Abstract
A comprehensive and up to date summary of the literature on the helminth parasites of lizards and amphisbaenians from South America is herein presented. One-hundred eighteen lizard species from twelve countries were reported in the literature harboring a total of 155 helminth species, being none acanthocephalans, 15 cestodes, 20 trematodes and 111 nematodes. Of these, one record was from Chile and French Guiana, three from Colombia, three from Uruguay, eight from Bolivia, nine from Surinam, 13 from Paraguay, 12 from Venezuela, 27 from Ecuador, 17 from Argentina, 39 from Peru and 103 from Brazil. The present list provides host, geographical distribution (with the respective biome, when possible), site of infection and references from the parasites. A systematic parasite-host list is also provided.
Cestoda; Nematoda; Trematoda; Squamata; neotropical
REVIEW ARTICLE
Checklist of helminths from lizards and amphisbaenians (Reptilia, Squamata) of South America
Ávila RW; Silva RJ
Department of Parasitology, Botucatu Biosciences Institute, São Paulo State University (UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista), Botucatu, São Paulo State, Brazil
Correspondence to Correspondence to: Robson Waldemar Ávila Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Biociências, UNESP Distrito de Rubião Jr., s/n, CEP 18618-000 Botucatu, SP, Brazil. Email: robsonavila@gmail.com.
ABSTRACT
A comprehensive and up to date summary of the literature on the helminth parasites of lizards and amphisbaenians from South America is herein presented. One-hundred eighteen lizard species from twelve countries were reported in the literature harboring a total of 155 helminth species, being none acanthocephalans, 15 cestodes, 20 trematodes and 111 nematodes. Of these, one record was from Chile and French Guiana, three from Colombia, three from Uruguay, eight from Bolivia, nine from Surinam, 13 from Paraguay, 12 from Venezuela, 27 from Ecuador, 17 from Argentina, 39 from Peru and 103 from Brazil. The present list provides host, geographical distribution (with the respective biome, when possible), site of infection and references from the parasites. A systematic parasite-host list is also provided.
Key words: Cestoda, Nematoda, Trematoda, Squamata, neotropical.
INTRODUCTION
Parasitological studies on helminths that infect squamates (particularly lizards) in South America had recent increased in the past few years, with many new records of hosts and/or localities and description of several new species (1-3). Such studies, however, date back to 1920, when Dr. Lauro Travassos and his colleagues presented important contributions to the field of helminth systematics (4-6).
The first comprehensive efforts to summarize the knowledge about helminths of squamates are those from Baker (7), who listed all available published data on the occurrence of nematodes infecting reptiles and amphibians. Other studies have a regional scope and treat each helminth group separately, for example, nematodes collected from reptiles of Brazil, digenetic trematodes of amphibians and reptiles from Argentina and acanthocephalans in amphibians and reptiles from Brazil and Paraguay (8-10).
The present checklist summarizes the diversity of helminths from lizards and amphisbaenians of South America, providing a host-parasite list with localities and biomes.
STUDIED REGIONS
This checklist was prepared based on records of nematodes, acanthocephalans, cestodes, and trematodes published from 1914 to 2010, excluding material from the so called "grey literature", that is, records of unpublished theses or scientific meetings. The taxonomy of helminths follows: nematodes, cestodes, trematodes and acanthocephalans (6, 8, 11-15). Whenever possible, taxonomy of hosts is reviewed with recent publications.
Each record is constituted by the class, order, superfamily, family and species of the helminth; as well as the name of the authority who described it and year; besides its host(s), geographical record with country and state/province (when available) and information on biome of host. Comments include taxonomy, synonyms and also changes in the host taxonomy.
Abbreviations for all political units cited in this paper are:
Brazil: Acre (AC), Alagoas (AL), Amapá (AP), Amazonas (AM), Bahia (BA), Ceará (CE), Distrito Federal (DF), Goiás (GO), Espírito Santo (ES), Maranhão (MA), Mato Grosso (MT), Mato Grosso do Sul (MS), Minas Gerais (MG), Pará (PA), Paraíba (PB), Paraná (PR), Pernambuco (PE), Piauí (PI), Rio de Janeiro (RJ), Rio Grande do Norte (RN), Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Rondônia (RO), Roraima (RR), São Paulo (SP), Santa Catarina (SC), Sergipe (SE), and Tocantins (TO).
Argentina: Buenos Aires (BA), Catamarca (CA), Córdoba (CR), Corrientes (CO), Chaco (CH), Chubut (CB), Entre Rios (ER), Formosa (FO), Jujuy (JU), La Pampa (LP), La Rioja (LR), Mendoza (ME), Misiones (MI), Neuquén (NE), Rio Negro (RN), Salta (SA), San Juan (SJ), San Luis (SL), Santa Cruz (SC), Santa Fe (SF), Santiago del Estero (SE), Tierra del Fuego (TF), and Tucumán (TU).
Paraguay: Alto Paraguay (AP), Alto Paraná (AA), Amambay (AM), Distrito Capital (DC), Boquerón (BO), Caaguazú (CA), Caazapá (CZ), Canindeyú (CN), Central (CE), Concepción (CO), Cordillera (CR), Guairá (GU), Itapúa (IT), Misiones (MI), Ñeembucú (NE), Paraguarí (PA), Presidente Hayes (PH), and San Pedro (SP).
Bolivia: Chuquisaca (CH), Cochabamba (CO), Beni (BE), La Paz (LP), Oruro (OR), Pando (PA), Potosí (PO), Santa Cruz (SC), and Tarija (TA).
Venezuela: Amazonas (AM), Anzoátegui (AN), Apure (AP), Aragua (AR), Barinas (BA), Bolívar (BO), Carabobo (CA), Cojedes (CO), Delta Amacuro (DA), Falcón (FA), Guárico (GU), Lara (LA), Mérida (ME), Miranda (MI), Monagas (MO), Nueva Esparta (NE), Portuguesa (PO), Sucre (SU), Táchira (TA), Trujillo (TR), Yaracuy (YA), Vargas (VA), and Zulia (ZU).
Ecuador: Azuay (AZ), Bolívar (BO), Cañar (CA), Carchi (CR), Cotopaxi (CO), Chimborazo (CH), Galápagos (GA), Imbabura (IM), Loja (LO), Pichincha (PI), Tungurahua (TU), El Oro (EO), Esmeraldas (ES), Guayas (GU), Los Ríos (LR), Manabí (MA), Morona-Santiago (MS), Napo (NA), Pastaza (PA), Zamora-Chinchipe (ZC), Sucumbíos (SU), and Orellana (OR).
Peru: Amazonas (AM), Ancash (AN), Apurímac (AP), Arequipa (AR), Ayacucho (AY), Cajamarca (CA), Callao (CL), Cusco (CU), Huancavelica (HU), Huánuco (HA), Ica (IC), Junin (JU), La Libertad (LL), Lambayeque (LA), Lima (LI), Loreto (LO), Madre de Dios (MD), Moquegua (MO), Pasco (PA), Piura (PI), Puno (PU), San Martín (SM), Tacna (TA), Tumbes (TU), and Ucayali (UC).
Colombia: Amazonas (AM), Antioquia (AN), Arauca (AR), Atlántico (AT), Bolívar (BO), Boyacá (BY), Caldas (CA), Caquetá (CQ), Casanare (CS), Cauca (CU), Cesar (CE), Chocó (CH), Córdoba (CO), Cundinamarca (CN), Guainía (GU), Guaviare (GA), Huila (HU), La Guajira (LG), Magdalena (MA), Meta (ME), Nariño (NA), Norte de Santander (NS), Putumayo (PU), Quindío (QU), Risaralda (RI), San Andrés (SA), Santander (SN), Sucre (SU), Tolima (TO), Valle del Cauca (VC), Vaupés (VA), and Vichada (VI).
