Mandibular metastasis of adenocarcinoma from prostate cancer: case report according to epidemiology and current therapeutical trends of the advanced prostate cancer

Abstract

Prostate cancer represents the most frequent non-cutaneous neoplasia in males. This type of neoplasia can develop peculiar patterns of evolution, presenting, in many cases, precocious relapses and metastasis. Bone metastasis in the mouth is extremely rare, and represents 1% of all malignant mouth neoplasias. The aim of the present study is to report a clinical case of bone metastasis in the mandibular region associated with a tumoral prostate adenocarcinoma, as well as to discuss connected aspects about diagnosis, prognosis and integrated treatment of this condition.

Mandible; Adenocarcinoma; Prostate cancer

INTRODUCTION

Prostate cancer represents the most frequent non-cutaneous neoplasia in males, corresponding to 40% of the cases, being the second death cause due to malignant tumors in men. The incidence as much as the mortality increases exponentially after 50 years of age^{5 , 9 , 10}.

This type of neoplasia can develop peculiar patterns of evolution, presenting, in many cases, precocious relapse and metastasis. Of a total of patients who have received curative treatment for the localized prostate cancer, 30% relapse. The most frequent is the bone metastasis, generally multiple, mainly reaching the vertebral column, shoulder joints and sacroiliac bone. Among these patients, survival generally varies from 20 to 30 months^{5 , 10}.

Bone metastasis in the mouth is extremely rare, and represents 1% of all malignant mouth neoplasias. The incidence is 80 to 90% in the mandible, mainly in the molar region and it always sign the spreading of the cancer illness. It originates from primary malignant neoplasias located mainly in the breast, prostate, lung, thyroid and kidney. However, the occurrence of prostate and kidneys as primary fields for jaw's metastasis through blood pathways are considered extremely rare^{1 , 16}. Among the bone metastases affecting the oral cavity, adenocarcinoma is the most frequent histological type^{1 , 16 , 23}.

The main clinical manifestations may include pain, swelling, tooth loss, bleeding, trismus, paresthesia sensation (often associated with inferior alveolar nerve involvement) and epistaxis¹⁹. Included in the differential diagnosis of metastatic peripheral lesions on the gingiva or alveolar ridge are pyogenic granuloma, peripheral giant cell granuloma and, possibly, peripheral ossifying fibroma or ulcerated fibroma⁶. The difficulty of clinical identification and differentiation between primary lesions and metastatic lesions of the jaw make the biopsy with histopathological analysis (combined with immunohistochemistry) mandatory for diagnosis¹.

Besides representing great importance for public health, this issue becomes fundamental for a multidisciplinary evaluation of the patient.

CASE REPORT

Male patient, white, 54 years old, was admitted in the Oral and Maxillofacial Trauma and Surgery Team at Hospital de Base de Bauru (Bauru Base Hospital), in March 2009. The patient's main complaint was pain in the left mandibular region above the median line and paresthesia of the anatomical areas sensitized by the Left Alveolar Inferior Nerve, branch of the Mandibular Nerve and Trigeminal Nerve. The first signal related by the patient was a pathology originated from a root treatment about one year before, which developed a mandibular abscess clinically treated. Once healed from this abscess, chronic pain persisted in half mandible associated with localized paresthesia. Because of the posterior absence of dental symptoms even as mandibular pain and face paresthesia, the clinical dentist referred the patient to the one who suggested the diagnosis of Trigeminal Neuralgia, establishing treatment with Carbamazepin 200 mg and Gabapentin 300 mg, both once a day, that lasted about 1 year or more.

The patient's medical history revealed pharmacologically controlled diabetes and prostate acinar adenocarcinoma Gleason score 7 (3+4), with initial PSA score on 4.78. This latter treated in 2005 by means of radical prostatectomy performed in January 2006 (pT3N0M0), having follow-up procedures with urology, but in a random and intermittent manner, a history not explored or valued by neurology.

Physical examination revealed left mandibular bulging in the buccolingual aspect and tooth mobility involving bulging region extending to the opposite canine tooth associated with a slight gums erythema, but without symptoms compatible with periodontal disease. In addition, we observed the absence of pathognomonic signs and symptoms of classic Trigeminal Neuralgia, showing no intermittent pain, neither specific localized pain spots (trigger-points). Based on this clinical symptomatology, we established a hypothesis of diagnosis as osteomyelitis and/or cancer, not yet discarding the possibility of Atypical Neuralgia of the Trigeminal Nerve (Figure 1).

Figure 1
Clinical aspect of the patient. It is possible to see the bulging involving left buccolingual region of premolars and molars. Source: Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery team – Bauru Base Hospital Association

Through a radiography exam, it was possible to define a mild, diffuse radiolucency in the left mandibular body. The Computed Tomography Scan showed an anatomical structure alteration with osteolysis areas in the premolars, molars and in the left region of the chin (Figures 2 and 3).

