Toxicidade de materiais de construção: uma questão incontornável na construção sustentável

Torgal, Fernando Pacheco; Jalali, Said

doi:10.1590/S1678-86212010000300003

Resumos

Evitar o uso de materiais de construção tóxicos é um dos princípios da construção sustentável. Os edifícios de habitação contêm muitos materiais tóxicos, alguns deles mesmo em conformidade com normativos regulamentares aplicáveis na Europa e em Portugal. Parte do problema deve-se à falta de formação de arquitetos e engenheiros nessa área, e a outra parte deve-se ao fato de a legislação sobre os limites da toxicidade ser influenciada por questões econômicas. Este artigo discute vários casos de toxicidade de materiais de construção pela revisão da literatura nessa área. Abrange o caso da emissão de compostos orgânicos voláteis (COVs), a toxicidade de agentes impregnantes, tintas, vernizes e outros materiais de construção, materiais que libertam fumos tóxicos em caso de incêndio, materiais à base de amianto, materiais radioativos e as canalizações em chumbo.

Toxicidade; COVs; Amianto; Canalização em chumbo; Radioatividade

Avoiding the use of toxic building materials is one of the principles of sustainable construction. Current residential buildings frequently contain many toxic materials, some of which are even compliant with legal regulations in Europe and Portugal. Part of the problem is due to the fact that architects and civil engineers receive no education on the toxicity of building materials. Another problem is related to the fact that the regulations about toxicity thresholds are influenced by economic issues. This paper discusses some cases of toxic building materials by reviewing previously published work. It is focused on the emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs); the toxicity of impregnating agents, paints, varnishes and other building materials; materials that release toxic fumes when on fire; asbestos-based materials; radioactive materials; and lead plumbing.

Toxicity; VOCs; Asbestos; Lead plumbing; Radioactivity

Toxicidade de materiais de construção: uma questão incontornável na construção sustentável

Toxicity of building materials: a key issue in sustainable construction

Fernando Pacheco Torgal^I; Said Jalali^II

^I Unidade de Investigação C-TAC-Grupo Construção Sustentável, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Azurém, Guimarães - Portugal, CEP: 4800-058, Tel.:+351 253-510200, E-mail: f.pachecotorgal@gmail.com

^II Departamento de Engenharia Civil, Campus de Azurém, Guimarães - Portugal, CEP: 4800-058, Tel.:+351 253-510200, Universidade do Minho, E-mail: said@civil.uminho.pt

RESUMO

Evitar o uso de materiais de construção tóxicos é um dos princípios da construção sustentável. Os edifícios de habitação contêm muitos materiais tóxicos, alguns deles mesmo em conformidade com normativos regulamentares aplicáveis na Europa e em Portugal. Parte do problema deve-se à falta de formação de arquitetos e engenheiros nessa área, e a outra parte deve-se ao fato de a legislação sobre os limites da toxicidade ser influenciada por questões econômicas. Este artigo discute vários casos de toxicidade de materiais de construção pela revisão da literatura nessa área. Abrange o caso da emissão de compostos orgânicos voláteis (COVs), a toxicidade de agentes impregnantes, tintas, vernizes e outros materiais de construção, materiais que libertam fumos tóxicos em caso de incêndio, materiais à base de amianto, materiais radioativos e as canalizações em chumbo.

Palavras-chave: Toxicidade. COVs. Amianto. Canalização em chumbo. Radioatividade.

ABSTRACT

Avoiding the use of toxic building materials is one of the principles of sustainable construction. Current residential buildings frequently contain many toxic materials, some of which are even compliant with legal regulations in Europe and Portugal. Part of the problem is due to the fact that architects and civil engineers receive no education on the toxicity of building materials. Another problem is related to the fact that the regulations about toxicity thresholds are influenced by economic issues. This paper discusses some cases of toxic building materials by reviewing previously published work. It is focused on the emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs); the toxicity of impregnating agents, paints, varnishes and other building materials; materials that release toxic fumes when on fire; asbestos-based materials; radioactive materials; and lead plumbing.

Keywords: Toxicity. VOCs. Asbestos. Lead plumbing. Radioactivity.

Texto completo disponível apenas em PDF.

Full text available only in PDF format.

Referências

AGENCY FOR TOXIC SUBSTANCES AND DISEASE REGISTRY. Toxicological Profile for Creosote. Atlanta: Public Health Sector, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2002.

ANTONESCU-TURCU, A.; SCHAPIRA, R. Parenchymal and Airway Diseases Caused by Asbestos. Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine, Philadelphia, v. 16, n. 2, p. 155-161, Mar. 2010.

AKIRA, M. Asbestosis: IPF or NSIP-Like Lesions in Asbestos-Exposed Persons, and Such Independency. Japanese Journal of Chest Diseases, Tokyo, v. 69, p. 38-44, 2010.

AXELSON, O. et al. Leukemia in Childhood and Adolescence and Exposure to Ionizing Radiation in Homes Built from Uranium-Containing Alum Shale Concrete. Epidemiology, Baltimore, v. 13, n. 2, p. 146-150, Mar. 2002.

AZUMA, K. et al. Mesothelioma Risk and Environmental Exposure to Asbestos: past and future trends in Japan. International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health, Lodz, v. 15, n. 2, p. 166-172, Apr./June 2009.

BIANCHI, C. et al. Latency Periods in Asbestos-Related Mesothelioma of the Pleura. European Journal of Cancer Prevention, Oxford, v. 6, n. 2, p. 162-166, Apr. 1997.

CANFIELD, R. et al. Intellectual Impairment in Children with Blood Lead Concentrations below 10 μg per Deciliter. New England Journal of Medicine, Boston, v. 348, n. 16, p. 1517-1526, Apr. 2003.

CANUT, M. Estudo da Viabilidade do Uso do Resíduo Fosfogesso como Material de Construção. 2006. 154 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Engenharia) - Escola de Engenharia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 2006.

CHEN, J.; RAHMAN, N.; ATIYA, I. Radon Exhalation from Building Materials for Decorative Use. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, Essex, v. 101, n. 4, p. 317-322, Apr. 2010.

CRUZ, H.; NUNES,L. Durabilidade e Protecção de Estruturas de Madeira. Construção Magazine, Porto, n. 34, p. 36-38, 2009.

DECO. Radão: perigo que se esconde no granito. Proteste, Lisboa, n. 241, p. 37-39, nov. 2001.

DINUA et al. Lung Cancer Attributable to Indoor Radon Exposures in Two Radon: Prone Areas, Ştei (Romania) and Torrelodones (Spain). AIP Conference Proceedings, New York, v. 1131, p. 175-180, May 2009.

