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Physical and mechanical properties of Eucalyptus saligna wood for timber structures

Propriedades físicas e mecânicas da madeira de Eucalyptus saligna para estruturas de madeira

Abstract

Due to its great availability in planted forests in Brazil, Eucalyptus saligna appears as a good species to be exploited, in order to assist in the consumption of wood for construction purposes. The aim of this research was to determine the physical and mechanical properties of Eucalyptus saligna wood species for its use in civil construction. The evaluation was based on 16 physical and mechanical properties obtained according to NBR 7190 (1997)ASSOCIAÇÃO BRASILEIRA DE NORMAS TÉCNICAS. NBR 7190: projeto de estruturas de madeira. Rio de Janeiro, 1997. standard. Two values of moisture content were considered: 30% (above the fiber saturation point) and 12% (equilibrium moisture content) according to NBR 7190 (1997)ASSOCIAÇÃO BRASILEIRA DE NORMAS TÉCNICAS. NBR 7190: projeto de estruturas de madeira. Rio de Janeiro, 1997.. All obtained results obtained were statistically analyzed according to the t-test at the 5% level of significance. In addition, the characteristic strength properties were also determined, for batch classification in the strength classes recommended by the Brazilian standard. Eucalyptus saligna had an apparent density of 0.58 g/cm3 and a basic density of 0.73 g/cm3. The mechanical properties, presented fc0 and fc0,k equal to 46.80 and 32 MPa, respectively. The results indicated that Eucalyptus saligna wood can be used in the construction of timber structures as structural member

Keywords:
Eucalypt; Strenght; Stiffness; Timber structures

Resumo

A fim de auxiliar no consumo de madeira pela construção civil, o Eucalyptus saligna surge como uma boa oportunidade a ser explorada, devido à sua grande disponibilidade em florestas plantadas no Brasil. O objetivo dessa pesquisa foi determinar as principais propriedades físicas e mecânicas da madeira de Eucalyptus saligna para sua utilização na construção civil. Esta avaliação baseou-se em 16 propriedades físicas e mecânicas obtidas de acordo com a norma NBR 7190 (1997)ASSOCIAÇÃO BRASILEIRA DE NORMAS TÉCNICAS. NBR 7190: projeto de estruturas de madeira. Rio de Janeiro, 1997.. Dois valores de teor de umidade foram considerados: 30% (acima do ponto de saturação das fibras) e 12% (teor de umidade de equilíbrio) de acordo com a NBR 7190 (1997)ASSOCIAÇÃO BRASILEIRA DE NORMAS TÉCNICAS. NBR 7190: projeto de estruturas de madeira. Rio de Janeiro, 1997.. Todos os resultados obtidos foram analisados estatisticamente de acordo com o teste t ao nível de 5% de significância. Além disso, também foram determinadas as resistências características para classificação do lote nas classes de resistência recomendadas pela norma. O Eucalyptus saligna apresentou densidade aparente igual a 0,58 g/cm3 e densidade básica igual a 0,73 g/cm3. Em relação às propriedades mecânicas, apresentou fc0 e fc0,k iguais a 46,80 e 32 MPa, respectivamente. De acordo com os resultados, foi possível concluir que o Eucalyptus saligna pode ser utilizado na construção de estruturas de madeira como elemento estrutural.