Chile: Aisén (AI), Antofagasta (AN), Araucanía (AU), Arica (AR), Atacama (AT), Biobío (BI), Coquimbo (CO), Los Rios (LR), Los Lagos (LL), Magallanes (MG), Maule (MA), O´Higgins (OH), Santiago (AS), Tarapacá (TA) and Valparaiso (VA).
Uruguay: Artigas (AR), Canelones (CA), Cerro Largo (CL), Colônia (CO), Durazno (DU), Flores (FL), Florida (FO), Lavalleja (LA), Maldonado (MA), Montevidéu (MO), Paysandú (PA), Río Negro (RN), Rivera (RI), Rocha (RO), Salto (SA), San José (SJ), Soriano (SO), Tacuarembó (TA), and Treinta y Tres (TT).
Surinam: Brokopondo (BR), Commewijne (CO), Coronie (CR), Marowijne (MA), Nickerie (NI), Para (PA), Paramaribo (PR), Saramacca (SA), Sipaliwini (SI), and Wanica (WA).
French Guiana: Awala-Yalimapo (AY), Apatou (AP), Camopi (CA), Cayenne (CY), Grand-Santi (GS), Iracoubo (IR), Kourou (KO), Macouria (MC), Mana (MA), Maripasoula (MR), Matoury (MT), Montsinéry-Tonnegrande (MO), Ouanary (OU), Papaïchton (PA), Régina (RE), Remire-Montjoly (RM), Roura (RO), Saint-Élie (SE), Saint-Georges (SG), Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni (SL), Saül (SA), and Sinnamary (SI).
Guyana: Barima-Waini (BW), Pomeroon-Supenaam (PS), Essequibo Islands-West Demerara (EI), Demerara-Mahaica (DM), Mahaica-Berbice (MB), East Berbice-Corentyne (EC), Cuyuni-Mazaruni (CM), Potaro-Siparuni (PS), Upper Takutu-Upper Essequibo (TE), and Upper Demerara-Berbice (DB).
LIST OF HELMINTHS
Acanthocephala
Hosts:Tropidurus torquatus Wied-Neuwied, 1820
Site of infection: Stomach wall
Distribution: Argentina - CO (Chaco).
Comments: No indication of family and/or genus, but probably belong to Centrorhynchidae, since several cystacanths of this family have been found in South American lizards (16).
Archiacanthocephala
Oligacanthorhynchida
Oligacanthorhynchidae
Oligacanthorhynchus Travassos, 1915
Oligacanthorhynchus sp.
Hosts: Ameiva ameiva Linnaeus, 1758
Distribution: Paraguay - Rio Negro (Chaco), PH (10).
Palaeacanthocephala
Echinorhynchida
Echinorhynchidae
Hosts: Mabuya macrorhyncha Hoge, 1946
Site of infection: Stomach wall
Distribution: Brazil - Trancoso (Restinga), BA.
Comments: No indication of genus (17).
Acanthocephalus Koelreuther, 1771
Acanthocephalus saurius Bursey & Goldberg, 2003
Hosts: Cercosaura oshaugnessyi Boulenger, 1885
Site of infection: Small intestine
Distribution: Brazil - AC (Amazon) (18).
Acanthocephalus sp.
Hosts: Enyalius perditus Jackson, 1978
Site of infection: Stomach
Distribution: Brazil - São Sebastião (Atlantic Forest), SP (3).
Echinorhynchus Zoega in Müller, 1776
Echinorhynchus sp.
Hosts: Tropidurus torquatus
Site of infection: Small intestine
Distribution: Brazil (19).
Polymorphida
Centrorhynchidae
Hosts: Mabuya macrorhyncha; M. agilis Raddi, 1823, Hemidactylus mabouia Moreau de Jonnés, 1818, Enyalius bilineatus Duméril & Bibron, 1837
Site of infection: Peritonium, liver; mesentery
Distribution: Brazil - Queimada Grande island (Atlantic forest) and Valinhos (Cerrado), SP; Grussaí (Restinga) and Nova Iguaçu (Atlantic Forest), RJ; Praia das Neves (Restinga) and Marechal Floriano (Atlantic Forest), ES.
Comments: All citations above consist of cystacanth occurrence and are, thus, difficult to identify to species level, because reproductive structures are required (20-24).
Centrorhynchus Lühe, 1911
Centrorhynchus tumidulus Rudolphi, 1919
Hosts: Ameiva ameiva; Tropidurus torquatus; Tupinambis teguixin Linnaeus, 1758
Site of infection: Body cavity
Comments: Tupinambis teguixin found in Rio de Janeiro and in open habitats in South America may actually correspond to T. merianae.
Distribution: Brazil - Rio de Janeiro (Atlantic Forest), RJ (25, 26).
Centrorhynchus sp.
Hosts: Tupinambis teguixin
Site of infection: Not informed
Distribution: Paraguay - AP (Chaco) (10).
Nematoda
Adenophorea
Enoplida
Capilariidae
Capillaria (Zeder, 1800) Bell & Beverley Burton 1981
Capillaria (= Amphibiocapillaria) freitaslenti Araujo & Gandra, 1941
Hosts: Tropidurus torquatus; Ameiva ameiva
Site of infection: Intestine
Distribution: Brazil - GO (Cerrado); Peru - CU (Amazon) (1, 8).
Ichthyocapillaria Moravec, 1982
Ichthyocapillaria (= Pseudocapillaria) maricaensis Rodrigues, 1992
Hosts: Liolaemus lutzae Mertens, 1938
Site of infection: Small intestine
Distribution: Brazil - Maricá (Restinga), RJ (27).
Ascaridida
Anisakidae
Contracaecum Railliet & Henry, 1912
Contracaecum sp.
Hosts: Tupinambis teguixin
Site of infection: Not informed
Distribution: Surinam - PR (Amazon) (28).
Ascarididae
Dujardinascaris Baylis, 1927
Dujardinascaris sp.
Hosts: Kentropyx pelviceps Cope, 1868, Tupinambis teguixin
Site of infection: Stomach
Distribution: Peru - CU (Amazon) (1).
Freitasascaris Sprent, 1983
Freitasascaris alata Baylis, 1947
Hosts: Tupinambis teguixin
Site of infection: Intestine
Distribution: Surinam - PR (Amazon); Brazil - AM (Amazon); Uruguay - MO
Comments: Tupinambis teguixin from Uruguay may actually correspond to T. merianae. (28-30).
Hexametra Travassos, 1919
Hexametra boddaertii Baird, 1860
Hosts: Cnemidophorus littoralis Rocha, Araujo, Vrcibradic & Costa, 2000; C. ocellifer Spix, 1825; Mabuya agilis; M. frenata Cope, 1862; M. macrorhyncha; Tropidurus torquatus
Site of infection: Body cavity
Distribution: Brazil - Jurubatiba, Grussaí and Marica (Restinga), RJ; Salvador and Trancoso (Restinga), BA; Valinhos (Cerrado), SP (17, 23, 31-35).
Atractidae
Atractis Dujardin, 1945
Atractis cruciata Linstow, 1902
Hosts: Tupinambis teguixin, Stenocercus roseiventris
Site of infection: Intestine
Distribution: Brazil - Belém (Amazon), PA; Ecuador - PA (Amazon).