DOROUDIANI, S.; OMIDIAN, H. Environmental, Health and Safety Concerns of Decorative Mouldings made of Expanded Polystyrene in Buildings. Building and Environment, Oxford, v. 45, n. 3, p. 647-654, Mar. 2010.

DUTRIZAC, J.; O'REILLY, J.; MACDONALD, R. Roman Lead Plumbing: did it really contribute to the decline and fall of the empire. CIM Bulletin, Montreal, v. 75, n. 841, p. 111-115, 1982.

EDLICH, R.; WINTERS, K.; LONG, W. Treated Wood Preservatives linked to Aquatic Damage, Human Illness, and Death: a societal problem. Journal of Long-Term Effects of Medical Implants, New York, v. 15, n. 2, p. 209-223, 2005.

EUROPEAN ATOMIC ENERGY COMMUNITY. Council Directive 96/29 EC. Luxembourg, 1996.

FLORES, A. et al. Organoclorados: um problema de saúde pública. Ambiente & Sociedade, Campinas, v. 7, n. 2, p. 111-124, 2004.

GANN, R. et al. Fire Conditions for Smoke Toxicity Measurements. Fire Materials, London, v. 18, n. 3, p. 193-199, 1994.

HALL, J.; HARWOOD, B. Smoke or Burns: which is deadlier? National Fire Protection Association Journal, Boston, v. 38, p. 38-43, 1995.

HANSEN, S.; BURROUGHS, H. Classifying Indoor Air Problems: managing indoor air quality. Lilburn: Fairmont, 1999.

HAUSER, R.; CALAFAT, A. Phthalates and Human Health. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, London, v. 62, n. 11, p. 806-818, 2005.

HAYES, C. Plumbo Solvency Control: best practice guide. London: IWA Specialista Group on Metals and Related Substances in Drinking Water, 2009.

HEUDORF, U. et al. Phthalates: toxicology and exposure. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, Jena, v. 210, n. 5, p. 623-634, Oct. 2007.

HODGE, A. Vitrivius, Lead Pipes and Lead Poisoning. American Journal of Archaeology, New York, v. 85, n. 4, p. 486-491, Oct. 1981.

INTERNATIONAL AGENCY FOR RESEARCH ON CANCER. Polychlorinated Dibenzo-para-Dioxins and Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans. Lyon, 1997. (IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 69).

INTERNATIONAL AGENCY FOR RESEARCH ON CANCER. Wood Dust and Formaldehyde. Lyon, 1995. (IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 62).

INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION. Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection. Oxford: Pergamon, 1990. (ICRP Publication, 60).

JARVHOLM, B.; ENGLUND, A.; ALBIN, M. Pleural Mesothelioma in Sweden: an analysis of the incidence according to the use of asbestos. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, London, v. 56, n. 2, p. 110-113, Feb. 1999.

KHALIL, N. et al. Association of Blood Lead Concentrations with Mortality in Older Women: a prospective cohort study. Environmental Health, London, v.8, p. 15, Apr. 2009.

KOOPMAN-ESSEBOOM, C. et al. Effects of Polychlorinated Biphenyl/Dioxin Exposure and Feeding Type on Infants' Mental and Psychomotor Development. Pediatrics, Evanston, v. 97, n. 5, p. 700-706, May 1996.

KOSTIAINEN, R. Volatile Organic Compounds in the Indoor Air of Normal and Sick Houses. Atmospheric Environment, Oxford, v. 29, n. 6, p. 693-702, 1995.

KOVLER, K. Radiological Constraints of Using Building Materials and Industrial By-Products in Construction. Construction and Building Materials, Guildford, v. 23, n. 1, p. 264-253, Jan. 2009.

KOVLER, K. et al. Natural Radionuclides in Building Materials Available in Israel. Building and Environment, Oxford, v. 37, n. 5, p. 531-537, May 2002.

KWOK, N. et al. Substrate Effects on VOC Emissions from an Interior Finishing Varnish. Building and Environment, Oxford, v. 38, n. 8, p. 1019-1026, Aug. 2003.

LABAT, L. et al. Variabilité de la Mesure de la Plombémie Pour de Faibles Concentrations Proches du Seuil de 100 μg/l : étude multicentrique. Annales de Toxicologie Analytique, Poitiers, v. 18, n. 4, p. 297-304, 2006.

LADOU, J. The Asbestos Cancer Epidemic. Environmental Health Perspectives, Research Triangle Park, v. 112, n. 3, p. 285-290, 2004.

LANTING, C. et al. Neurologic Condition in 42-Month-Old Children in Relation to Pre-and Postnatal Exposure to Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Dioxins. Early Human Development, Amsterdam, v. 50, n. 3, p. 700-706, Feb. 1998.

LEVIN,B.; KULIGOWSKI,E. Toxicology of Fire and Smoke. In: SALEM, H.; KATZ, S. (Ed.). Inhalation Toxicology. New York: CRC, 2005. p. 205-228.

LIANG, H.; HO, M. Toxicity Characteristics of Commercially Manufactured Insulation Materials for Building Applications in Taiwan. Construction and Building Materials, Guildford, v. 21, n. 6, p. 1254-1261, June 2007.

LOVEKAMP-SWAN T.; DAVIS, B. Mechanisms of Phthalate Ester Toxicity in the Female Reproductive System. Environmental Health Perspectives, Research Triangle Park, v. 111, n. 2, p. 139-145, Feb. 2003.

MEEKER, J. et al. Urinary Phthalate Metabolites in Relation to Preterm Birth in Mexico City. Environmental Health Perspectives, Research Triangle Park, v. 117, n. 10, p. 1587-1592, Oct. 2009.

MENKE, A. et al. Blood Lead below 0,48 μmol/l (10 μg/dl) and Mortality among US Adults. Circulation, Baltimore, v. 114, n. 13, p. 1388-1394, Sept. 2006.

NRIAGU, J. Saturnine Gout among Roman Aristocrats: did lead poisoning contribute to the fall of the empire? New England Journal of Medicine, Boston, v. 308, n. 11, p. 660-663, Mar. 1983.

OPPENHUIZEN, A.; SIJM, D. Bioaccumulation and Biotransformation of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins and Dibenzofurans in Fish. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, New York, v. 9, n. 2, p. 175-186, Feb. 1990.

PAPADOPOULOS, I. Revision of the Council Directive on the Quality of Water Intended for Human Consumption. The Environmentalist, Hampshire, v. 19, n. 1, p. 23-26, 1999.

