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Dental and maxillomandibular incidental findings in panoramic radiography among individuals with mucopolysaccharidosis: a cross-sectional study

Abstract

Mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) is a group of rare and inherited metabolic disorders caused by the accumulation of macromolecule glycosaminoglycans inside lysosomes. Affected individuals may have dental and craniofacial tissue alterations, facilitating the development of several oral diseases.

Objectives

To assess, with panoramic radiographic images, the frequency of dental and maxillomandibular incidental findings among MPS individuals and compare them with non-MPS individuals.

Methodology

A cross-sectional study evaluating a sample of 14 MPS individuals and 28 non-MPS individuals aged from 5 to 26 years was carried out. They were matched for sex and age on a 2:1 proportion. Panoramic radiographs were assessed for the presence/absence of the following dental and maxillomandibular alterations: dental anomalies of number (hypodontia/dental agenesis, supernumerary teeth); anomalies of form (microdontia, macrodontia, conoid teeth, taurodontism, and root dilaceration); anomalies of position (impacted tooth, inverted tooth, tooth migration, partially bony teeth, complete bony teeth); periapical alterations (furcation lesion, circumscribed bone rarefaction); other alterations (radiolucent bone lesions, radiopaque bone lesions, radiopacity in the maxillary sinus, condylar hypoplasia). Differences between groups were tested by the Fisher’s exact test and chi-square test (p<0.05).

Results

For intrarater agreement, Kappa values were 0.76 to 0.85. The presence of supernumerary teeth (p=0.003); conoid teeth (p=0.009); taurodontism (p<0.001); impacted teeth (p<0.001); partial bony teeth (p=0.040); complete bony teeth (p=0.013); and root dilaceration (p=0.047) were statistically more frequent in MPS individuals compared to non-MPS individuals. Bone rarefaction/furcation lesions (p=0.032), condylar hypoplasia (p<0.001), radiolucent bone lesions (p=0.001), and dentigerous cysts (p=0.002) were also more frequent in MPS individuals.

Conclusion

The presence of specific oral manifestations is more common in MPS individuals than non-MPS individuals.

Mucopolysaccharidosis; Rare diseases; Dental care for the disabled; Tooth abnormalities

Introduction

Mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) are a group of inherited lysosomal storage diseases occurring due to a deficiency in some enzymes responsible for glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) degradation. The non-degradation of GAGs leads to their accumulation in cells and tissues, causing progressive accumulation and cell dysfunction.11 - Zanetti A, D'Avanzo F, Rigon L, Rampazzo A, Concolino D, Barone R, et al. Molecular diagnosis of patients affected by mucopolysaccharidosis: a multicenter study. Eur J Pediatr. 2019;178(5):739-53. doi: 10.1007/s00431-019-03341-8
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00431-019-03341...
There are seven types of MPS (I, II, III, IV, VI, VII, and IX), and the literature describes the overall prevalence of MPS ranging from 1.04 to 4.8/100.000 births.22 - Khan SA, Peracha H, Ballhausen D, Wiesbauer A, Rohrbach M, Gautschi M, et al. Epidemiology of mucopolysaccharidoses. Mol Genet Metab. 2017;121(3):227-40. doi: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2017.05.016

The nature of MPS is progressive, leading to several systemic manifestations that vary according to type and severity of the diseases. The most common systemic features observed in MPS individuals are the presence of inguinal and umbilical hernias, upper respiratory infections, corneal clouding, skeletal dysplasia, growth impairment, limited joint motion, and behavioral anomalies.33 - Galimberti C, Madeo A, Di Rocco M, Fiumara A. Mucopolysaccharidoses: early diagnostic signs in infants and children. Ital J Pediatr. 2018;44(Suppl 2):133. doi: 10.1186/s13052-018-0550-5,44 - Guffon N, Journeau P, Brassier A, Leger J, Chevallier B. Growth impairment and limited range of joint motion in children should raise suspicion of an attenuated form of mucopolysaccharidosis: expert opinion. Eur J Pediatr. 2019;178(4):593-603. doi: 10.1007/s00431-019-03330-x