Comments: Atractis cruciata is considered a junior synonym of A. opeatura (7, 36). However, it is considered a valid species by some authors (8, 37-39).
Cyrtosomum Gedoelst, 1919
Cyrtosomum longicaudatum Brenes and Bravo Hollis, 1960
Hosts: Anolis punctatus Daudin, 1802; Anolis transversalis Duméril, 1851
Site of infection: Large intestine
Distribution: Peru - CU (Amazon); Brazil - AM (Amazon) (1, 40).
Cyrtosomum sp.
Hosts: Ophiodes striatus
Site of infection: Large intestine
Distribution: Brazil - MS (Cerrado) (41).
Maracaya Díaz-Ungría, 1964
Maracaya belemensis Adamson & Baccam, 1988
Hosts: Amphisbaena alba Linnaeus, 1758
Site of infection: Large intestine
Distribution: Brazil - Belém (Amazon), PA (42).
Maracaya graciai Díaz-Ungría, 1969
Hosts: Amphisbaena alba
Site of infection: Intestine
Distribution: Venezuela - Maracay, AR (7, 42).
Maracaya pusilla (Miranda, 1924) Adamson & Baccam, 1988
Hosts: Amphisbaena sp.
Site of infection: Intestine
Distribution: Brazil - BA.
Remarks: The former Aplectana pusilla was transferred to Maracaya (42), according to a revision of the genus Maracaya (43), but it is cited in the genus Aplectana by other authors (42-44).
Cosmocercidae
gen. sp.
Hosts: Cercosaura argulus Peters, 1863
Site of infection: Small intestine
Distribution: Peru - Rio Nanay (Amazon), LO (45).
Aplectana Railliet & Henry, 1916
Aplectana albae Adamson & Baccam, 1988
Hosts: Amphisbaena alba; Amphisbaena ridleyi Boulenger, 1890
Site of infection: Intestine
Distribution: Brazil - Belém (Amazon), PA; Fernando de Noronha Island, PE (42, 46).
Aplectana raillieti Travassos, 1925
Hosts: Amphisbaena alba
Site of infection: Intestine
Distribution: Brazil - Angra dos Reis (Insular Atlantic Forest), RJ.
Comments: The host Amphisbaena fusca was originally cited as Amphisbaena alba (5, 7, 8, 47).
Aplectana tucumanensis Ramallo, Bursey & Goldberg, 2008
Hosts: Amphisbaena bolivica Mertens, 1929
Site of infection: Large intestine
Distribution: Argentina - San Miguel de Tucumán (Chaco), TU (44).
Aplectana unguiculata Rudolphi, 1819
Hosts: Amphisbaena sp.
Site of infection: Not informed
Distribution: Brazil.
Comments: The species is actually considered as species inquirenda (7).
Aplectana vellardi Travassos, 1926
Hosts: Enyalius perditus
Site of infection: Intestine
Distribution: Brazil - Ibitipoca (Cerrado), MG (48).
Cosmocerca Diesing, 1861
Cosmocerca rara Freitas & Vicente, 1966
Hosts: Leposternon microcephalum Wagler, 1824
Site of infection: Large intestine
Distribution: Brazil - Rio de Janeiro (Atlantic forest), RJ (8, 49).
Cosmocerca vrcibradici Bursey & Goldberg, 2004
Hosts: Alopoglossus angulatus Linnaeus, 1758; Alopoglossus atriventris Duellman, 1973; Anolis fuscoauratus D'Orbignyi, 1837; Cercosaura eigenmanni Griffin, 1917; C. oshaugnessyi Boulenger, 1885; Uranoscodon superciliosus Linnaeus, 1758
Site of infection: Intestine
Distribution: Brazil - AC, AM, PA, RO (Amazon); Ecuador - SU (Amazon) (18, 50-52).
Cosmocerca sp.
Hosts: Enyalius perditus
Site of infection: Stomach
Distribution: Brazil - São Sebastião (Insular Atlantic forest), SP (3).
Paradollfusnema Baker, 1982
Paradollfusnema amphisbaenia Baker, 1981
Hosts: Leposternon microcephalum
Site of infection: Intestine
Distribution: Brazil - Recife, PE (8, 53).
Raillietnema Travassos, 1927
Raillietnema brachyspiculatum Bursey, Goldberg, Salgado-Maldonado, and Mendez-de-la-Cruz, 1998
Hosts: Morunasaurus annularis (O'Shaughnessy, 1881)
Site of infection: Large intestine
Distribution: Ecuador - PA (Amazon) (39).
Heterakidae
Africana Travassos, 1920
Africana chabaudi Baker, 1981
Hosts: Uranoscodon superciliosus
Site of infection: Intestine
Distribution: Brazil - PA, RO and RR (Amazon) (50, 54).
Africana dardanelosi Ávila & Silva, 2009
Hosts: Hoplocercus spinosus
Site of infection: Intestine
Distribution: Brazil - MT (Amazon) (55).
Moaciria Freitas, 1956
Moaciria alvarengai Freitas, 1956
Hosts: Trachylepis atlantica Schmidt, 1945
Site of infection: Large intestine
Distribution: Brazil - Fernando de Noronha Island, PE (8, 46, 56).
Spinicauda Travassos, 1920
Spinicauda spinicauda Olfers, 1819
Hosts: Ameiva ameiva, Tupinambis teguixin, Tupinambis merianae, Trachylepis atlantica, Enyalioides praestabilis (O'Shaughnessey, 1881)
Site of infection: Intestine
Distribution: Brazil - MT (Pantanal), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, São Gonçalo, RN and Fortaleza, CE, Fernando de Noronha Islands, PE; Peru - CU (Amazon); Surinam - PR (Amazon); Venezuela - AR; Ecuador - PA (Amazon) (4, 7, 28, 39, 46, 50, 57-60).
Strongyluris Mueller, 1894
Strongyluris oscari Travassos, 1923
Hosts: Ameiva ameiva; Anolis fuscoauratus; A. punctatus; A. transversalis; Enyalius iheringii Boulenger, 1885; E. perditus; Eurolophosaurus nanuzae Rodrigues, 1981; Mabuya agilis; Plica plica Linnaeus, 1758; Plica umbra Linnaeus, 1758; Stenocercus caducus; S. roseiventris D'Orbigny in Duméril & Bibron 1837; Tropidurus sp.; T. guarani Alvarez, Cei & Scolaro, 1994; T. spinulosus Cope, 1862; T. torquatus; T. melanopleurus
Site of infection: Stomach, intestine
Distribution: Brazil - AC, AM, BA, CE, DF, ES, GO, MG, MS, PA, PB, RJ, RO, SP (Pantanal, Restinga, Amazon, Caatinga, Atlantic Forest); Argentina (Chaco); Paraguay (Chaco); Ecuador - SU and PA (Amazon); Peru - CU (Amazon); Bolivia - Florida province, SC.
Comments: Currently, 31 species are recognized within the genus, and based on morphological characteristics, only four occurrs in neotropical regions (61). Strongyluris oscari seems to be extremely polymorphic, since the species S. freitasi, S. travassosi and S. sai have been synonimized (62). The records of S. oscari infecting T. spinulosus in the region of Salobra, MS, Brazil correspond to T. guarani (1, 3, 32, 35, 39-41, 48, 51, 60, 62-69).
Kathlaniidae
Cruzia Travassos, 1917
Cruzia fulleborni Khalil & Vogelsang, 1930
Hosts: Tupinambis teguixin
Site of infection: Intestine
Distribution: Argentina; Paraguay (7, 70-72).