Palavras-chave:
Eucalipto; Resistência; Rigidez; Estruturas de madeira

Introduction

Wood is a natural raw material obtained from natural or planted forests (MAZURANA et al., 2011MAZURANA, M. et al. Balanço de Nutrientes em Povoamentos de Eucalyptus saligna Implantado Sobre Cambissolo Háplicono RS. Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental, v. 15, n. 9, p. 924-930, 2011.; MATOS et al., 2012MATOS, G. S. B. et al. Desenvolvimento Inicial e Estado Nutricional de Clones de Eucalipto no Nordeste do Pará. Acta Amazônica, v. 42, n. 2, p. 491-500, 2012.; TER STEEGE et al., 2016TER STEEGE, H. et al. The Discovery of the Amazonian Tree Flora With an Update Checklist of All Known Tree Taxa. Scientific Reports, v. 6, n. 29549, p. 1-15, 2016.; TUISIMA-CORAL et al., 2017TUISIMA-CORAL, L. L. et al. Variation in Wood Physical Properties Within Stems of Guazuma Crinita, a Timber Tree Species in the Peruvian Amazon. Maderas y Bosques, v. 23, n. 1, p. 53-61, 2017.). In Brazil, Eucalyptus tree genus are utilized for a variety of applications, among them: pulp and paper, charcoal, essential oils, boards, firewood, construction, and furniture (GUIMARÃES JUNIOR et al., 2009GUIMARÃES JUNIOR, J. B. et al. Painéis Compensados de Eucalipto: estudo de caso de espécies e procedências. Cerne, v. 15, n. 1, p. 10-18, 2009., 2011GUIMARÃES JUNIOR, J. B. et al. Painéis de Madeira Aglomerada de Resíduos da Laminação de Diferentes Procedências de Eucalyptus grandis, Eucalyptus saligna e Eucalyptus cloeziana. Cerne, v. 17, n. 4, p. 443-452, 2011.; ALMEIDA; BRITO; PERRÉ, 2010ALMEIDA, G.; BRITO, J. O.; PERRÉ, P. Alterations in Energy Properties of Eucalyptus Wood and Bark Subjected to Torrefaction: the potential of mass loss as a synthetic indicator. Bioresource Technology, v. 101, n. 24, p. 9778-9784, 2010. ; IWAKIRI et al., 2013IWAKIRI, S. et al. Evaluation of the Use Potential of Nine Species of Genus Eucalyptus For Production of Veneers and Plywood Panels. Cerne, v. 19, n. 2, p. 263-269, 2013.; SOARES et al., 2015SOARES, V. S. et al. Análise das Propriedades da Madeira e do Carvão Vegetal de Híbridos de Eucalipto em Três Idades. Cerne, v. 21, n. 2, p. 191-197, 2015.; MATTOS et al., 2014MATTOS, B. D. et al. Biodeterioration of Wood From Two Fast-Growing Eucalypts Exposed to Field Test. International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation, v. 93, p. 210-215, 2014.; NEIVA et al., 2015NEIVA, D. et al. Chemical Composition and Kraft Pulping Potential of 12 Eucalypt Species. Industrial Crops and Products, v. 66, p. 889-95, 2015.; BALLESTEROS et al., 2015BALLESTEROS, J. E. M. et al. Evaluation of the Effect of Drying and Rewetting Cycles in Eucalyptus Pulps. International Journal of Engineering and Technology, v. 7, n. 5, p, 397-400, 2015.).

For timber building structures, the knowledge of physical and mechanical properties of wood are very important, for its rational use (CALIL JUNIOR; LAHR; DIAS, 2003CALIL JUNIOR, C.; LAHR, F. A. R.; DIAS, A. A. Dimensionamento de Elementos Estruturais de Madeira. Barueri: Manole, 2003.; CALIL JUNIOR; MOLINA, 2010CALIL JUNIOR, C.; MOLINA, J. C. Coberturas em Estruturas de Madeira: exemplos de cálculo. São Paulo: Pini, 2010.; ANDRADE JUNIOR et al., 2014ANDRADE JUNIOR, J. R. et al. Avaliação das Estruturas de Cobertura em Madeira de Um Galpão de Estoques de Produtos Químicos. Ambiente Construído, Porto Alegre, v. 14, n. 3, p. 75-85, jul./set. 2014.; LAHR et al., 2017aLAHR, F. A. R. et al. Shear and Longitudinal Modulus of Elasticity in Wood: relations based on static bending tests. Acta Scientiarium Technology, v. 39, n. 4, p. 433-437, 2017a.). The very purpose of wood characterization is to evaluate its possible use as a structural member (VIVIAN et al., 2010VIVIAN, M. A. et al. Propriedades Físico-Mecânicas da Madeira de Canafístula aos 10 Anos de Idade. Ciência Rural, v. 40, n. 5, p. 1097-1102, 2010.; CHEN; GUO, 2016CHEN, Y.; GUO, W. Mechanical Properties Evaluation of Two Wood Species of Ancient Timber Structure With Nondestructive Testing Methods. BioResources, v. 11, n. 3, p. 6600-6612, 2016., 2017CHEN, Y.; GUO, W. Nondestructive Evaluation and Reliability Analysis For Determining the Mechanical Properties of Old Wood of Ancient Timber Structure. BioResources, v. 12, n. 2, p. 2310-2325, 2017.; LAHR et al., 2017bLAHR, F. A. R. et al. Physical-Mechanical Characterization of the Eucalyptus urophylla Wood. Journal of the Brazilian Association of Agricultural Engineering, v. 37, n. 5, p. 900-906, 2017b.). For this purpose, Brazilian Standard Code NBR 7190 (Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas (ABNT, 1997ASSOCIAÇÃO BRASILEIRA DE NORMAS TÉCNICAS. NBR 7190: projeto de estruturas de madeira. Rio de Janeiro, 1997.) presents all experimental procedures for the conduction of the testing of the specimens.