Oral and craniofacial manifestations are also frequent in MPS individuals. The literature describes the presence of macroglossia, malocclusion traits (i.e., anterior open bite), delayed tooth eruption, cystic lesions, and condylar defects in individuals with MPS as typical.55 - Cavaleiro RM, Pinheiro M, Pinheiro LR, Tuji FM, Feio PS, Souza IC, et al. Dentomaxillofacial manifestations of mucopolysaccharidosis VI: clinical and imaging findings from two cases, with an emphasis on the temporomandibular joint. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2013;116(2):e141-8. doi: 10.1016/j.oooo.2013.04.021

6 - Almeida-Barros RQ, Medeiros PF, Almeida Azevedo MQ, Oliveira Lira Ortega A, Yamamoto AT, Dornelas SK, et al. Evaluation of oral manifestations of patients with mucopolysaccharidosis IV and VI: clinical and imaging study. Clin Oral Investig. 2018;22(1):201-8. doi: 10.1007/s00784-017-2100-8

7 - Ballıkaya E, Eymirli PS, Yıldız Y, Avcu N, Sivri HS, Uzamış-Tekçiçek M. Oral health status in patients with mucopolysaccharidoses. Turk J Pediatr. 2018;60(4):400-6. doi: 10.24953/turkjped.2018.04.007
-88 - Sarmento DJ, Araújo TK, Mesquita GQ, Diniz DN, Alves Fonseca FR, Medeiros PF, et al. Relationship between occlusal features and enzyme replacement therapy in patients with mucopolysaccharidoses. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2018;76(4):785-92. doi: 10.1016/j.joms.2017.10.003 MPS individuals are also a group with a higher vulnerability to dental caries, therefore, requiring better guidance and access to preventive oral health programs.99 - Ruy Carneiro NC, Duda Deps T, Campos França E, Ribeiro Valadares E, Almeida Pordeus I, Borges-Oliveira AC. Oral health of children and adolescents with mucopolysaccharidosis and mother's Sense of Coherence. Spec Care Dentist. 2017;37(5):223-9. doi: 10.1111/scd.12238
https://doi.org/10.1111/scd.12238...
,1010 - Prado HV, Carneiro NC, Perazzo MF, Abreu MH, Martins CC, Borges-Oliveira AC. Assessing a possible vulnerability to dental caries in individuals with rare genetic diseases that affect the skeletal development. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2019;14(1):145. doi: 10.1186/s13023-019-1114-5

It has been stated in the literature that the presence of dental and/or maxillomandibular anomalies can be considered a hampering factor for some dental treatments, such as root canal therapy, or it may also cause pain, sensitivity or aesthetic problems to patients.1111 - Bilge NH, Yeşiltepe S, Törenek Ağırman K, Çağlayan F, Bilge OM. Investigation of prevalence of dental anomalies by using digital panoramic radiographs. Folia Morphol (Warsz). 2018;77(2):323-8. doi: 10.5603/FM.a2017.0087 Therefore, identifying such problems, mainly in individuals with disabilities, can minimize associated clinical consequences and enhance patients’ quality of life. Regarding to analyses of oral manifestations in individuals with MPS, there are few studies with adequate methodological quality. Most studies are case series that do not have a comparison group to provide clinicians with information on what they might expect when dealing with MPS individuals.55 - Cavaleiro RM, Pinheiro M, Pinheiro LR, Tuji FM, Feio PS, Souza IC, et al. Dentomaxillofacial manifestations of mucopolysaccharidosis VI: clinical and imaging findings from two cases, with an emphasis on the temporomandibular joint. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2013;116(2):e141-8. doi: 10.1016/j.oooo.2013.04.021

6 - Almeida-Barros RQ, Medeiros PF, Almeida Azevedo MQ, Oliveira Lira Ortega A, Yamamoto AT, Dornelas SK, et al. Evaluation of oral manifestations of patients with mucopolysaccharidosis IV and VI: clinical and imaging study. Clin Oral Investig. 2018;22(1):201-8. doi: 10.1007/s00784-017-2100-8

7 - Ballıkaya E, Eymirli PS, Yıldız Y, Avcu N, Sivri HS, Uzamış-Tekçiçek M. Oral health status in patients with mucopolysaccharidoses. Turk J Pediatr. 2018;60(4):400-6. doi: 10.24953/turkjped.2018.04.007
-88 - Sarmento DJ, Araújo TK, Mesquita GQ, Diniz DN, Alves Fonseca FR, Medeiros PF, et al. Relationship between occlusal features and enzyme replacement therapy in patients with mucopolysaccharidoses. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2018;76(4):785-92. doi: 10.1016/j.joms.2017.10.003

Thus, this study evaluates, based on panoramic radiographic images, the frequency of dental and maxillomandibular incidental findings among individuals with MPS and comparing them with matched non-MPS individuals.