Cruzia rudolphii Ruiz, 1947
Hosts: Hoplocercus spinosus Fitzinger, 1843
Site of infection: Large intestine
Distribution: Brazil - Dois Irmãos do Buriti (Cerrado), MS (71, 73).
Cruzia tentaculata Rudolphi, 1819
Hosts: Tupinambis teguixin
Site of infection: Intestine
Distribution: Uruguay - MO (29, 71).
Cruzia travassosi Kalil & Vogelsangi, 1932
Hosts: Tupinambis merianae
Site of infection: Intestine
Distribution: Brazil - Salobra (Pantanal) and Bodoquena (Cerrado) MS; Bolivia; Argentina (7, 41, 71).
Falcaustra Lane, 1915
Falcaustra belemensis Baker & Bain, 1981
Hosts: Neusticurus bicarinatus Linnaeus, 1758; Potamites ecpleopus Cope, 1876; P. strangulatus Cope, 1868
Site of infection: Rectum
Distribution: Ecuador - PA (Amazon) (39).
Falcaustra sp.
Hosts: Anolis punctatus
Site of infection: Large intestine
Distribution: Brazil - AM (Amazon) (40).
Seuratidae
Skrjabinelazia Sypliaxov, 1930
Skrjabinelazia galliardi Chabaud, 1973
Hosts: Gonatodes humeralis Guichenot, 1855
Site of infection: Stomach
Distribution: Brazil - Belém (Amazon), PA (8, 74, 75).
Skrjabinellazia intermedia Freitas, 1940
Hosts: Anolis puncatus; Cnemidophorus nativo Rocha, Bergallo & Peccinini-Seale, 1997; Tropidurus guarani; T. torquatus; Stenocercus caducus (Cope, 1862)
Site of infection: Stomach, intestine
Distribution: Brazil - Salobra (Pantanal) and Bodoquena (Cerrado), MS; Salvador and Guaratiba (Restinga), BA; Jurubatiba (Restinga), RJ; Paraguay - (Chaco); Peru - CU (Amazon).
Comments: Originally described as Salobrella intermedia found in Tropidurus spinulosus from Salobra, MS. See comments on host taxonomy at Strongyluris oscari (1, 35, 41, 62, 65, 76, 77).
Subuluridae
Subulura Molin, 1860
Subulura lacertilia Vicente, Van-Sluys, Fontes & Kiefer, 2000
Hosts: Eurolophosaurus nanuzae, Cnemidophorus nativo
Site of infection: Intestine
Distribution: Brazil - Serra do Cipó (Cerrado), MG; Guaratiba (Restinga), BA (66, 77, 78).
Subulura sp.
Hosts: Tropidurus torquatus
Site of infection: Small intestine
Distribution: Brazil - Jurubatiba (Restinga), RJ (35).
Oxyurida
Oxyuridae
Gynaecometra Araújo, 1976
Gynaecometra bahiensis Araújo, 1976
Hosts: Polychrus acutirostris Spix, 1825
Site of infection: Intestine
Distribution: Brazil - Xique-xique (Caatinga), BA; Campo Grande (Cerrado), MS (41, 79).
Typhlonema Kreis, 1938
Typhlonema sp.
Hosts: Tropidurus guarani
Site of infection: Not informed
Distribution: Brazil - Salobra (Pantanal), MS (8).
Pharyngodonidae
Alaeuris Thapar, 1925
Alaeuris caudatus Lent & Freitas, 1948
Hosts: Iguana iguana
Site of infection: Intestine
Distribution: Brazil - Exu (Caatinga), PE; Venezuela - La Puerta, GU; Peru - TU (8, 29, 80).
Alaeuris conolophi Cuckler, 1938
Hosts: Conolophus subcristatus Gray, 1831
Site of infection: Intestine
Distribution: Ecuador - Galapagos Islands (7).
Alaeuris galapagensis Cuckler, 1938
Hosts: Conolophus subcristatus Gray, 1831
Site of infection: Intestine
Distribution: Ecuador - Galapagos Islands (7).
Alaeuris labicula Cuckler, 1938
Hosts: Conolophus subcristatus
Site of infection: Intestine
Distribution: Ecuador - Galapagos Islands (7).
Alaeuris longispicula Cuckler, 1938
Hosts: Conolophus subcristatus
Site of infection: Intestine
Distribution: Ecuador - Galapagos Islands (7).
Alaeuris vogelsangi Lent & Freitas, 1948
Hosts: Iguana iguana
Site of infection: Intestine
Distribution: Brazil - Exu (Caatinga), PE, CE; Venezuela - La Puerta, GU (8, 29, 81).
Ozolaimus Dujardin, 1845
Ozolaimus cirratus Linstow, 1906
Hosts: Iguana iguana
Site of infection: Intestine
Distribution: Brazil - Santa Luzia (Caatinga), PB; Peru; Venezuela - La Puerta, GU, Blanquilla, Los Frailes, Los Testigos and Margarita; Colombia - LG; Surinam - PR and Marienburg, CO (8, 29, 82, 83).
Ozolaimus megatyphlon Rudolphi, 1819
Hosts: Iguana iguana
Site of infection: Intestine
Distribution: Brazil - Santa Luzia (Caatinga), PB; Peru; Venezuela - La Puerta, GU, Blanquilla, Los Frailes, Los Testigos and Margarita; Colombia - LG; Surinam - PR and Marienburg, CO (8, 29, 82, 83).
Paralaeuris Cuckler, 1938
Paralaeuris dorochila Cuckler, 1938
Hosts: Conolophus subcristatus
Site of infection: Intestine
Distribution: Ecuador - Galapagos Islands (7).
Parapharyngodon Chatterji, 1933
Parapharyngodon alvarengai Freitas, 1957
Hosts: Trachylepis atlantica, Ameiva ameiva, Amphisbaena ridleyi
Site of infection: Large intestine
Distribution: Brazil - Fernando de Noronha Island, PE and Itaguaí (Restinga), RJ.
Comments: after the synonym it was cited as Thelandros alvarengai (46, 84, 85).
Parapharyngodon arequipensis Calisaya & Córdova, 1997
Hosts: Microlophus peruvianus (Lesson, 1826)
Site of infection: Large intestine
Distribution: Peru - Omate, MO.
Comments: This species is apparently ignored by severeal authors (86-90).
Parapharyngodon largitor Alho & Rodrigues, 1963
Hosts: Ameiva ameiva, Mabuya agilis, Hemidactylus mabouia, Dicrodon guttulatum
Site of infection: Intestine
Distribution: Brazil - Manguinhos and Grumari (Restinga), RJ and Valinhos (Cerrado), SP; PERU - LA (8, 22, 33, 91, 92).
Parapharyngodon moqueguensis Calisaya & Córdova, 1997
Hosts: Microlophus peruvianus, Dicrodon guttulatum
Site of infection: Large intestine
Distribution: Peru - Moquegua, MO, LI, TU, PI, LA, LL, AN.
Comments: check P. arequipensis (89, 90, 92).
Parapharyngodon riojensis Ramallo, Bursey & Goldberg, 2002
Hosts: Phymaturus punae Cei, Etheridge & Videla, 1985; P. palluma Molina, 1782; Liolaemus buergeri Werner, 1907
Site of infection: Large intestine
Distribution: Argentina - LR (2, 86).