Another important characteristic of wood for timber structures is its moisture content (KOLMANN; CÔTÈ, 1968KOLLMANN, F.; CÔTÉ, W. A. Principles of Wood Science and Technology. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1968.; HERZOG et al., 2000HERZOG, T. et al. Timber Construction Manual. Berlin: Birkhäuser, 2000.). In general, wood with higher moisture content presents lower mechanical properties (MATOS; MOLINA, 2016MATOS, G. S.; MOLINA, J. C. Resistência da Madeira ao Cisalhamento Paralelo às Fibras Segundo as Normas ABNT NBR 7190:1997 e ISO 13910:2005. Revista Matéria, v. 21, n. 4, p. 1069-1079, 2016.; ALMEIDA et al., 2016ALMEIDA, D. H. et al. Determinação da Rigidez de Pinus elliottii em Diferentes Teores de Umidade Por Meio de Ensaios Mecânicos Não Destrutivos. Scientia Forestalis, v. 44, n. 10, p. 303-309, 2016. ) and dimensional stability that is also influenced by moisture content (ALMEIDA et al., 2017ALMEIDA, T. H. et al. Density as Estimator of Dimensional Stability Quantities of Brazilian Tropical Woods. BioResources, v. 12, n. 3, p. 6579-6590, 2017.).

Eucalyptus genus presents a fast growth that causes internal tension (growth stress) (BELTRAME et al., 2015BELTRAME, R. et al. Tensão de Crescimento e Sua Relação Com as Rachaduras de Topo em Toras de Eucalyptus spp. Scientia Forestalis, v. 43, n. 105, p. 63-74, 2015.), and besides this, the dry process, must be carefully performed to minimize the occurrence of drying defects, for examples, bows, crooks, top cracks, cups and twists (ELEOTÉRIO et al., 2014ELEOTÉRIO, J. R. et al. Efeito da Espécie e da condição De Secagem na Formação de Defeitos na Madeira Serrada de Eucalipto. Scientia Forestalis, v. 42, n. 101, p. 41-47,2014.; REZENDE et al., 2015REZENDE, R. N. et al. Efeito da Vaporização na Secagem de Tábuas de Eucalyptus grandis. Cerne, v. 21, n. 1, p. 37-43, 2015.). These defect types influence the physical and mechanical properties of wood (LIMA et al., 2004LIMA, J. T. et al. Deformações Residuais Longitudinais Decorrentes de Tensões de Crescimento em Eucaliptos e Suas Associações Com Outras Propriedades. Revista Árvore, v. 28, n. 1, p. 107-116, 2004.).

Due to the scarce amount of reports available for this species, this research was aimed at determining the physical and mechanical properties of Eucalyptus saligna wood from different planted forests at two moistures content regimes (12 and 30%) for its use as structural timber.

Materials and methods

Eucalyptus saligna wood from a planted forest area in the State of São Paulo, Brazil was used for this research. 20-year old Eucalyptus saligna logs with an average 35 cm diameter were selected for the study. After the primary processing of the logs, the sawn timber boards were submitted to natural drying of the moisture contents adopted for this research: first above the fiber saturation point (30%) and at 12% moisture content as prescribed in NBR 7190 (1997)ASSOCIAÇÃO BRASILEIRA DE NORMAS TÉCNICAS. NBR 7190: projeto de estruturas de madeira. Rio de Janeiro, 1997..

Test specimens were prepared for physical and mechanical properties (Table 1) according to the Brazilian Standard, NBR 7190 (1997)ASSOCIAÇÃO BRASILEIRA DE NORMAS TÉCNICAS. NBR 7190: projeto de estruturas de madeira. Rio de Janeiro, 1997.. For each property studied, moisture content was determined for 12 specimens according to NBR 7190 (1997)ASSOCIAÇÃO BRASILEIRA DE NORMAS TÉCNICAS. NBR 7190: projeto de estruturas de madeira. Rio de Janeiro, 1997. (except for the apparent density (ρap) which is always determined at 12% m.c). For this purpose, 372 specimens were prepared. Toughness tests were carried out in Charpy machine according to D143 (AMERICAN…, 1999AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS. ASTM D143: standard test methods for small clear specimens of timber. Philadelphia, 1999.) and, another test specimen was carried out in AMSLER with load capacity equal to 25,000 kgf.

Table 1
Physical and mechanical properties of Eucalyptus saligna

All the results from these sixteen physical-mechanical properties tests, with the exception of the apparent density (considered at 12% moisture content), were analyzed through t-test at a significance level of 5% (or P-value ≤ 0.05), investigating the moisture content influence.