Methodology

This article is in accordance with The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement.1212 - von Elm E, Altman DG, Egger M, Pocock SJ, Gøtzsche PC, Vandenbroucke JP; STROBE Initiative. The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies. Int J Surg. 2014;12(12):1495-9. doi: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2014.07.01

The Research Ethics Committee of the Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais approved this article (protocol No. 01480212.4.0000.5149). Parents/caregivers and individuals with and without MPS willing to participate voluntarily signed an informed permission or consent form.

A cross-sectional study was carried out with a sample of MPS individuals aged from 5 to 26 years matched with non-MPS individuals. MPS individuals were selected in two hospitals (Southeastern Brazil). There were 29 MPS individuals registered at the two hospitals. These individuals were assessed regarding eligibility. These hospitals are referral centers for the care of individuals with such condition. MPS can be classified in MPS type I, II, III, IV, VI, VII, and IX2 and its classification is carried out with laboratory exams, according to the enzyme involved in the degradation pathway of a specific GAG. In this study, the type of MPS was recorded by mother’s knowledge of a full diagnosis.

Non-MPS individuals were selected in the outpatient clinics of the same two hospitals. They were individuals without any systemic conditions or syndromes, just applying for an annual health care visit. MPS and non-MPS individuals were individually matched for sex and age on a 2:1 ratio. Individuals with previous orthodontic treatment history and those with uncooperative behavior during the radiographic examination were excluded from the study. Data collection occurred from January/2015 to December/2017.

Panoramic radiographic examination was performed as part of a comprehensive oral review. Presence or absence of the following dental and maxillomandibular alterations were considered in that examination:1313 - Pedreira EN, Magalhães MC, Cardoso CL, Taveira LA, dFreitas CF. Radiographic study of dental anomalies in Brazilian patients with neuropsychomotor disorders. J Appl Oral Sci. 2007;15(6):524-8. doi: 10.1590/s1678-77572007000600013 dental anomalies of number (hypodontia/dental agenesis, supernumerary teeth); anomalies of form (microdontia, macrodontia, conoid teeth, taurodontism and root dilaceration); anomalies of position (impacted teeth, inverted teeth, tooth migration, partial bony teeth, complete bony teeth); periapical alterations (furcation lesion, circumscribed bone rarefaction); other alterations (radiolucent bone lesions, radiopaque bone lesions, radiopacity in the maxillary sinus, condylar hypoplasia).

A single-blinded radiologist with over 10 years of experience performed the interpretation of the panoramic radiographs. The rater was previously calibrated for data collection. The panoramic radiographs of 15 non-MPS individuals were examined, for the calibration process. They were re-examined two weeks later for the intra-rater agreement estimation. Those radiographs were not included in the main study.

Before the main study, a pilot study was also performed. The sample was composed of five MPS individuals and five non-MPS individuals. The results indicated that changes in the methodological procedures were deemed unnecessary.

Data analyses were conducted using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS for Windows, version 21.0, SPSS IBM Corp., Armonk, N.Y., USA). Descriptive and bivariate analyses were carried out. The Fisher’s exact test and chi-square (X2) test were used to compare MPS and non-MPS participants concerning the panoramic radiographic findings (p<0.05).

Results

For the intra-rater agreement, Kappa values obtained ranging from 0.76 to 0.85 were very good.1414 - Rigby AS. Statistical methods in epidemiology. v. Towards an understanding of the kappa coefficient. Disabil Rehabil. 2000;22(8):339-44. doi: 10.1080/096382800296575

Among the 29 MPS individuals who were assessed regarding eligibility, 14 were included and evaluated. In total, 15 MPS individuals were excluded due to the advanced conditions of their disease – that made proper head positioning unfeasible – lack of cooperation during examinations, and previous orthodontic treatment. The final sample comprised 42 individuals (14 with MPS and 28 without MPS) matched for age and sex. Most participants were male individuals (57.1%). The mean age of the 42 individuals was 13.9 years (±7.2).