Parapharyngodon sceleratus Travassos, 1923
Hosts: Ameiva ameiva; Cnemidophorus littoralis; Eurolophosaurus nanuzae; Hemidactylus mabouia; Kentropyx pelviceps; Liolaemus lutzae; Mabuya agilis; M. bistriata; M. caissara Rebouças-Spieker, 1974; M. frenata; M. macrorhyncha; Microlophus albermalensis Baur, 1890; P. johnwrighti; Phyllopezus pollicaris; T. guarani; T. hispidus; T. itambere; T. semitaeniatus Spix, 1825; T. torquatus; T. melanopleurus and Tropidurus sp.
Site of infection: Intestine
Distribution: Brazil - Abrolhos, Trancoso (Restinga) and Canudos, BA; CE; Linhares and Praia das Neves, ES; Serra do Cipó (Cerrado), MG; Salobra (Pantanal), MS; Xavantina, GO; Cachimbo, PA; Mogeiro, Lagoa Remígio, Umbuseiro and João Pessoa, PB; Garanhuns, PE; Grumari, Rio de Janeiro, Arraial do Cabo, Grussaí, Manguinhos and Maricá, RJ; Cruzeta, Currais Novos and Ceará Mirim (Caatinga), RN; Queimada Grande, Caraguatatuba and Valinhos, SP; Bolivia: Florida province, SC and El Carmen; Paraguay; Peru - CU; Ecuador - Galapagos Islands (1, 7, 8, 17, 20, 22, 27, 32-34, 62, 65, 66, 69, 81, 91, 93-97).
Comments: This species has been widely reported as P. scleratus (1, 86). However, according to the original description and the latter redescription, the proper spelling of the specific name is sceleratus (59, 93). Cnemidophorus occelifer, cited by Ribas et al. (94), actually corresponds to C. littoralis (31).
Parapharyngodon senisfaciecaudus Freitas, 1957
Hosts: Liolaemus signifer Duméril & Bibron, 1837
Site of infection: Large intestine
Distribution: Bolivia - LP.
Comments: It was originally described infecting Liolaemus lenzi, which actually corresponds to L. signifier (98).
Parapharyngodon verrucosus Freitas & Dobbin, 1959
Hosts: Diploglossus lessonae
Site of infection: Intestine
Distribution: Brazil - João Alfredo (Caatinga), PE; CE (Caatinga) (8, 81, 99).
Parapharyngodon yurensis Calisaya & Córdova, 1997
Hosts: Microlophus peruvianus
Site of infection: Large intestine
Distribution: Peru - Yura, AR.
Comments: check P. arequipensis (89, 90).
Parapharyngodon sp
Hosts: Ameiva ameiva, Cnemidophorus nativo, Hemidactylus mabouia, Tropidurus torquatus, T. etheridgei, Dicrodon guttulatum
Site of infection: Intestine
Distribution: Brazil - Salobra, MS; Cabo Frio, Nova Iguaçu and Maricá, RJ, Salvador and Guaratiba, BA; Argentina - CO, SA; Peru - TU, LA, LI (8, 16, 21, 77, 92, 100-102).
Pharyngodon Diesing, 1861
Pharyngodon cesarpintoi Pereira, 1935
Hosts: Cnemidophorus sp., Ameiva ameiva, Liolaemus lutzae, Tropidurus itambere
Site of infection: Large intestine
Distribution: Brazil - Juazeiro and Mogeiro (Caatinga), PB, BA, RN; Maricá (Restinga), RJ; Bodoquena (Cerrado), MS.
Comments: The type of host is apparently misidentified in the original description (60). However, C. lemniscatus does not occur in the Caatinga biome, but C. occelifer and at least three undescribed species occur (41, 60, 103, 104).
Pharyngodon micrurus Freitas & Ibañez, 1963
Hosts: Dicrodon heterolepis, D. guttulatum
Site of infection: Intestine
Distribution: Peru - Trujillo, LL; TU, PI, LA, AN, LI (7, 92, 105).
Pharyngodon travassosi Pereira, 1935
Hosts: Ameiva ameiva
Site of infection: Large intestine
Distribution: Brazil - Areia (Caatinga), PB (60).
Pharyngodon sp.
Hosts: Tropidurus torquatus, Tropidurus hispidus Spix, 1825
Site of infection: Intestine
Distribution: Brazil - Salvador, BA; CE (8, 81).
Pseudostrongyluris Guerrero, 1971
Pseudostrongyluris polychrus Guerrero, 1971
Hosts: Polychrus marmoratus
Site of infection: Not informed
Distribution: Venezuela - Federal District (7).
Skrjabinodon Inglis, 1968
Skrjabinodon dixoni Bursey & Goldberg, 2007
Hosts: Uracentron flaviceps (Guichenot, 1855)
Site of infection: Large intestine
Distribution: Peru - LO (Amazon); Ecuador - SU (106).
Skrjabinodon heliocostai Vicente, Vrcibradic, Muniz-Pereira & Pinto, 2000
Hosts: Mabuya frenata
Site of infection: Large intestine
Distribution: Brazil - Valinhos (Cerrado), SP (107).
Skrjabinodon spinulosus Vicente, Vrcibradic, Rocha & Pinto, 2002
Hosts: Mabuya dorsivittata
Site of infection: Intestine
Distribution: Brazil - Itatiaia (Atlantic Forest), RJ; Itirapina (Cerrado), SP (108,109).
Spauligodon Skrjabin, Schikhobalova & Lagodovsk., 1960
Spauligodon loboi Ramallo, Bursey & Goldberg (2002)
Hosts: Liolaemus capillitas Hulse, 1979; L. huacahuasicus Laurent, 1985; L. quilmes Etheridge, 1993; L. ornatus Koslowsky, 1898; L. ramirezae Lobo, 1999
Site of infection: Large intestine
Distribution: Argentina - Tafídel Valle and Amaicha del Valle, TU; El Cerrillo, Andalgalá, Belén, and Santa María, CA; San Antonio de los Cobres, Cachi, and La Poma, SA; and Tilcara and Humahuaca, JU (110).
Spauligodon maytacapaci Vicente & Ibañez (1968)
Hosts: Leiocephalus sp.; Liolaemus andinus Koslowsky, 1895; L. chilensis Lesson, 1830; L. elongatus Koslowsky, 1896; L. lemniscatus Gravenhorst, 1838; L. pictus Duméril & Bibron, 1837; L. tenuis Duméril & Bibron, 1837
Site of infection: Intestine
Distribution: Peru - Pumarongo, CA; Argentina; Chile (2, 111, 112).
Spauligodon oxkutzcabiensis (Chitwood, 1938)
Hosts: Thecadactylus solimoensis Bergmann & Russell, 2007; Phyllodatylus reissii Peters, 1862; P. inaequalis Cope, 1876; P. johnwrighti; P. microphyllus Cope, 1876; Tropidurus guarani; Bogertia lutzae (Loveridge, 1941).
Site of infection: Intestine
Distribution: Peru - CU, (Amazon); Paraguay - Arroyo Corrientes (Chaco), PA; Brazil - AL (Atlantic Forest).
Comments: Thecadactylus was recently subject to revision, and T. solimoensis was described by Bergmann & Russel in localities that encompasses the Cuzco, Peru (1, 65, 97, 113-115).
Spauligodon viracochai Freitas, Vicente & Ibañez, 1968
Hosts: Phyllodactylus gerrhopygus Wiegmann, 1834; P. angustidigitus Dixon & Huey, 1970
Site of infection: Intestine
Distribution: Peru - Trujilo, LL and IC (116, 117).
Thelandros Wedl, 1862
Thelandros bulbosus Salas & Campos, 1974
Hosts: Microlophus peruvianus
Site of infection: Not informed
Distribution: Peru.