PAPAEFTHYMIOU, H.; GOUSETI, O. Natural Radioactivity and Associated Radiation Hazards in Building Materials Used in Peloponnese, Greece. Radiation Measurements, Oxford, v. 43, n. 8, p. 1453-1457, Sept. 2008.

POCOCK, S.; SMITH, M.; BAGHURST, P. Environmental Lead and Children's Intelligence: a systematic review of the epidemiological evidence. British Medical Journal, London, v. 309, n. 6963, p. 1189-1197, Nov. 1994.

PORTUGAL. Decreto-Lei n° 181. Diário da República, Lisboa, 1Âª série, n. 172, p. 6578-6583, 06 set. 2006.

PORTUGAL. Decreto-Lei n° 266. Diário da República, 1Âª série, n. 141, p.4689-4696, 24 jul. 2007a.

PORTUGAL. Decreto-Lei n° 284. Diário da República, Lisboa, 1Âª série, n. 194, p. 3540-3548, 24 ago. 1989.

PORTUGAL. Despacho n° 17.141. Diário da República, Lisboa, 2Âª série, n. 149, p. 22153-22514, 03 ago. 2007b.

PORTUGAL. Diretiva 83/477/CEE. Protecção Sanitária dos Trabalhadores Expostos ao Amianto durante o Trabalho. Jornal Oficial, Lisboa, n. L206, p. 0016-0018, 29 jul. 1991a.

PORTUGAL. Diretiva 90/143/EURATOM. Recomendação da Comissão, de 21 de Fevereiro de 1990, relativa à Protecção da População contra a Exposição Interior ao Radão. Jornal Oficial, Lisboa, n. L080, p. 0026-0028, 27 mar. 1990.

PORTUGAL. Diretiva 91/382/EEC. Altera a Directiva 83/477/CEE, relativa à Protecção Sanitária dos Trabalhadores Expostos ao Amianto durante o Trabalho. Jornal Oficial, Lisboa, n. L206, p. 0016-0018, 29 jul. 1991b.

PORTUGAL. Diretiva 98/83/CE. Qualidade da Água Destinada ao Consumo Humano. Jornal Oficial, Lisboa, n. L330, 03 nov. 1998.

PORTUGAL. Diretiva 204/42/CE. Relativa à Limitação das Emissões de Compostos Orgânicos Voláteis (COV) Resultantes da Utilização de Solventes Orgânicos em Certas Tintas e Vernizes e Produtos de Revestimento Automóvel. Jornal Oficial, Lisboa, n. 143, 21 abr. 2004.

PORTUGAL. Diretiva 2003/18/EC. Protecção Sanitária dos Trabalhadores Expostos ao Amianto durante o Trabalho. Jornal Oficial, Lisboa, n. 97, 15 abr. 2003.

PRUSZINSKI, A. Review of the Landfill Disposal Risks and the Potential for Recovery and Recycling of Preservative Treated Timber. Adelaide: Environmental Protection Authority, 1999.

RABIN, R. The Lead Industry and Lead Water Pipes "A Modest Campaign". American Journal of Public Health, Boston, v. 98, n. 9, p. 1584-1592, Sept. 2008.

RIHANEK, S. T. Radioactivity of Phosphate Plaster and Phosphate Gypsum. Tonindustrie Zeitung, Berlin, v. 95, n. 9, p. 264-270, 1971.

SALASAR, C. Estudo sobre Emissão de Compostos Orgânicos Voláteis COVS em Tintas Imobiliárias à Base de Solvente e Água. 2007. 83 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Química) - Universidade Estadual de Londrina, 2007.

SAMFIELD, M. Indoor Air Quality Data Base for Organic Compounds. Research Triangle Park: Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1992.

SATYANAND, T. Aftermath of the Bhopal Accident. The Lancet, London, v. 371, n. 9628, p. 1900, June 2008.

SILVERSTEIN, M.; WELCH, L.; LEMEN, R. Developments in Asbestos Cancer Risk Assessment. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, New York, v. 52, n. 11, p. 850-858, Nov. 2009.

SMITH, P. Risks to Human Health and Estuarine Ecology Posed by Pulling Out Creosote-Treated Timber on Oyster Farms. Aquatic Toxicology, Amsterdam, v. 86, n. 2, p. 287-298, Jan. 2008.

STERLING, D. Volatile Organic Compounds in Indoor Air: an overview of sources, concentrations, and health effects. In: GAMMAGE, R.; JACOBS, V. (Ed.). Indoor Air and Human Health. Chelsea: Lewis, 1985. p. 387.

SWAN, S. Environmental Phthalate Exposure in Relation to Reproductive Outcomes and Other Health Endpoints in Humans. Environmental Research, San Diego, v. 108, n. 2, p. 177-184, Oct. 2008.

TARARBIT, K.; CARRÉ, N.; GARNIER, R. Occurrence of Lead Poisoning during Follow-Up of Children at Risk with Initial Screening Lead Blood Levels Below 100 μg/l. Revue d'Epidemiologie et de Sante Publique, Paris, v. 57, n. 4, p. 249-255, Aug. 2009.

TILLITT, D. et al. Dioxin-Like Toxic Potency in Forster's Tern Eggs from Green Bay, Lake Michigan, North America. Chemosphere, Oxford, v. 26, n. 11, p. 2079-2084, June 1993.

THIERFELDER, T.; SANDSTROM, E. The Creosote Content of Used Railway Crossties as Compared with European Stipulations for Hazardous Waste. Science of the Total Environment, Amsterdam, v. 402, n. 1, p. 106-112, Aug. 2008.

THORTON, J. Environmental Impacts of Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Building Materials. Washington, DC: Healthy Buiding Network, 2002.

TROESKEN, W. The Great Lead Water Pipe Disaster. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2006.

UNITED NATIONS CENTRE FOR HUMAN SETTLEMENTS. Building Materials and Health. Nairobi, 1997.

UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY. Potential Uses of Phosphogypsum and Associated Risks. Washington, DC, 1992.

VARMA, R.; MULAY, S. The Bhopal Accident and Methyl Isocyanate Toxicity. In: GUPTA, R. C. (Ed.). Toxicology of Organophosphate & Carbamate Compounds. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2006. p. 79-88.

WILHELM, M.; DIETER, H. Lead Exposure via Drinking Water: unnecessary and preventable. Umweltmedizin in Forschung und Praxis,v. 8, p. 239-241, 2003.

WOLFF, M. et al. Prenatal Phenol and Phthalate Exposures and Birth Outcomes. Environmental Health Perspectives, Research Triangle Park, v. 116, n. 8, p. 1092-1097, Aug. 2008.