Regarding the type of MPS, the individuals were classified as follows: MPS I (n=4), MPS II (n=2), MPS IV (n=1) and MPS VI (n=7). No individuals with MPS type III and IX were identified. Figure 1 and Figure 2 shows the panoramic radiographs of individuals with MPS and some identified dental alterations in the maxilla and mandible.

Figure 1
Panoramic radiographs of patients with MPS type VI, aged 19 (A) and 18 (B) years old, showing the presence of extensive maxillomandibular alterations

Figure 2
Panoramic radiographs of individuals with MPS type VI, aged 18 years old (A) and MPS type I, aged 6 years old (B), showing taurodontism, root dilaceration, tooth agenesis, and tooth impaction

Table 1 shows the results of the comparison between MPS and non-MPS individuals concerning the presence of dental anomalies observed in panoramic radiographs. Some alterations were statistically more prevalent in MPS individuals compared to non-MPS individuals: supernumerary teeth (p=0.003); conoid teeth (p=0.009); taurodontism (p<0.001); impacted teeth (p<0.001); partial bony teeth (p=0.040); complete bony teeth (p=0.013); and root dilaceration (p=0.047)

Table 1
Comparative radiographic analysis of the presence of dental anomalies between MPS and non-MPS individuals (n=42)

Table 2 shows the comparative analysis of the frequency of maxillomandibular alterations observed among MPS and non-MPS individuals. The prevalence of bone rarefaction/furcation lesions (p=0.032) and condylar hypoplasia (p<0.001) were significantly more frequent in MPS individuals. Regarding other maxillomandibular alterations, the presence of radiolucent bone lesions (p=0.001), dentigerous cysts (p=0.002) was also more frequent in MPS individuals. The presence of condylar hypoplasia was also observed in all MPS individuals, whereas in only one non-MPS individual, this alteration was observed (p<0.001).

Table 2
Comparative radiographic analysis of the presence of maxillomandibular alterations between MPS and non-MPS individuals (N=42)

Discussion

The presence of dental and maxillomandibular alterations can have far-reaching effects on an individual’s quality of life, causing pain, increased sensitivity, and esthetic issues.1111 - Bilge NH, Yeşiltepe S, Törenek Ağırman K, Çağlayan F, Bilge OM. Investigation of prevalence of dental anomalies by using digital panoramic radiographs. Folia Morphol (Warsz). 2018;77(2):323-8. doi: 10.5603/FM.a2017.0087 Significant differences between MPS and non-MPS individuals regarding radiographic findings were observed. MPS individuals presented higher frequencies of incidental findings.

MPS individuals face several systemic alterations during the disease progression. Those alterations have been described in the literature, and the management guidelines have been reported.1515 - Stapleton M, Hoshina H, Sawamoto K, Kubaski F, Mason RW, Mackenzie WG, et al. Critical review of current MPS guidelines and management. Mol Genet Metab. 2019;126(3):238-45. doi: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2018.07.001However, due to the rarity of the disease regarding dental alterations, there is a lack of in-depth knowledge concerning dental alterations among oral health practitioners.

Identification of oral manifestations in MPS individuals can help clinicians diagnose dental diseases earlier and also better support dental treatment planning. This process may minimize possible complications that could affect those individuals. Radical examinations, such as panoramic radiographs, are still considered a significant dental screening tool. Radiographic equipment is easy to use, provides cost-effective low-dose radiation, and it is used in epidemiological studies to evaluate the presence of dental and maxillomandibular anomalies.1616 - Sabbagh-Haddad A, Haddad DS, Michel-Crosato E, Arita ES. Fragile X syndrome: panoramic radiographic evaluation of dental anomalies, dental mineralization stage, and mandibular angle. J Appl Oral Sci. 2016;24(5):518-23. doi: 10.1590/1678-775720160170

Among dental abnormalities, the most relevant radiographic manifestations found in MPS individuals compared to non-MPS individuals were supernumerary tooth, conoid teeth, taurodontism, and impacted teeth (partially and/or completed bony), and root dilaceration. The presence of dental abnormalities can lead to some issues in the function and development of the stomatognathic system, such as a delayed transition from deciduous to permanent dentition, impairment of occlusion, altered chewing and aesthetic issues. In a group of individuals already facing systemic disabilities, early identification and timely management of dental anomalies are recommended.