Comments: Despite the citation by Pérez et al. (117), this oxyurid was incorrect described in "Libro de Resumenes del IV Congreso Nacional de Biologia", a meeting abstract. Due to an inaccordance with articles 8.1 and 9.9 of the International Code for Zoological Nomenclature, it was therefore considered a species inquirenda (107, 118).
Thelandros capacyupanquii Freitas, Vicente & Ibañez, 1968
Hosts: Dicrodon holmbergi Schmidt, 1957; Dicrodon guttulatum
Site of infection: Intestine
Distribution: Peru - Trujilo, LL, IC, AN (92, 107, 118).
Thelandros sp.
Hosts: Tropidurus etheridgei
Site of infection: Intestine
Distribution: Argentina - Departamento Anta (Chaco), SA (102).
Rhabditida
Rhabdiasidae
Chabirenia Lhermitte Vallarino, Bain, Deharo, Bertani, Voza, Attout & Gaucher, 2005
Chabirenia cayennensis Lhermitte Vallarino, Bain, Deharo, Bertani, Voza, Attout & Gaucher, 2005
Hosts: Ameiva ameiva
Site of infection: Mouth
Distribution: French Guiana - CY (119).
Rhabdias Stiles & Hassall, 1905
Rhabdias anolis Bursey, Goldberg & Telford, 2003
Hosts: Anolis punctatus
Site of infection: Lungs
Distribution: Peru - CU (Amazon) (1).
Rhabdias elegans Gutierrez, 1945
Hosts: Anolis punctatus
Site of infection: Lungs
Distribution: Ecuador - PA (Amazon) (1).
Rhabdias sp.
Hosts: Anisolepis undulatus Wiegmann, 1834; Anolis fuscoauratus; A. punctatus; Enyalius iheringii; E. bilineatus; E. perditus; Tropidurus hispidus
Site of infection: Lungs, stomach
Distribution: Brazil - Marechal Floriano (Atlantic Forest), ES; PA, AM (Amazon); São Sebastião (Atlantic Forest), SP, Chapada do Araripe (Caatinga), CE; Ecuador - SU.
Comments: Of the neotropical lizards, only Rhabdias anolis has been described, despite several reports in the same region (3, 24, 40, 51, 120, 121).
Strongyloididae
Strongyloides Grassi, 1897
Strongyloides cruzi Rodrigues, 1968
Hosts: Hemidactylus mabouia
Site of infection: Small intestine
Distribution: Brazil - Manguinhos, RJ (8, 122).
Spirurida
Acuariidae
Hosts: Cercosaura argulus; Hemidactylus mabouya; Mabuya agilis; M. macrorhyncha; Tropidurus torquatus; Enyalius bilineatus; Phyllodactylus lepidopygus Tschudi, 1845
Site of infection: Body cavity
Distribution: Brazil - Queimada Grande Island (Atlantic Forest) and Valinhos (Cerrado), SP; Jurubatiba and Grussaí (Restinga), RJ; Marechal Floriano (Atlantic Forest) and Praia das Neves (Restinga), ES; Peru - Rio Nanay, LO.
Comments: all aforementioned citations consist of cysts and thus difficult the identification to species level since reproductive structures are required (20, 22-24, 35, 45).
Diplotriaenidae
Hastospiculum Skrjabin, 1923
Hastospiculum sp.
Hosts: Plica umbra
Site of infection: Peritoneum
Distribution: Peru - CU (Amazon) (1).
Filariidae
Filaria Mueller, 1787
Filaria multipapilla Molin,
Hosts: Dracaena guianensis Daudin, 1802
Site of infection: Body cavity
Distribution: Brazil - Belém (Amazon), PA.
Comments: The species is actually considered species inquirenda, because these first records were lost and no new information about the species has been presented since the description (123-125).
Onchocercidae
Macdonaldius Khanna, 1933
Macdonaldius grassi (Caballero, 1954)
Hosts: Phyllopezus pollicaris (Spix, 1825)
Site of infection: Underneath the epidermis of the throat
Distribution: Paraguay - CO (Chaco) (126).
Oswaldofilaria Travassos, 1933
Oswaldofilaria azevedoi Bain, 1974
Hosts: Polychrus marmoratus Linnaeus, 1758; Stenocercus roseiventris
Site of infection: Body cavity
Distribution: Brazil - Belém (Amazon), PA; Peru - CU (Amazon) (1, 127).
Oswaldofilaria belemensis Bain and Dulahian, 1974
Hosts: Dracaena guianensis
Site of infection: Heart, aorta e vena cava
Distribution: Brazil - Belém (Amazon), PA (8).
Oswaldofilaria brevicaudata Rodhain and Vuylsteke, 1937
Hosts: Iguana iguana, Anolis punctatus
Site of infection: Body cavity
Distribution: Brazil - Marajó (Amazon), PA, AM (Amazon), Exu (Caatinga), PE; Venezuela - ZU (7, 40, 125, 127-129).
Oswaldofilaria petersi Bain and Sulahian, 1974
Hosts: Tupinambis teguixin, Tropidurus hispidus
Site of infection: Body cavity
Distribution: Brazil - Belém (Amazon), PA, Ibiraba (Caatinga), BA (8, 130).
Oswaldofilaria spinosa Bain and Sulahian, 1974
Hosts: Mabuya bistriata
Site of infection: Body cavity
Distribution: Brazil - Belém (Amazon) (8).
Oswaldofilaria sp.
Hosts: Tupinambis teguixin, Mabuya frenata
Site of infection: Body cavity
Distribution: Surinam - PR; Brazil - Valinhos (Cerrado), SP (28, 34).
Piratuba Freitas & Lent, 1947
Piratuba digiticauda Lent & Freitas, 1941
Hosts: Tropidurus torquatus, Tropidurus guarani, Plica umbra, Kentropyx calcarata
Site of infection: Body cavity, intestine
Distribution: Brazil - Salvador, BA; Piratuba (Amazon), PA; Salobra (Pantanal), MS; Juara (Amazon), MT; Peru - CU; Paraguay - Chaco.
Comments: Tropidurus spinulosus found in Salobra actually correspond to T. guarani (1, 62, 63, 65, 125, 131).
Piratuba lainsoni Bain, 1974
Hosts: Anolis punctatus, Polychrus marmoratus
Site of infection: Body cavity, large intestine
Distribution: Brazil - Belém (Amazon), PA; Peru - CU (Amazon) (1, 127).
Piratuba scaffi Bain, 1974
Hosts: Ameiva ameiva
Site of infection: Body cavity
Distribution: Brazil - Belém (Amazon), PA (127).
Piratuba shawi Bain, 1974
Hosts: Kentropyx calcarata Spix, 1825
Site of infection: Body cavity
Distribution: Brazil - Belém (Amazon), PA (127).
Piratuboides Bain & Sulahian, 1974
Piratuboides zeae (Bain, 1974) Bain and Sulahian, 1974
Hosts: Mabuya bistriata Spix, 1825
Site of infection: Body cavity, large intestine
Distribution: Brazil - Belém (Amazon), PA; Peru - CU (Amazon) (1, 127).
Physalopteridae
Abbreviata Travassos, 1920
Abbreviata spiralis (Schneider, 1866) Chabaud, 1956
Hosts: Amphisbaena sp.
Site of infection: Not informed
Distribution: Brazil
Comments: This species is considered a species inquirenda (7).