WU, C. Discussion on Fire Safety Factors from Case Studies of Building Fires. 2001. 190 f. Tese (Mestrado em Engenharia Civil) - University of Tainan, Taiwan, 2001.

ZIETZ, B. et al. Lead Pollution of Drinking Water in Lower Saxony from Corrosion of Pipe Materials. Gesundheitswesen, Berlin, v. 71, n. 5, p. 265-274, May 2009.

Recebido em 09/04/2010

Aceito em 28/07/2010

1 Gás radônio é o termo utilizado no Brasil.

AGENCY FOR TOXIC SUBSTANCES AND DISEASE REGISTRY. Toxicological Profile for Creosote Atlanta: Public Health Sector, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2002.
ANTONESCU-TURCU, A.; SCHAPIRA, R. Parenchymal and Airway Diseases Caused by Asbestos. Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine, Philadelphia, v. 16, n. 2, p. 155-161, Mar. 2010.
AKIRA, M. Asbestosis: IPF or NSIP-Like Lesions in Asbestos-Exposed Persons, and Such Independency. Japanese Journal of Chest Diseases, Tokyo, v. 69, p. 38-44, 2010.
AXELSON, O. et al Leukemia in Childhood and Adolescence and Exposure to Ionizing Radiation in Homes Built from Uranium-Containing Alum Shale Concrete. Epidemiology, Baltimore, v. 13, n. 2, p. 146-150, Mar. 2002.
AZUMA, K. et al Mesothelioma Risk and Environmental Exposure to Asbestos: past and future trends in Japan. International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health, Lodz, v. 15, n. 2, p. 166-172, Apr./June 2009.
BIANCHI, C. et al Latency Periods in Asbestos-Related Mesothelioma of the Pleura. European Journal of Cancer Prevention, Oxford, v. 6, n. 2, p. 162-166, Apr. 1997.
CANFIELD, R. et al Intellectual Impairment in Children with Blood Lead Concentrations below 10 μg per Deciliter. New England Journal of Medicine, Boston, v. 348, n. 16, p. 1517-1526, Apr. 2003.
CANUT, M. Estudo da Viabilidade do Uso do Resíduo Fosfogesso como Material de Construção 2006. 154 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Engenharia) - Escola de Engenharia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 2006.
CHEN, J.; RAHMAN, N.; ATIYA, I. Radon Exhalation from Building Materials for Decorative Use. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, Essex, v. 101, n. 4, p. 317-322, Apr. 2010.
CRUZ, H.; NUNES,L. Durabilidade e Protecção de Estruturas de Madeira. Construção Magazine, Porto, n. 34, p. 36-38, 2009.
DECO. Radão: perigo que se esconde no granito. Proteste, Lisboa, n. 241, p. 37-39, nov. 2001.
DINUA et al Lung Cancer Attributable to Indoor Radon Exposures in Two Radon: Prone Areas, Ştei (Romania) and Torrelodones (Spain). AIP Conference Proceedings, New York, v. 1131, p. 175-180, May 2009.
DOROUDIANI, S.; OMIDIAN, H. Environmental, Health and Safety Concerns of Decorative Mouldings made of Expanded Polystyrene in Buildings. Building and Environment, Oxford, v. 45, n. 3, p. 647-654, Mar. 2010.
DUTRIZAC, J.; O'REILLY, J.; MACDONALD, R. Roman Lead Plumbing: did it really contribute to the decline and fall of the empire. CIM Bulletin, Montreal, v. 75, n. 841, p. 111-115, 1982.
EDLICH, R.; WINTERS, K.; LONG, W. Treated Wood Preservatives linked to Aquatic Damage, Human Illness, and Death: a societal problem. Journal of Long-Term Effects of Medical Implants, New York, v. 15, n. 2, p. 209-223, 2005.
EUROPEAN ATOMIC ENERGY COMMUNITY. Council Directive 96/29 EC Luxembourg, 1996.
FLORES, A. et al Organoclorados: um problema de saúde pública. Ambiente & Sociedade, Campinas, v. 7, n. 2, p. 111-124, 2004.
GANN, R. et al Fire Conditions for Smoke Toxicity Measurements. Fire Materials, London, v. 18, n. 3, p. 193-199, 1994.
HALL, J.; HARWOOD, B. Smoke or Burns: which is deadlier? National Fire Protection Association Journal, Boston, v. 38, p. 38-43, 1995.
HANSEN, S.; BURROUGHS, H. Classifying Indoor Air Problems: managing indoor air quality. Lilburn: Fairmont, 1999.
HAUSER, R.; CALAFAT, A. Phthalates and Human Health. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, London, v. 62, n. 11, p. 806-818, 2005.
HAYES, C. Plumbo Solvency Control: best practice guide. London: IWA Specialista Group on Metals and Related Substances in Drinking Water, 2009.
HEUDORF, U. et al Phthalates: toxicology and exposure. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, Jena, v. 210, n. 5, p. 623-634, Oct. 2007.
HODGE, A. Vitrivius, Lead Pipes and Lead Poisoning. American Journal of Archaeology, New York, v. 85, n. 4, p. 486-491, Oct. 1981.
INTERNATIONAL AGENCY FOR RESEARCH ON CANCER. Polychlorinated Dibenzo-para-Dioxins and Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans Lyon, 1997. (IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 69).
INTERNATIONAL AGENCY FOR RESEARCH ON CANCER. Wood Dust and Formaldehyde Lyon, 1995. (IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 62).
INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION. Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection Oxford: Pergamon, 1990. (ICRP Publication, 60).
JARVHOLM, B.; ENGLUND, A.; ALBIN, M. Pleural Mesothelioma in Sweden: an analysis of the incidence according to the use of asbestos. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, London, v. 56, n. 2, p. 110-113, Feb. 1999.
KHALIL, N. et al Association of Blood Lead Concentrations with Mortality in Older Women: a prospective cohort study. Environmental Health, London, v.8, p. 15, Apr. 2009.
KOOPMAN-ESSEBOOM, C. et al Effects of Polychlorinated Biphenyl/Dioxin Exposure and Feeding Type on Infants' Mental and Psychomotor Development. Pediatrics, Evanston, v. 97, n. 5, p. 700-706, May 1996.
KOSTIAINEN, R. Volatile Organic Compounds in the Indoor Air of Normal and Sick Houses. Atmospheric Environment, Oxford, v. 29, n. 6, p. 693-702, 1995.
KOVLER, K. Radiological Constraints of Using Building Materials and Industrial By-Products in Construction. Construction and Building Materials, Guildford, v. 23, n. 1, p. 264-253, Jan. 2009.
KOVLER, K. et al Natural Radionuclides in Building Materials Available in Israel. Building and Environment, Oxford, v. 37, n. 5, p. 531-537, May 2002.
KWOK, N. et al Substrate Effects on VOC Emissions from an Interior Finishing Varnish. Building and Environment, Oxford, v. 38, n. 8, p. 1019-1026, Aug. 2003.
LABAT, L. et al Variabilité de la Mesure de la Plombémie Pour de Faibles Concentrations Proches du Seuil de 100 μg/l : étude multicentrique. Annales de Toxicologie Analytique, Poitiers, v. 18, n. 4, p. 297-304, 2006.
LADOU, J. The Asbestos Cancer Epidemic. Environmental Health Perspectives, Research Triangle Park, v. 112, n. 3, p. 285-290, 2004.
LANTING, C. et al Neurologic Condition in 42-Month-Old Children in Relation to Pre-and Postnatal Exposure to Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Dioxins. Early Human Development, Amsterdam, v. 50, n. 3, p. 700-706, Feb. 1998.
LEVIN,B.; KULIGOWSKI,E. Toxicology of Fire and Smoke. In: SALEM, H.; KATZ, S. (Ed.). Inhalation Toxicology New York: CRC, 2005. p. 205-228.