The findings of previous studies corroborate our results as they showed that dental anomalies are highly frequent among MPS individuals. Almeida-Barros, et al.66 - Almeida-Barros RQ, Medeiros PF, Almeida Azevedo MQ, Oliveira Lira Ortega A, Yamamoto AT, Dornelas SK, et al. Evaluation of oral manifestations of patients with mucopolysaccharidosis IV and VI: clinical and imaging study. Clin Oral Investig. 2018;22(1):201-8. doi: 10.1007/s00784-017-2100-8 (2018), identified the presence of supernumerary teeth in 23.5% of the 17 MPS individuals evaluated (only MPS type IV and VI). The literature also indicates that the frequency of taurodontism and impacted teeth is higher among MPS individuals. According to Sarmento, et al.1717 - Sarmento DJ, Carvalho SH, Melo SL, Fonseca FR, Diniz DN, Bento PM, et al. Mucopolysaccharidosis: radiographic findings in a series of 16 cases. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2015;120(6):e240-6. doi: 10.1016/j.oooo.2015.08.009 (2015), 68.7% of the evaluated MPS individuals presented both alterations. Kantaputra, et al.1818 - Kantaputra PN, Kayserili H, Güven Y, Kantaputra W, Balci MC, Tanpaiboon P, et al. Oral manifestations of 17 patients affected with mucopolysaccharidosis type VI. J Inherit Metab Dis. 2014;37(2):263-8. doi: 10.1007/s10545-013-9645-8 (2013), showed that 53.8% of their sample had taurodontism.

The literature suggests that the constant accumulation of GAGs in cells is the main factor involved in developing orofacial alterations in MPS individuals. However, the extent and significance of this process are still uncertain.1919 - James A, Hendriksz CJ, Addison O. The oral health needs of children, adolescents and young adults affected by a mucopolysaccharide disorder. JIMD Rep. 2012; 2: 51–58.,2020 - Suarez-Guerrero JL, Gómez Higuera PJ, Arias Flórez JS, Contreras-García GA. Mucopolysaccharidosis: clinical features, diagnosis and management. Rev Chil Pediatr. 2016; 87(4):295-04. Oussoren, et al.2121 - Oussoren E, Brands MM, Ruijter GJ, der Ploeg AT, Reuser AJ. Bone, joint and tooth development in mucopolysaccharidoses: relevance to therapeutic options. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2011; 1812(11):1542-56. (2011) described that GAGs might interfere with the regulatory process of growth using the function of bone morphogenetic proteins alteration. These proteins are multi-functional growth factors belonging to the transforming growth factor β superfamily. Consequently, the interaction of GAGs in the growth pathway can lead to tooth cytodifferentiation and supporting periodontal tissue defects.

Panoramic radiographs also revealed furcation lesions and radiolucent bone lesions (with 57.1% of likely dentigerous cysts) were the most frequent maxillomandibular alterations observed in most MPS individuals compared to their non-MPS peers. Other studies showed that dentigerous cysts are highly frequent in MPS individuals. Sarmento, et al.1717 - Sarmento DJ, Carvalho SH, Melo SL, Fonseca FR, Diniz DN, Bento PM, et al. Mucopolysaccharidosis: radiographic findings in a series of 16 cases. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2015;120(6):e240-6. doi: 10.1016/j.oooo.2015.08.009 (2015) observed a 75.0% frequency of dentigerous cysts occurrence. Ballikaya, et al.77 - Ballıkaya E, Eymirli PS, Yıldız Y, Avcu N, Sivri HS, Uzamış-Tekçiçek M. Oral health status in patients with mucopolysaccharidoses. Turk J Pediatr. 2018;60(4):400-6. doi: 10.24953/turkjped.2018.04.007 (2018) observed that 83.3% of the 12 MPS individuals examined also had enlarged dental follicles. The cystic transformation of the dental follicle in MPS individuals may also be associated with GAGs accumulation.