The characteristic strengths were determined using Equation 1, according to NBR 7190 (1997)ASSOCIAÇÃO BRASILEIRA DE NORMAS TÉCNICAS. NBR 7190: projeto de estruturas de madeira. Rio de Janeiro, 1997.. After determining the strength properties of 12 specimens, the results were placed in ascending order (f1 <f2 <f3 <fn) for the calculation of the characteristic strength of the wood (fk), the value of the characteristic strength could not be less than f1 and 70% of the average value of strength. Characteristic strength values were determined only to Eucalyptus saligna wood at 12% moisture content at 12%, according to NBR 7190 (1997)ASSOCIAÇÃO BRASILEIRA DE NORMAS TÉCNICAS. NBR 7190: projeto de estruturas de madeira. Rio de Janeiro, 1997..

Eq. 1 f k = 2 . f 1 + f 2 + . + f n 2 1 n 2 1 f n 2 . 1 , 1

Results and discussions

Tables 2, 3, 4 and 5 present mean values (x), standard deviation (Sd), number of specimens (n) and P-values to physical and mechanical properties for each moisture content (MC), 12 and 30%, for Eucalyptus saligna.

Table 2
Densities of Eucalyptus saligna
Table 3
Strength properties of Eucalyptus saligna
Table 4
Stiffness properties of Eucalyptus saligna
Table 5
Mechanical properties of Eucalyptus saligna

Basic density decreased from 30 to 12% in about 1.69%. Through the t-test, the ρb not suffered the influence by the variation in moisture content (Table 2). Eucalyptus saligna wood studied in this research had an apparent density at 12% moisture content lower than the one determined by Müller (2014)MÜLLER, B. V. et al. Avaliação das Principais Propriedades Físicas e Mecânicas da Madeira de Eucalyptus benthamii Maiden et Cambage. Floresta e Ambiente, v. 21, n. 4, p. 535-542, 2014. for Eucalyptus benthamii wood (ρap = 0.61 g/cm3). However, the basic density of E. benthamiib = 0.52 g/cm3) was lower than the one in this study. The density values obtained in this study were close to those of other Eucalyptus wood species, such as: Eucalyptus grandisap = 0.57 g/cm3), and E. dunniiap = 0.77 g/cm3), E. urophyllaap = 0.55 g/cm3) and E. tereticornis (BHAT et al., 1987BHAT, K. M. et al. Wood Property Variation of 3-Year-Old Trees Among Four Eucalypt Species Grown in Kerala. Journal of the Indian Academy of Wood Science, v. 18, n. 2, p. 6-12, 1987.; EVANGELISTA et al., 2010EVANGELISTA, W. V. et al. Propriedades Físico-Mecânicas da Madeira de Eucalyptus urophylla S. T. Blake no Sentido Radial e Longitudinal. Ciência da Madeira, v. 1, n. 2, p. 1-19, 2010. ).

The average density values obtained for Eucalyptus saligna wood species compare well with Brazilian native species, such as Cedro-amargo (Cedrela odorata), Cedro-doce (Cedrella sp.) and Cedrorana (Cedrelinga catenaeformis) (DIAS; LAHR, 2004DIAS, F. M.; LAHR, F. A. R. Estimativa de Propriedades de Resistência e Rigidez da Madeira Através da Densidade Aparente. Scientia Forestalis, v. 65, p. 102-113, 2004.).

The strength properties of Eucalyptus saligna indicated increases with the moisture content decrease (30 to 12%) such as 19.44% (9.1 MPa) compression parallel to grain, 0.2% (4.17 MPa) compression perpendicular to grain, 21.99% (21 MPa) tension parallel to grain, 24.39% (1 MPa) tension perpendicular to grain and 19.10% (17.5 MPa) in modulus of rupture in static bending. Thus, the t-test analysis showed ft0, ft90 and fc0 suffered influence in their mean values when these properties were submitted to the moisture decrease (P-value ≤ 0.05), similar to the results obtained by Almeida et al. (2016)ALMEIDA, D. H.; DIAS, A. A. Comparison between test methods to determine wood embedment strength parallel to the grain. Revista Árvore, v. 40, n. 4, p. 741-748, 2016.. This situation was not similar in fc90, because it did not present significant difference in their mean values with the decrease of moisture content (Table 3).