LIANG, H.; HO, M. Toxicity Characteristics of Commercially Manufactured Insulation Materials for Building Applications in Taiwan. Construction and Building Materials, Guildford, v. 21, n. 6, p. 1254-1261, June 2007.
LOVEKAMP-SWAN T.; DAVIS, B. Mechanisms of Phthalate Ester Toxicity in the Female Reproductive System. Environmental Health Perspectives, Research Triangle Park, v. 111, n. 2, p. 139-145, Feb. 2003.
MEEKER, J. et al Urinary Phthalate Metabolites in Relation to Preterm Birth in Mexico City. Environmental Health Perspectives, Research Triangle Park, v. 117, n. 10, p. 1587-1592, Oct. 2009.
MENKE, A. et al Blood Lead below 0,48 μmol/l (10 μg/dl) and Mortality among US Adults. Circulation, Baltimore, v. 114, n. 13, p. 1388-1394, Sept. 2006.
NRIAGU, J. Saturnine Gout among Roman Aristocrats: did lead poisoning contribute to the fall of the empire? New England Journal of Medicine, Boston, v. 308, n. 11, p. 660-663, Mar. 1983.
OPPENHUIZEN, A.; SIJM, D. Bioaccumulation and Biotransformation of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins and Dibenzofurans in Fish. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, New York, v. 9, n. 2, p. 175-186, Feb. 1990.
PAPADOPOULOS, I. Revision of the Council Directive on the Quality of Water Intended for Human Consumption. The Environmentalist, Hampshire, v. 19, n. 1, p. 23-26, 1999.
PAPAEFTHYMIOU, H.; GOUSETI, O. Natural Radioactivity and Associated Radiation Hazards in Building Materials Used in Peloponnese, Greece. Radiation Measurements, Oxford, v. 43, n. 8, p. 1453-1457, Sept. 2008.
POCOCK, S.; SMITH, M.; BAGHURST, P. Environmental Lead and Children's Intelligence: a systematic review of the epidemiological evidence. British Medical Journal, London, v. 309, n. 6963, p. 1189-1197, Nov. 1994.
PORTUGAL. Decreto-Lei n° 181. Diário da República, Lisboa, 1Âª série, n. 172, p. 6578-6583, 06 set. 2006.
PORTUGAL. Decreto-Lei n° 266. Diário da República, 1Âª série, n. 141, p.4689-4696, 24 jul. 2007a.
PORTUGAL. Decreto-Lei n° 284. Diário da República, Lisboa, 1Âª série, n. 194, p. 3540-3548, 24 ago. 1989.
PORTUGAL. Despacho n° 17.141. Diário da República, Lisboa, 2Âª série, n. 149, p. 22153-22514, 03 ago. 2007b.
PORTUGAL. Diretiva 83/477/CEE. Protecção Sanitária dos Trabalhadores Expostos ao Amianto durante o Trabalho. Jornal Oficial, Lisboa, n. L206, p. 0016-0018, 29 jul. 1991a.
PORTUGAL. Diretiva 90/143/EURATOM. Recomendação da Comissão, de 21 de Fevereiro de 1990, relativa à Protecção da População contra a Exposição Interior ao Radão. Jornal Oficial, Lisboa, n. L080, p. 0026-0028, 27 mar. 1990.
PORTUGAL. Diretiva 91/382/EEC. Altera a Directiva 83/477/CEE, relativa à Protecção Sanitária dos Trabalhadores Expostos ao Amianto durante o Trabalho. Jornal Oficial, Lisboa, n. L206, p. 0016-0018, 29 jul. 1991b.
PORTUGAL. Diretiva 98/83/CE. Qualidade da Água Destinada ao Consumo Humano. Jornal Oficial, Lisboa, n. L330, 03 nov. 1998.
PORTUGAL. Diretiva 204/42/CE. Relativa à Limitação das Emissões de Compostos Orgânicos Voláteis (COV) Resultantes da Utilização de Solventes Orgânicos em Certas Tintas e Vernizes e Produtos de Revestimento Automóvel. Jornal Oficial, Lisboa, n. 143, 21 abr. 2004.
PORTUGAL. Diretiva 2003/18/EC. Protecção Sanitária dos Trabalhadores Expostos ao Amianto durante o Trabalho. Jornal Oficial, Lisboa, n. 97, 15 abr. 2003
PRUSZINSKI, A. Review of the Landfill Disposal Risks and the Potential for Recovery and Recycling of Preservative Treated Timber Adelaide: Environmental Protection Authority, 1999.
RABIN, R. The Lead Industry and Lead Water Pipes "A Modest Campaign". American Journal of Public Health, Boston, v. 98, n. 9, p. 1584-1592, Sept. 2008.
RIHANEK, S. T. Radioactivity of Phosphate Plaster and Phosphate Gypsum. Tonindustrie Zeitung, Berlin, v. 95, n. 9, p. 264-270, 1971.
SALASAR, C. Estudo sobre Emissão de Compostos Orgânicos Voláteis COVS em Tintas Imobiliárias à Base de Solvente e Água 2007. 83 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Química) - Universidade Estadual de Londrina, 2007.
SAMFIELD, M. Indoor Air Quality Data Base for Organic Compounds Research Triangle Park: Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1992.
SATYANAND, T. Aftermath of the Bhopal Accident. The Lancet, London, v. 371, n. 9628, p. 1900, June 2008.
SILVERSTEIN, M.; WELCH, L.; LEMEN, R. Developments in Asbestos Cancer Risk Assessment. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, New York, v. 52, n. 11, p. 850-858, Nov. 2009.
SMITH, P. Risks to Human Health and Estuarine Ecology Posed by Pulling Out Creosote-Treated Timber on Oyster Farms. Aquatic Toxicology, Amsterdam, v. 86, n. 2, p. 287-298, Jan. 2008.
STERLING, D. Volatile Organic Compounds in Indoor Air: an overview of sources, concentrations, and health effects. In: GAMMAGE, R.; JACOBS, V. (Ed.). Indoor Air and Human Health Chelsea: Lewis, 1985. p. 387.
SWAN, S. Environmental Phthalate Exposure in Relation to Reproductive Outcomes and Other Health Endpoints in Humans. Environmental Research, San Diego, v. 108, n. 2, p. 177-184, Oct. 2008.
TARARBIT, K.; CARRÉ, N.; GARNIER, R. Occurrence of Lead Poisoning during Follow-Up of Children at Risk with Initial Screening Lead Blood Levels Below 100 μg/l. Revue d'Epidemiologie et de Sante Publique, Paris, v. 57, n. 4, p. 249-255, Aug. 2009.
TILLITT, D. et al Dioxin-Like Toxic Potency in Forster's Tern Eggs from Green Bay, Lake Michigan, North America. Chemosphere, Oxford, v. 26, n. 11, p. 2079-2084, June 1993.
THIERFELDER, T.; SANDSTROM, E. The Creosote Content of Used Railway Crossties as Compared with European Stipulations for Hazardous Waste. Science of the Total Environment, Amsterdam, v. 402, n. 1, p. 106-112, Aug. 2008.
THORTON, J. Environmental Impacts of Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Building Materials Washington, DC: Healthy Buiding Network, 2002.
TROESKEN, W. The Great Lead Water Pipe Disaster Cambridge: MIT Press, 2006.
UNITED NATIONS CENTRE FOR HUMAN SETTLEMENTS. Building Materials and Health Nairobi, 1997.
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY. Potential Uses of Phosphogypsum and Associated Risks Washington, DC, 1992.
VARMA, R.; MULAY, S. The Bhopal Accident and Methyl Isocyanate Toxicity. In: GUPTA, R. C. (Ed.). Toxicology of Organophosphate & Carbamate Compounds Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2006. p. 79-88.
WILHELM, M.; DIETER, H. Lead Exposure via Drinking Water: unnecessary and preventable. Umweltmedizin in Forschung und Praxis,v. 8, p. 239-241, 2003.
WOLFF, M. et al Prenatal Phenol and Phthalate Exposures and Birth Outcomes. Environmental Health Perspectives, Research Triangle Park, v. 116, n. 8, p. 1092-1097, Aug. 2008.
WU, C. Discussion on Fire Safety Factors from Case Studies of Building Fires 2001. 190 f. Tese (Mestrado em Engenharia Civil) - University of Tainan, Taiwan, 2001.
ZIETZ, B. et al Lead Pollution of Drinking Water in Lower Saxony from Corrosion of Pipe Materials. Gesundheitswesen, Berlin, v. 71, n. 5, p. 265-274, May 2009.