In the present study, the authors suggest diagnosing dentigerous cysts in the studied sample due to the presence of a well-circumscribed, unilocular radiolucency around the crown of an impacted or developing tooth, with their largest dimension ranging from 2.0 cm to 4.0 cm of diameter. However, to confirm a cystic lesion presence, complementary examinations, such as three-dimensional (3D) computed tomography (CT), biopsy, and cytopathologic analysis are recommended.2222 - Almeida-Barros RQ, Oka SC, Pordeus AC, Medeiros PF, Bento PM, Godoy GP. Oral and systemic manifestations of mucopolysaccharidosis type VI: a report of seven cases. Quintessence Int. 2012; 43(3):e32-8.

23 - Bodner L, Woldenberg Y, Bar-Ziv J. Radiographic features of large cystic lesions of the jaws in children. Pediatric Radiol. 2003; 33(1):3-6.
-2424 - Şahin O. Conservative management of a dentigerous cyst associated with eruption of teeth in a 7-year-old girl: a case report. J Korean Assoc Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2017; 43 (1):S1-S5.

Generally, dentigerous cysts are asymptomatic and they are usually diagnosed during routine dental care. However, they can become large in some cases, leading to tooth malposition or even causing tooth and bone resorption. The most frequently suggested treatment is the complete surgical enucleation and extraction of the associated impacted tooth or, in some cases, decompression or marsupialization in a developing tooth.2525 - Arce K, Streff CS, Ettinger KS. Pediatric odontogenic cysts of the jaws. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am. 2016; 28(1):21-30.

Due to some physical or mental impairment inherent to MPS disease, clinicians may face some difficulties in conducting regular dental treatment in these individuals. In some cases, general anesthesia – to perform dental surgical procedures – may be necessary. However, dental practitioners should be aware that airway problems are common in MPS individuals, and the risks imposed during perioperative intubation should be considered. Therefore, in individuals with MPS, preventive and conservative dental treatments should be a priority to avoid some possible systemic injuries.2626 - Yeung AH, Cowan MJ, Horn B, Rosbe KW. Airway management in children with mucopolysaccharidoses. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2009;135(1):73-9. doi: 10.1001/archoto.2008.515

In this study, increased condylar hypoplasia prevalence was observed among all MPS individuals compared to non-MPS individuals. One of the most explicit characteristics of MPS is limited joint mobility and ligamentous laxity due to the involvement of GAGs throughout the ligaments and joint capsules. The constant accumulation of GAGs in those regions can, consequently, lead to joint degeneration.44 - Guffon N, Journeau P, Brassier A, Leger J, Chevallier B. Growth impairment and limited range of joint motion in children should raise suspicion of an attenuated form of mucopolysaccharidosis: expert opinion. Eur J Pediatr. 2019;178(4):593-603. doi: 10.1007/s00431-019-03330-x Using CT views and 3D images, Torres et al. (2018) compared, in a case report, the mandibles of one MPS individual and one non-MPS patient. The authors observed the presence of higher coronoid process and condylar hypoplasia in the mandible of MPS individual, and this finding correlates with our observations.2828 - Oliveira Torres R, Pintor AV, Guedes FR, Cevidanes LH, Freitas-Fernandes LB, Oliveira Ruellas AC, et al. Three-dimensional dental and craniofacial manifestations in patients with late diagnosis of mucopolysaccharidosis type II: report of 2 cases. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2018;126(1): E35-9. doi: 10.1016/j.oooo.2018.03.016

The progressive resorption of condyles may lead to several consequences for MPS individuals. Those alterations might provoke issues in articulating the mandible, resulting in an open bite as well as mandibular and facial asymmetry. Another factor is the condylar hypoplasia, which may also hinder the dental treatment, as some MPS patients can develop limitations on mouth opening. According to Chouinard, Kaban, Peacock2929 - Chouinard AF, Kaban LB, Peacock ZS. Acquired Abnormalities of the Temporomandibular Joint. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am. 2018;30(1):83-96. doi: 10.1016/j.coms.2017.08.005 (2018), it is important to perform an early diagnosis of temporomandibular joint abnormalities to determine the progression of the deformities, predict the prognosis, and plan an adequate treatment plan.2929 - Chouinard AF, Kaban LB, Peacock ZS. Acquired Abnormalities of the Temporomandibular Joint. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am. 2018;30(1):83-96. doi: 10.1016/j.coms.2017.08.005