Physaloptera Rudolphi, 1819
Physaloptera lutzi Cristofaro, Guimarães & Rodrigues, 1976
Hosts: Ameiva ameiva; Cnemidophorus abaetensis Reis, Dias, Rocha & Vrcibradic, 2002; C. littoralis; Enyalius bilineatus; Eurolophosaurus nanuzae; Liolaemus alticolor Barbour 1909; L. ornatus; L. quilmes; Tropidurus guarani; T. itambere; T. torquatus
Site of infection: Stomach
Distribution: Argentina - SA, TU; Bolivia - Roboré (Pantanal); Brazil - Salvador, Serrinha and Canudos (Caatinga), BA; Linhares and Conceição da Barra (Restinga), Marechal Floriano (Atlantic Forest), ES; Serra do Cipó (Cerrado), MG; Porto Esperança and Salobra (Pantanal), MS; Xavantina, MT; Cachimbo (Amazon), PA; Maricá and Jurubatiba (Restinga), RJ; Valinhos (Cerrado), SP; Paraguay - Chaco (8, 24, 31, 32, 35, 62, 65, 66, 94-96, 132, 133).
Comments: Cnemidophorus occelifer, cited by Ribas et al. (94), actually corresponds to C. littoralis (31).
Physaloptera retusa Rudolphi, 1819
Hosts: Ameiva ameiva; Ameiva festiva Lichtenstein, 1856; Amphisbaena alba; Anolis fuscoauratus; Anolis punctatus; Cnemidophorus abaetensis; C. lemniscatus; C. littoralis; C. native; C. ocellifer; Enyalius bilineatus; Iguana iguana; Kentropyx altamazonica; K. calcarata; K. pelviceps; Leiosaurus bellii Duméril & Bibron, 1837; L. catamarcensis Koslowsky, 1898; Liolaemus lutzae; L. neuquensis Cei & Videla, 2003; Mabuya agilis; M. bistriata; M. dorsivittata Cope, 1862; Ophiodes striatus Spix, 1824; Plica plica; P. umbra; Potamites ecpleopus; Stenocercus roseiventris; Thecadacytlus solimoensis; Tropidurus guarani; T. hispidus; T. torquatus; Tupinambis rufescens Günther, 1871; T. longilineus Ávila-Pires, 1995; T. teguixin; Uracentron flaviceps; Tropidurus melanopleurus Boulenger, 1902
Site of infection: Stomach, intestine
Distribution: Brazil - Salvador and Guaratiba (Restinga), BA; Conceição da Barra (Restinga) and Marechal Floraino (Atlantic Forest), ES; Salobra (Pantanal), MS; Juara (Amazon), MT; Altamira, Belém, Cachimbo, Novo Progresso and Santarém (Amazon), PA; Itatiaia (Atlantic Forest), Maricá and Jurubatiba (Restinga), RJ; Ilha Seca (Atlantic Forest) and Itirapina (Cerrado), SP; Paraguay - Chaco; Bolivia - El Carmen and Florida, SC; Argentina; Peru - CU (Amazon); Surinam - PR (Amazon); Uruguay - Montevideo; Venezuela - Colón, ZU; Atures, AM; Salamanca, NE; Cumuná (Arid zone) and La Orchila, Mar Caribe; Colombia - CH.
Comments: Baker (7) cited several species of lizards that does not occur in Brazil, such as Tupinambis rufescens, Cnemidophorus lateristrigus, Euprepis spixii, Podinema graphica and P. scripta. According to the same author, Pygopus gronovii actually corresponds to Ophiodes striatus and Podinema corresponds to Tupinambis, but no species are currently recognized as synonyms of P. scripta and P. graphica (7). Cnemidophorus occelifer, cited by Ribas et al. (94), actually corresponds to C. littoralis (1, 8, 24, 28, 29, 31, 32, 35, 51, 57, 62, 69, 77, 94, 108, 126, 131, 134-142).
Physaloptera sp.
Hosts: Ameiva ameiva; Cercosaura argulus; Cnemidophorus litoralis; C. ocellifer; Hemidactylus mabouia; Hoplocercus spinosus; Mabuya agilis; M. macrorhyncha; Polychrus acutirostris; Tropidurus etheridgei; T. torquatus; Tupinambis merianae Duméril & Bibron, 1839; Tupinambis teguixin; Dicrodon guttulatum.
Site of infection: Stomach
Distribution: Brazil - Abrolhos and Salvador (Restinga), BA; Linhares and Praia das Neves (Restinga) and Sooretama (Cerrado), ES; Salobra (Pantanal) and Bodoquena (Cerrado), MS; Ilha Grande, Cabo Frio, Grussaí, Grumari and Jurubatiba (Restinga), RJ; Valinhos (Cerrado), SP; Alegria (Pampas), RS; Argentina - SA and FO (Chaco); Peru - Rio Nanay, LO, LI.
Comments: Tupinambis teguixin of Salobra, MS corresponds to T. merianae (personal observation) (8, 16, 22, 31, 33, 35, 41, 45, 92, 96, 101, 102, 143).
Physalopteroides Wu & Liu, 1940
Physalopteroides venancioi Lent, Freitas & Proença, 1946
Hosts: Alopoglossus atriventris Duellman, 1973; Ameiva ameiva; Cercosaura ocellata Wagler, 1830; Cnemidophorus native; Kentropyx altamazonica; K. calcarata; K. pelviceps; Mabuya agilis; M. bistriata; M. macrorhyncha; Thecadactylus solimoensis; Tropidurus torquatus; Tupinambis teguixin
Site of infection: Stomach
Distribution: Brazil - AC (Amazon); Trancoso and Guaratiba (Restinga), BA; Juara (Amazon), MT; Magé, Grussaí and Jurubatiba (Restinga), RJ; Praia das Neves (Restinga), ES; Peru - CU (Amazon) (1, 17, 23, 33, 35, 52, 77, 131, 144).
Thubunaea Seurat, 1914
Thubunaea iguanae (Telford, 1965)
Hosts: Microlophus peruvianus; M. thoracicus (Tschudi, 1845)
Site of infection: Stomach
Distribution: Peru - R. N. Paracas, IC (117).
Thubunaea parkeri Baylis, 1926
Hosts: Microlophus occipitalis Peters, 1871; Dicrodon heterolepis
Site of infection: Stomach
Distribution: Peru (7, 145).
Spiruridae
Spirurinae
Hosts: Hemidactylus mabouia
Site of infection: Stomach, lungs, and small intestine
Distribution: Brazil - Rio de Janeiro, RJ (146).
Micropleuridae
Micropleura Linstow, 1906
Hosts: Tupinambis meriana
Site of infection: Body cavity
Distribution: Brazil - Salobra (Pantanal), MS.
Comments: This record must be discharged, because no mention of Micropleura was found in Travassos and Freitas (147) as cited by Vicente et al. (8). Moreover, Micropleura may be found in the body cavity of crocodiles and turtles (148).
Diaphanocephalidae
Diaphanocephalus Diesing, 1851
Diaphanocephalus diesingi Freitas & Lent, 1938
Hosts: Tupinambis teguixin
Site of infection: Small intestine
Distribution: Brazil - Belém (Amazon), PA (149).
Diaphanocephalus galeatus Rudolphi, 1819
Hosts: Tupinambis merianae, T. rufescens, T. teguixin
Site of infection: Intestine
Distribution: Brazil - Salobra (Pantanal) and Bodoquena (Cerrado), MS; Manguinhos, Angra dos Reis e Rio de Janeiro (Atlantic Forest), RJ; Pedras Altas, RS; Ilha Grande and São Paulo, SP, Fernando de Noronha, PE; Argentina; Bolivia; Surinam - PR (8, 28, 46, 149, 150).