Datas de Publicação

Publicação nesta coleção
01 Out 2013
Data do Fascículo
Set 2010

Histórico

Aceito
28 Jul 2010
Recebido
09 Abr 2010

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

[1] AGENCY FOR TOXIC SUBSTANCES AND DISEASE REGISTRY. Toxicological Profile for Creosote Atlanta: Public Health Sector, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2002.

[2] ANTONESCU-TURCU, A.; SCHAPIRA, R. Parenchymal and Airway Diseases Caused by Asbestos. Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine, Philadelphia, v. 16, n. 2, p. 155-161, Mar. 2010.

[3] AKIRA, M. Asbestosis: IPF or NSIP-Like Lesions in Asbestos-Exposed Persons, and Such Independency. Japanese Journal of Chest Diseases, Tokyo, v. 69, p. 38-44, 2010.

[4] AXELSON, O. et al Leukemia in Childhood and Adolescence and Exposure to Ionizing Radiation in Homes Built from Uranium-Containing Alum Shale Concrete. Epidemiology, Baltimore, v. 13, n. 2, p. 146-150, Mar. 2002.

[5] AZUMA, K. et al Mesothelioma Risk and Environmental Exposure to Asbestos: past and future trends in Japan. International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health, Lodz, v. 15, n. 2, p. 166-172, Apr./June 2009.

[6] BIANCHI, C. et al Latency Periods in Asbestos-Related Mesothelioma of the Pleura. European Journal of Cancer Prevention, Oxford, v. 6, n. 2, p. 162-166, Apr. 1997.

[7] CANFIELD, R. et al Intellectual Impairment in Children with Blood Lead Concentrations below 10 μg per Deciliter. New England Journal of Medicine, Boston, v. 348, n. 16, p. 1517-1526, Apr. 2003.

[8] CANUT, M. Estudo da Viabilidade do Uso do Resíduo Fosfogesso como Material de Construção 2006. 154 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Engenharia) - Escola de Engenharia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 2006.

[9] CHEN, J.; RAHMAN, N.; ATIYA, I. Radon Exhalation from Building Materials for Decorative Use. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, Essex, v. 101, n. 4, p. 317-322, Apr. 2010.

[10] CRUZ, H.; NUNES,L. Durabilidade e Protecção de Estruturas de Madeira. Construção Magazine, Porto, n. 34, p. 36-38, 2009.

[11] DECO. Radão: perigo que se esconde no granito. Proteste, Lisboa, n. 241, p. 37-39, nov. 2001.

[12] DINUA et al Lung Cancer Attributable to Indoor Radon Exposures in Two Radon: Prone Areas, Ştei (Romania) and Torrelodones (Spain). AIP Conference Proceedings, New York, v. 1131, p. 175-180, May 2009.

[13] DOROUDIANI, S.; OMIDIAN, H. Environmental, Health and Safety Concerns of Decorative Mouldings made of Expanded Polystyrene in Buildings. Building and Environment, Oxford, v. 45, n. 3, p. 647-654, Mar. 2010.

[14] DUTRIZAC, J.; O'REILLY, J.; MACDONALD, R. Roman Lead Plumbing: did it really contribute to the decline and fall of the empire. CIM Bulletin, Montreal, v. 75, n. 841, p. 111-115, 1982.

[15] EDLICH, R.; WINTERS, K.; LONG, W. Treated Wood Preservatives linked to Aquatic Damage, Human Illness, and Death: a societal problem. Journal of Long-Term Effects of Medical Implants, New York, v. 15, n. 2, p. 209-223, 2005.