In our study, it was impossible to carry out a complete analysis evaluating differences among individuals with different type of MPS regarding oral conditions, because of the low number of MPS individuals in each subgroup. Although systemic differences have been well recognized in the literature,33 - Galimberti C, Madeo A, Di Rocco M, Fiumara A. Mucopolysaccharidoses: early diagnostic signs in infants and children. Ital J Pediatr. 2018;44(Suppl 2):133. doi: 10.1186/s13052-018-0550-5 the extent and significance of the differences among all MPS types concerning oral manifestations are still scarce. Most MPS individuals included in this study belonged to the group of MPS VI. MPS VI is described as the type that presents the most severe skeletal phenotype, although individuals usually do not have their neurological functions affected.11 - Zanetti A, D'Avanzo F, Rigon L, Rampazzo A, Concolino D, Barone R, et al. Molecular diagnosis of patients affected by mucopolysaccharidosis: a multicenter study. Eur J Pediatr. 2019;178(5):739-53. doi: 10.1007/s00431-019-03341-8
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00431-019-03341...
Few studies have performed subgroup analyses to evaluate differences between MPS types. Yet, these studies have failed to compare all MPS types simultaneously due to the disease rare nature. Turra, Schwartz3030 - Turra GS, Schwartz IV. Evaluation of orofacial motricity in patients with mucopolysaccharidosis: a cross-sectional study. J Pediatr (Rio J). 2009;85(3):254-60. doi: 10.2223/JPED.1899 (2009) compared the differences among individuals with MPS types I, II, and VI regarding the structure of the stomatognathic system. Significant difference was found only for the position of the tongue between teeth. This outcome was more frequent in MPS VI. Sarmento, et al.1717 - Sarmento DJ, Carvalho SH, Melo SL, Fonseca FR, Diniz DN, Bento PM, et al. Mucopolysaccharidosis: radiographic findings in a series of 16 cases. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2015;120(6):e240-6. doi: 10.1016/j.oooo.2015.08.009 (2015) evaluated MPS types I, IV, and VI and showed that all individuals with MPS type VI presented enlarged, cyst-like dental crypt. The presence of impacted tooth was also higher among individuals with MPS type VI.

Although previous studies have determined the presence of dental and/or maxillomandibular anomalies among MPS individuals, those studies were case series or cross-sectional studies with limited sample sizes that could not support strong statistical inferences. The presence of dental/maxillomandibular anomalies in MPS individuals cannot be defined or be associated with a severe or attenuated form of MPS, but the findings of our study can contribute to clinical practice with a better understanding of the clinical consequences that might be inherent in this rare disease. Some surgical interventions or orthodontic treatment might be necessary to correct or to minimize dental problems, and the clinicians must be aware of how to perform therapeutic interventions, considering the systemic and physical limitations that these individuals might present.

Some limitations of this study should be highlighted. The first is inherent to the design of a cross-sectional study. The results presented cannot be used to assess causality. They suggested an increased prevalence of dental alterations among MPS individuals. Secondly, a qualitative assessment of the presence and absence of dentofacial anomalies was performed. The authors suggest that future studies quantifying the extent of those alterations should be performed. Two-dimensional panoramic radiographs were used to measure dental and maxillomandibular alterations, and it is known that these exams present geometric distortion and structural superimposition. However, this study can be considered a starting point for future epidemiological studies regarding dental and maxillomandibular features in MPS individuals using a 3D tool. Finally, it is noteworthy that sample size should not be considered a major limitation as MPS has a relatively low overall prevalence, making large sample recruitment quite challenging.

Conclusion

MPS individuals showed an increased frequency of dental and maxillomandibular incidental findings when compared to non-MPS individuals. The increased presence of supernumerary teeth, conoid teeth, taurodontism, impacted teeth, and root dilaceration was observed. The presence of bone rarefaction/furcation lesions, condylar hypoplasia, and radiolucent bone lesions were also more frequent among MPS individuals.

Acknowledgments

This study was financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior – Brasil (CAPES) – Finance Code 001; Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico – Brasil (CNPq); Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais- Brasil (FAPEMIG); and Pró-Reitoria de Pesquisa da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (PRPq/UFMG).

References

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Publication Dates

  • Publication in this collection
    14 Apr 2021
  • Date of issue
    2021

History

  • Received
    12 Nov 2020
  • Reviewed
    19 Dec 2020
  • Accepted
    07 Jan 2021
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