Figure 2
Panoramic radiography showing diffuse radiolucent area in the left mandibular body region. Source: Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery team – Bauru Base Hospital Association

Figure 3
Computed tomography showing areas of osteolysis in the left mandibular body and symphysis region. Source: Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery team – Bauru Base Hospital Association

Because of that, we carried out an incisional biopsy and culture/antibiogram of sensitivity of the affected area. The results showed adenocarcinoma (clear cell type) with necrosis areas and infiltrating bone and soft tissue. The isolated microorganism was Staphylococcus aureus. These findings suggest a metastatic tumor infected by via hematogenous route. The tumor had no communication between the internal and external environment, without skin or mucosa fistula, confirmed by whole-body bone scintigraphy with special interest in the mandibular region, where increased uptake of the radiocontrast agent was observed, as well as in many areas, such as the right clavicle and scapula, humerus, ribs, spine, sternum, hip bone and femur (right/left) (Figure 4).

Figure 4
Whole-body bone scintigraphy, increased uptake of the radiocontrast agent observed in the mandibular region, right clavicle and scapula, humerus, ribs, spine, sternum, hip bone and femur (right/left). Source: Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery team – Bauru Base Hospital Association

After confirming a definitive diagnosis, the patient was taken to the Oncology Clinic, where in May 2009 was admitted to the Clinical Oncology Department with a metastatic bone disease diagnosis (prostate acinar adenocarcinoma) confirmed by three different methods: bone scintigraphy, incisional biopsy and immunohistochemical analysis of mandibular lesions. The treatment consisted of the use of goserelin acetate (3.6 mg/month) and bisphosphonate (clodronate, 4 ampoules/month). The patient was evaluated as having good disease control and good tolerance to treatment for some months, when disseminated neoplasm and pulmonary involvement led to a lethal outcome, with the patient's death in less than a year.

DISCUSSION

Prostate cancer is a silent disease; the findings show that the prevalence of histological malignancy exceeds the clinically manifest disease in approximately eight times. According to the American Cancer Society, for early cancer detection in individuals without symptoms, it is recommended the digital rectal exam and PSA dosage annually for individuals over age 50 or 45 for men belonging to risk groups¹⁸.

The PSA is a kallikrein family protease, produced by the prostate epithelium, whose function is to solubilize the sperm after ejaculation. The accepted level as the upper limit of normal PSA is 4 ng/ml¹⁸. The PSA has a great clinical utility; it serves for early detection of prostate cancer, cancer staging, prognostic assessment and therapeutical response control³.

In addition to the PSA level in case of established disease, it is necessary to evaluate the prostate cancer advancement by image exams [transrectal ultrasound, bone scintigraphy, chest radiography, computed tomography of the abdomen and pelvis, magnetic nuclear resonance of the abdomen and pelvis, and positron emission tomography (PET)] to define the appropriate therapeutical strategy. In order to classify neoplastic levels, some methods are used to analyze the histological grade (Gleason score), tumor volume and stage at the diagnosis time^{12 - 14 , 16}.

When the primary tumor volume is less than 3 ml, metastasis rarely occurs. When the present volume is greater than 12 ml metastasis is almost always present^{5 , 16}. According to McNeal¹¹(1992), only tumors larger than 1 cm in diameter (volume of 0.5 ml) are capable of extracapsular extension. The lymph nodes or seminal vesicles spread are usually more common in tumors larger than 2 cm in diameter¹¹.

The Gleason system has been introduced to aid on the tumor evolution prediction and the pathological staging by transrectal biopsy or of the surgical specimen itself. The lesions with Gleason score 2-4 (well differentiated) have a more indolent behavior, whereas the ones scoring 7-10 (undifferentiated) are aggressive, responding poorly to various treatment options⁶.

The clinical staging of tumors, TNM classification, has been adopted to characterize tumors, helping in choosing the most appropriate therapy and to estimating the patients' survival chances. This system evaluates the primary tumor, regional lymph nodes and distant metastases¹⁹.

The patients' selection for specific treatments is usually done through the risk of tumor recurrence and dissemination subdivision. Among the therapeutical modalities there are clinical observation, surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, hormonal therapy and combination therapy.

Rutsatz, et al.¹⁷ (1990) in a period of 35 years, reported 1008 patients with craniofacial malignancies, found only five patients (0.5%) with metastatic tumors to the jaw, from different primary sites. Van der Waal, et al.²³ (2003), identified adenocarcinoma as the primary histological type responsible for gnathic bone metastases, starting from different locations of primary tumors, confirming the reported case.