[16] EUROPEAN ATOMIC ENERGY COMMUNITY. Council Directive 96/29 EC Luxembourg, 1996.

[17] FLORES, A. et al Organoclorados: um problema de saúde pública. Ambiente & Sociedade, Campinas, v. 7, n. 2, p. 111-124, 2004.

[18] GANN, R. et al Fire Conditions for Smoke Toxicity Measurements. Fire Materials, London, v. 18, n. 3, p. 193-199, 1994.

[19] HALL, J.; HARWOOD, B. Smoke or Burns: which is deadlier? National Fire Protection Association Journal, Boston, v. 38, p. 38-43, 1995.

[20] HANSEN, S.; BURROUGHS, H. Classifying Indoor Air Problems: managing indoor air quality. Lilburn: Fairmont, 1999.

[21] HAUSER, R.; CALAFAT, A. Phthalates and Human Health. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, London, v. 62, n. 11, p. 806-818, 2005.

[22] HAYES, C. Plumbo Solvency Control: best practice guide. London: IWA Specialista Group on Metals and Related Substances in Drinking Water, 2009.

[23] HEUDORF, U. et al Phthalates: toxicology and exposure. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, Jena, v. 210, n. 5, p. 623-634, Oct. 2007.

[24] HODGE, A. Vitrivius, Lead Pipes and Lead Poisoning. American Journal of Archaeology, New York, v. 85, n. 4, p. 486-491, Oct. 1981.

[25] INTERNATIONAL AGENCY FOR RESEARCH ON CANCER. Polychlorinated Dibenzo-para-Dioxins and Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans Lyon, 1997. (IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 69).

[26] INTERNATIONAL AGENCY FOR RESEARCH ON CANCER. Wood Dust and Formaldehyde Lyon, 1995. (IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 62).

[27] INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION. Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection Oxford: Pergamon, 1990. (ICRP Publication, 60).

[28] JARVHOLM, B.; ENGLUND, A.; ALBIN, M. Pleural Mesothelioma in Sweden: an analysis of the incidence according to the use of asbestos. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, London, v. 56, n. 2, p. 110-113, Feb. 1999.

[29] KHALIL, N. et al Association of Blood Lead Concentrations with Mortality in Older Women: a prospective cohort study. Environmental Health, London, v.8, p. 15, Apr. 2009.

[30] KOOPMAN-ESSEBOOM, C. et al Effects of Polychlorinated Biphenyl/Dioxin Exposure and Feeding Type on Infants' Mental and Psychomotor Development. Pediatrics, Evanston, v. 97, n. 5, p. 700-706, May 1996.

[31] KOSTIAINEN, R. Volatile Organic Compounds in the Indoor Air of Normal and Sick Houses. Atmospheric Environment, Oxford, v. 29, n. 6, p. 693-702, 1995.

[32] KOVLER, K. Radiological Constraints of Using Building Materials and Industrial By-Products in Construction. Construction and Building Materials, Guildford, v. 23, n. 1, p. 264-253, Jan. 2009.

[33] KOVLER, K. et al Natural Radionuclides in Building Materials Available in Israel. Building and Environment, Oxford, v. 37, n. 5, p. 531-537, May 2002.

[34] KWOK, N. et al Substrate Effects on VOC Emissions from an Interior Finishing Varnish. Building and Environment, Oxford, v. 38, n. 8, p. 1019-1026, Aug. 2003.

[35] LABAT, L. et al Variabilité de la Mesure de la Plombémie Pour de Faibles Concentrations Proches du Seuil de 100 μg/l : étude multicentrique. Annales de Toxicologie Analytique, Poitiers, v. 18, n. 4, p. 297-304, 2006.

[36] LADOU, J. The Asbestos Cancer Epidemic. Environmental Health Perspectives, Research Triangle Park, v. 112, n. 3, p. 285-290, 2004.

[37] LANTING, C. et al Neurologic Condition in 42-Month-Old Children in Relation to Pre-and Postnatal Exposure to Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Dioxins. Early Human Development, Amsterdam, v. 50, n. 3, p. 700-706, Feb. 1998.

[38] LEVIN,B.; KULIGOWSKI,E. Toxicology of Fire and Smoke. In: SALEM, H.; KATZ, S. (Ed.). Inhalation Toxicology New York: CRC, 2005. p. 205-228.

[39] LIANG, H.; HO, M. Toxicity Characteristics of Commercially Manufactured Insulation Materials for Building Applications in Taiwan. Construction and Building Materials, Guildford, v. 21, n. 6, p. 1254-1261, June 2007.

[40] LOVEKAMP-SWAN T.; DAVIS, B. Mechanisms of Phthalate Ester Toxicity in the Female Reproductive System. Environmental Health Perspectives, Research Triangle Park, v. 111, n. 2, p. 139-145, Feb. 2003.

[41] MEEKER, J. et al Urinary Phthalate Metabolites in Relation to Preterm Birth in Mexico City. Environmental Health Perspectives, Research Triangle Park, v. 117, n. 10, p. 1587-1592, Oct. 2009.

[42] MENKE, A. et al Blood Lead below 0,48 μmol/l (10 μg/dl) and Mortality among US Adults. Circulation, Baltimore, v. 114, n. 13, p. 1388-1394, Sept. 2006.

[43] NRIAGU, J. Saturnine Gout among Roman Aristocrats: did lead poisoning contribute to the fall of the empire? New England Journal of Medicine, Boston, v. 308, n. 11, p. 660-663, Mar. 1983.

[44] OPPENHUIZEN, A.; SIJM, D. Bioaccumulation and Biotransformation of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins and Dibenzofurans in Fish. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, New York, v. 9, n. 2, p. 175-186, Feb. 1990.

[45] PAPADOPOULOS, I. Revision of the Council Directive on the Quality of Water Intended for Human Consumption. The Environmentalist, Hampshire, v. 19, n. 1, p. 23-26, 1999.

[46] PAPAEFTHYMIOU, H.; GOUSETI, O. Natural Radioactivity and Associated Radiation Hazards in Building Materials Used in Peloponnese, Greece. Radiation Measurements, Oxford, v. 43, n. 8, p. 1453-1457, Sept. 2008.

[47] POCOCK, S.; SMITH, M.; BAGHURST, P. Environmental Lead and Children's Intelligence: a systematic review of the epidemiological evidence. British Medical Journal, London, v. 309, n. 6963, p. 1189-1197, Nov. 1994.

[48] PORTUGAL. Decreto-Lei n° 181. Diário da República, Lisboa, 1Âª série, n. 172, p. 6578-6583, 06 set. 2006.

