caries levels, but also to increase the proportion of caries-free individuals, providing broad benefits to all people.

CONCLUSIONS

The data referring to the percentage of caries-free children as well as the DMFT and SiC indexes revealed significant differences among the caries prevalence groups. However, the SiC index was efficient in measuring high caries experience in more vulnerable populations. Also, it enabled rapid and simple comparisons among different areas. The SiC index and the percentage of caries-free children should be considered for oral health assessments, irrespective of caries prevalence. In addition, it is important to evaluate caries experience not only in large territorial areas, such as states, countries and continents, but also at local and regional levels, promoting adequate oral health based on the community needs.

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Links ]Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">24. World Health Organization. Oral Health Surveys: basic methods. 4th ed. Geneva: WHO;1997.

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Received: September 17, 2007

Modification: January 24, 2008

Accepted: March 3, 2008

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  14 July 2008
• Date of issue
  Aug 2008

History

• Accepted
  03 Mar 2008
• Received
  17 Sept 2007
• Reviewed
  24 Jan 2008