The four most common tumor sites that metastasize to the man jaws, in descending order of frequency, are lung, prostate, kidney and liver and, in women, breast, adrenal gland, female genital organs (uterus, cervix, ovaries) and colorectum. In the first decade of life, tumors of the adrenal gland (neuroblastoma) most frequently spread to the jaws and in the second decade, bone primaries prevail (osteosarcoma, Ewing's/PNET)⁸. Most patients with oral metastasis, generally have the primary cancer well diagnosed, confirming the reported case in which the primary tumor was treated years before by radical prostatectomy and the patient was still on medical care during the gnathic metastasis. In 25-35% of cases, the presence of metastasis on the head and neck is the first sign of disseminated malignant disease, and in about 70% of cases, metastatic lesions are diagnosed in conjunction with the primary focus. Sometimes, however, the diagnosis of the primary lesion may be difficult or even impossible^{2 , 21}.

Multidisciplinary work is recommended in the care of patients with malignant neoplasms or neurological disorder of doubtful identification in order to provide diagnosis, planning and treatment that offer the most favorable prognosis.

Piattelli, et al.¹⁵ (1999) conducted a survey of 390 oral cancer cases, of which 22 cases (5.6%) were metastatic tumors on gnathic bones from other regions, being prostate gland the primary site of these tumors, as occurred in our case.

In cases of metastatic bone illness, the pain and pathological fractures are prevalent manifestations, although the condition is asymptomatic in some patients. In this case, the patient reported the presence of chronic pain in hemi mandible, including a localized paresthesia, symptoms that were initially treated as Trigeminal Neuralgia. However, by conducting special examinations, we obtained the diagnosis of metastatic adenocarcinoma prostate cancer in the lung and bone, involving, in addition to the cited organs, the mandibular region. Bone tumor involvement of the oral region is higher compared to the soft tissue. Metastatic disease in the jaws may also affect the adjacent soft tissues and present as dental or periodontal infection²⁰. When the metastasis is located in the jaw, the primary neoplasm is more likely to develop bone metastases, especially in the molar region¹. It is believed that the greatest amount of cancellous bone present in the region is the reason for the higher frequency of involvement when compared to other facial bones, as trabecular bone presents growth factors that improve the neoplasia spread, confirming the reported case in which bone metastasis reached the region of the body and the mandibular symphysis⁸.

The unilateral paresthesia type, as occurred in this case, hypoesthesia or anesthesia of the lower lip, known as Numb Chin Syndrome with or without the presence of pain, may be the initial clinical manifestation of a significant percentage that manifests on the jaw. Alterations in sensitivity involving the lower lip, even without significant radiological changes, should alert the expert to think about the possibility of an initial metastasis^{1 , 21}. For an accurate diagnosis and treatment of this rare condition, detailed and careful evaluation of the clinical picture, associated with a high degree of suspicion, is needed, requiring a multidisciplinary approach to the case^{8 , 21}.

The prognosis of these patients is reserved for the pathophysiology of the primary tumor. Usually, with minimal cellular differentiation they may render the initial site location. In addition, bone metastases are associated with advanced disease and in some cases may be involved in malignant lesions - which may lead the patient to death, as reported in this case⁷.

The radiation treatment can be considered curative regarding single oral metastases whose primary focus is clearly identified and which responded well to therapy. However, most authors consider an unfavorable prognosis for most cases of this oral cancer². Surgical treatment in most cases is not recommended, indicating palliative therapy. The cases that may have a better indication are those with localized metastases, with no other identified metastasis and controlled primary disease, which does not occur in our case, since the examination of bone scintigraphy identified multiple metastatic tumors distributed throughout the body, palliative therapy being considered the best alternative¹⁴.

Chemotherapy is indicated only in metastatic disease refractory to hormonal treatment, as in cases of predominance of hormone-independent cell clones or progressive increase in serum PSA²². The use of bisphosphonates, as reported in the present case, is justified in the presence of bone metastases and when refractory to hormonal treatment, despite the risk of complications related to these drugs, such as osteonecrosis. There is an interesting indication to the use of these drugs as this therapy provides control of the neoplastic disease and also a relative patient survival chance⁴. In advanced cases, the quality of life, despite the patients having no chance of cure for the disease, is the main objective, providing less pain and discomfort¹⁷.

FINAL CONSIDERATIONS

Metastatic lesions are related to the advanced stage of the disease and usually with a high degree of histological aggressiveness. This fact explains the difficulty of curative treatment, and these injuries are usually classified as reserved and dark prognosis. It is important to emphasize the relevance of detailed clinical examination and multidisciplinary evaluation in order to establish the differential diagnosis and so the correct treatment.

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  Sep-Oct 2013

History

• Received
  05 Feb 2013
• Reviewed
  24 May 2013
• Accepted
  04 June 2013