[49] PORTUGAL. Decreto-Lei n° 266. Diário da República, 1Âª série, n. 141, p.4689-4696, 24 jul. 2007a.

[50] PORTUGAL. Decreto-Lei n° 284. Diário da República, Lisboa, 1Âª série, n. 194, p. 3540-3548, 24 ago. 1989.

[51] PORTUGAL. Despacho n° 17.141. Diário da República, Lisboa, 2Âª série, n. 149, p. 22153-22514, 03 ago. 2007b.

[52] PORTUGAL. Diretiva 83/477/CEE. Protecção Sanitária dos Trabalhadores Expostos ao Amianto durante o Trabalho. Jornal Oficial, Lisboa, n. L206, p. 0016-0018, 29 jul. 1991a.

[53] PORTUGAL. Diretiva 90/143/EURATOM. Recomendação da Comissão, de 21 de Fevereiro de 1990, relativa à Protecção da População contra a Exposição Interior ao Radão. Jornal Oficial, Lisboa, n. L080, p. 0026-0028, 27 mar. 1990.

[54] PORTUGAL. Diretiva 91/382/EEC. Altera a Directiva 83/477/CEE, relativa à Protecção Sanitária dos Trabalhadores Expostos ao Amianto durante o Trabalho. Jornal Oficial, Lisboa, n. L206, p. 0016-0018, 29 jul. 1991b.

[55] PORTUGAL. Diretiva 98/83/CE. Qualidade da Água Destinada ao Consumo Humano. Jornal Oficial, Lisboa, n. L330, 03 nov. 1998.

[56] PORTUGAL. Diretiva 204/42/CE. Relativa à Limitação das Emissões de Compostos Orgânicos Voláteis (COV) Resultantes da Utilização de Solventes Orgânicos em Certas Tintas e Vernizes e Produtos de Revestimento Automóvel. Jornal Oficial, Lisboa, n. 143, 21 abr. 2004.

[57] PORTUGAL. Diretiva 2003/18/EC. Protecção Sanitária dos Trabalhadores Expostos ao Amianto durante o Trabalho. Jornal Oficial, Lisboa, n. 97, 15 abr. 2003

[58] PRUSZINSKI, A. Review of the Landfill Disposal Risks and the Potential for Recovery and Recycling of Preservative Treated Timber Adelaide: Environmental Protection Authority, 1999.

[59] RABIN, R. The Lead Industry and Lead Water Pipes "A Modest Campaign". American Journal of Public Health, Boston, v. 98, n. 9, p. 1584-1592, Sept. 2008.

[60] RIHANEK, S. T. Radioactivity of Phosphate Plaster and Phosphate Gypsum. Tonindustrie Zeitung, Berlin, v. 95, n. 9, p. 264-270, 1971.

[61] SALASAR, C. Estudo sobre Emissão de Compostos Orgânicos Voláteis COVS em Tintas Imobiliárias à Base de Solvente e Água 2007. 83 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Química) - Universidade Estadual de Londrina, 2007.

[62] SAMFIELD, M. Indoor Air Quality Data Base for Organic Compounds Research Triangle Park: Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1992.

[63] SATYANAND, T. Aftermath of the Bhopal Accident. The Lancet, London, v. 371, n. 9628, p. 1900, June 2008.

[64] SILVERSTEIN, M.; WELCH, L.; LEMEN, R. Developments in Asbestos Cancer Risk Assessment. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, New York, v. 52, n. 11, p. 850-858, Nov. 2009.

[65] SMITH, P. Risks to Human Health and Estuarine Ecology Posed by Pulling Out Creosote-Treated Timber on Oyster Farms. Aquatic Toxicology, Amsterdam, v. 86, n. 2, p. 287-298, Jan. 2008.

[66] STERLING, D. Volatile Organic Compounds in Indoor Air: an overview of sources, concentrations, and health effects. In: GAMMAGE, R.; JACOBS, V. (Ed.). Indoor Air and Human Health Chelsea: Lewis, 1985. p. 387.

[67] SWAN, S. Environmental Phthalate Exposure in Relation to Reproductive Outcomes and Other Health Endpoints in Humans. Environmental Research, San Diego, v. 108, n. 2, p. 177-184, Oct. 2008.

[68] TARARBIT, K.; CARRÉ, N.; GARNIER, R. Occurrence of Lead Poisoning during Follow-Up of Children at Risk with Initial Screening Lead Blood Levels Below 100 μg/l. Revue d'Epidemiologie et de Sante Publique, Paris, v. 57, n. 4, p. 249-255, Aug. 2009.

[69] TILLITT, D. et al Dioxin-Like Toxic Potency in Forster's Tern Eggs from Green Bay, Lake Michigan, North America. Chemosphere, Oxford, v. 26, n. 11, p. 2079-2084, June 1993.

[70] THIERFELDER, T.; SANDSTROM, E. The Creosote Content of Used Railway Crossties as Compared with European Stipulations for Hazardous Waste. Science of the Total Environment, Amsterdam, v. 402, n. 1, p. 106-112, Aug. 2008.

[71] THORTON, J. Environmental Impacts of Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Building Materials Washington, DC: Healthy Buiding Network, 2002.

[72] TROESKEN, W. The Great Lead Water Pipe Disaster Cambridge: MIT Press, 2006.

[73] UNITED NATIONS CENTRE FOR HUMAN SETTLEMENTS. Building Materials and Health Nairobi, 1997.

[74] UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY. Potential Uses of Phosphogypsum and Associated Risks Washington, DC, 1992.

[75] VARMA, R.; MULAY, S. The Bhopal Accident and Methyl Isocyanate Toxicity. In: GUPTA, R. C. (Ed.). Toxicology of Organophosphate & Carbamate Compounds Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2006. p. 79-88.

[76] WILHELM, M.; DIETER, H. Lead Exposure via Drinking Water: unnecessary and preventable. Umweltmedizin in Forschung und Praxis,v. 8, p. 239-241, 2003.

[77] WOLFF, M. et al Prenatal Phenol and Phthalate Exposures and Birth Outcomes. Environmental Health Perspectives, Research Triangle Park, v. 116, n. 8, p. 1092-1097, Aug. 2008.

[78] WU, C. Discussion on Fire Safety Factors from Case Studies of Building Fires 2001. 190 f. Tese (Mestrado em Engenharia Civil) - University of Tainan, Taiwan, 2001.

[79] ZIETZ, B. et al Lead Pollution of Drinking Water in Lower Saxony from Corrosion of Pipe Materials. Gesundheitswesen, Berlin, v. 71, n. 5, p. 265-274, May 2009.