The modulus of elasticity of Eucalyptus saligna indicated increases with the moisture content decrease (30 to 12%) such as 14.31% (2,185 MPa) in compression parallel to grain, 4.15% (20 MPa) in compression perpendicular to grain, 14.39% (2,299 MPa) in tension parallel to grain and 7.56% (1,007 MPa) in EM. The analysis of t-test identified the Ec0 and Et0 had significant influence in their properties with moisture content decrease (P-value ≤ 0.05), whereas Ec90 and EM did not have any significant differences with regard to the decrease of moisture content (Table 4).

Finally, Table 4 revealed increases in the properties of shear parallel to the grain (20.74% or 3 MPa), cleavage parallel to the grain (26.14% or 0.23 MPa), perpendicular hardness (17.58% or 1.19 kN), parallel hardness (18.48% or 1.17 kN) and toughness (18.80% or 2.5 N∙m) with reduced moisture content from 30% to 12% (KOLMANN; CÔTÈ, 1968KOLLMANN, F.; CÔTÉ, W. A. Principles of Wood Science and Technology. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1968.). The t-test, indicated that all these five properties had significant effect with the reduced moisture content (P-value ≤ 0.05).

The batch of Eucalyptus saligna wood presented a compression strength parallel to grain characteristic value (fc0,k) equal to 32 MPa (Table 6). Therefore, it was possible to classify this batch into class C30 of the dicotyledons according to the Brazilian Standard Code NBR 7190 (1997)ASSOCIAÇÃO BRASILEIRA DE NORMAS TÉCNICAS. NBR 7190: projeto de estruturas de madeira. Rio de Janeiro, 1997.. The strength values of Eucalyptus saligna wood reported here was higher than that of Eucalyptus benthamii wood as determined by Müller et al. (2014)MÜLLER, B. V. et al. Avaliação das Principais Propriedades Físicas e Mecânicas da Madeira de Eucalyptus benthamii Maiden et Cambage. Floresta e Ambiente, v. 21, n. 4, p. 535-542, 2014..

Table 6
Average (x) and characteristic strength (fk) values of Eucalyptus saligna

The batch of Eucalyptus saligna wood presented a compression strength parallel to grain characteristic value (fc0,k) equal to 32 MPa (Table 6). Therefore, it was possible to classify this batch into class C30 of the dicotyledons according to the Brazilian Standard Code NBR 7190 (1997)ASSOCIAÇÃO BRASILEIRA DE NORMAS TÉCNICAS. NBR 7190: projeto de estruturas de madeira. Rio de Janeiro, 1997.. The strength values of Eucalyptus saligna wood reported here was higher than that of Eucalyptus benthamii wood as determined by Müller et al. (2014)MÜLLER, B. V. et al. Avaliação das Principais Propriedades Físicas e Mecânicas da Madeira de Eucalyptus benthamii Maiden et Cambage. Floresta e Ambiente, v. 21, n. 4, p. 535-542, 2014..

Lima et al. (2014)LIMA, I. L. et al. Physical-Mechanical and Anatomical Characterization in 26-Year-Old Eucalyptus resinifera Wood. Floresta e Ambiente, v. 21, n. 1, p. 91-98, 2014. reported basic density, compression parallel to the grain and shear parallel to the grain of Eucalyptus resinifera wood, equal to 0.74 g/cm3, 55.87 and 16.16 MPa, respectively, all of which are higher than those determined for Eucalyptus saligna wood.

Almeida and Dias (2016)ALMEIDA, D. H.; DIAS, A. A. Comparison between test methods to determine wood embedment strength parallel to the grain. Revista Árvore, v. 40, n. 4, p. 741-748, 2016. determined the apparent density and the compression parallel to grain of Lyptus ® wood species (Eucalyptus hybrid) equal to 0.55 g/cm3 and 53.6 MPa, respectively. Even though the density was low when compared to Eucalyptus saligna, Lyptus presented a fc0 mean value higher than the batch of Eucalyptus saligna.

Conclusion

The present study concluded that:

  1. the batch of Eucalyptus saligna was classified under strength class C30 of the dicotyledons, after a large test campaign, and thus, it can be used safely as a structural member on timber structures;

  2. Eucalyptus saligna showed fc0 equal to 46.80 MPa and apparent density 0.58 g/cm3 at 12% m.c.; and

  3. at this reduced moisture content, 11 from 14 evaluated mechanical properties presented significant differences. Four strength properties showed an improvement in their mean values: fc0, ft0, ft90 and fM. Ec0 and Et0 showed an increasing trend in their average values with increasing m.c.

References

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Publication Dates

  • Publication in this collection
    Apr-Jun 2019

History

  • Received
    17 Dec 2017
  • Accepted
    14 July 2018
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