Diaphanocephalus jacuruxi Alho, 1965
Hosts: Dracaena guianensis
Site of infection: Small intestine
Distribution: Brazil - Ilha das Onças (Amazon), PA (8, 151).
Kalicephalus Molin, 1861
Kalicephalus sp.
Hosts: Tupinambis teguixin
Site of infection: Intestine
Distribution: Brazil - Sooretama, ES; Alegria (Pampas), RS.
Comments: Species of Kalicephalus spp. have been reported in several snake species, and seems to be restricted to these animals, likewise Diaphanocephalus spp. (a sister taxon) in Tupinambinae. Published records could be a misidentification or a case of incidental infection in a Tupinambis teguixin (8, 143, 152).
Molineidae
Kentropyxia Baker, 1982
Kentropyxia sauria Baker, 1982
Hosts: Kentropyx calcarata
Site of infection: Small intestine
Distribution: Brazil - Belém and Novo Progresso (Amazon), PA (136, 153).
Oswaldocruzia Travassos, 1917
Oswaldocruzia bainae Ben-Slimane & Durette-Desset, 1996
Hosts: Anolis chrysolepis Duméril & Bibron, 1837; A. fuscoauratus
Site of infection: Small intestine
Distribution: Ecuador - San Pablo (Amazon), LR (154).
Oswaldocruzia benslimanei Durette-Desset, Anjos & Vrcibradic, 2006
Hosts: Enyalius bilineatus Duméril & Bibron, 1837
Site of infection: Small intestine
Distribution: Brazil - Marechal Floriano, ES (24, 155).
Oswaldocruzia brasiliensis Lent & Freitas, 1935
Hosts: Hemidactylus mabouia
Site of infection: Small intestine
Distribution: Brasil - Rio de Janeiro, RJ (8, 156).
Oswaldocruzia burseyi Durette-Desset, Anjos & Vrcibradic, 2006
Hosts: Enyalius perditus
Site of infection: Stomach
Distribution: Brazil - São Sebastião (Atlantic Forest), SP (3, 155).
Oswaldocruzia fredi Durette-Desset, Anjos & Vrcibradic, 2006
Hosts: Enyalius iheringii
Site of infection: Stomach
Distribution: Brazil - São Sebastião (Atlantic Forest), SP (3, 155).
Oswaldocruzia peruensis Ben-Slimane, Verhaag & Durette-Desset, 1995
Hosts: Stenocercus roseiventris, Cercosaura argulus, Anolis punctatus
Site of infection: Stomach
Distribution: Peru - HA and CU (Amazon) (1, 45, 157).
Oswaldocruzia vitti Bursey & Goldberg, 2004
Hosts: Alopoglossus angulatus, A. atriventris, Anolis fuscoauratus, A. punctatus, Cercosaura eigenmanni, C. oshaugnessyi
Site of infection: Intestine
Distribution: Brazil - AC, AM, PA, RO (Amazon); Ecuador - SU (Amazon); Peru - CU (Amazon) (1, 18, 40, 51, 52).
Oswaldocruzia sp.
Hosts: Tropidurus torquatus, Enyalius catenatus (Wied, 1821), E. perditus, K. calcarata
Site of infection: Intestine
Distribution: Brazil - Bodoquena (Cerrado) and Salobra (Pantanal), MS; Juara (Amazon), MT; Cachimbo (Amazon), PA; Rio de Janeiro, RJ; Ibitipoca, MG; Argentina - SA, JU and TA (Chaco); Paraguay - Assuncion and Chaco.
Comments: The aforementioned records of T. torquatus are those of O. mazzai and that of Enyalius spp. are from O. subauricularis, both considered species inquirenda (48, 131, 155, 158).
Cestoda
Cyclophyllidea
Linstowiidae
Oochoristica Lühe, 1898
Oochoristica ameivae (Beddard, 1914)
Hosts: Ameiva ameiva, Cnemidophorus nativo, Mabuya agilis, M. macrorhyncha
Site of infection: Intestine
Distribution: Brazil - Cachimbo (Amazon), PA; Serra do Navio (Amazon), AP; Manaus (Amazon), AM; Guaratiba and Trancoso (Restinga), BA; Praia das Neves (Restinga), ES; Grussaí (Restinga), RJ; Peru - CU (Amazon) (1, 17, 23, 77, 159-161).
Oochoristica bressalui Fürhmann, 1927
Hosts: Tropidurus guarani, T. hispidus, T. torquatus
Site of infection: Small intestine
Distribution: Brazil - Salvador and Serrinha, BA; Cachimbo (Amazon), Arraial do Cabo, Cabo Frio and Rio de Janeiro, RJ; Bolivia - El Carmen; Paraguay (19, 65, 160, 162).
Oochoristica freitasi Rego & Ibañez, 1965
Hosts: Dicrodon heterolepis; D. guttulatum Duméril & Bibron, 1893
Site of infection: Small intestine
Distribution: Peru - Trujillo, LL; TU, PI.
Comments: Bursey and Goldberg (163) and Arizmendi-Espinosa et al. (164) apparently ignored the presence of O. freitasi in their findings of Oochoristica spp. infecting lizards in neotropical regions. The species is not included in any synonymy of the revisions made by Bursey et al. (165). Moreover, the species was cited in Guillén-Hernández et al. (166).
Oochoristica iguanae (Baylis, 1919) Bursey & Goldberg, 1996
Hosts: Iguana iguana, Dicrodon guttulatum
Site of infection: Small intestine
Distribution: Venezuela - Isla Margarita; Peru - LA, PI (92,163).
Oochoristica travassosi Rego & Ibañez, 1965
Hosts: Leiocephalus sp.; Liolaemus vallecurensis Pereira, 1992; Phyllodactylus johnwrigthi Dixon & Huey, 1970
Site of infection: Small intestine
Distribution: Peru - Moche; Argentina - SJ (2, 97, 167).
Oochoristica insulamargaritae López-Neyra and Diaz-Ungría, 1957
Hosts: Ameiva ameiva
Site of infection: Small intestine
Distribution: Venezuela - Isla Margarita (163, 168).
Oochoristica vanzolinii Rego & Rodrigues, 1965
Hosts: Hemidactylus mabouia, Eurolophosaurus nanuzae
Site of infection: Small intestine
Distribution: Brazil - Rio de Janeiro, RJ; Serra do Cipó, MG (66, 162).
Oochoristica sp.
Hosts: Alopoglossus atriventris, Amphisbaena ridleyi, Mabuya frenata, Tupinambis merianae, Trachylepis atlantica
Site of infection: Small intestine
Distribution: Ecuador - SU; Brazil - Valinhos, SP; Fernando de Noronha Islands, PE (34, 46, 52).
Semenoviella Spasskii, 1951
Semenoviella amphisbaenae Rudolphi, 1819
Hosts: Amphisbaena fuliginosa Linnaeus, 1758; A. alba
Site of infection: Intestine
Distribution: Brazil - Belém (Amazon), PA; Pirassununga (Cerrado), SP (169).
Mesocestoididae
Mesocestoides Vaillant, 1863
Mesocestoides sp.
Hosts: Anolis transversalis
Site of infection: Not informed
Distribution: Brazil - RO (Amazon) (40).
Proteocephalidea
Proteocephalidae
Cairaella Coquille & De Chambrier, 2008
Cairaella henrii Coquille & De Chambrier, 2008
Hosts: Anolis trachyderma Cope, 1876
Site of infection: Intestine
Distribution: Ecuador - San Pablo de Kantesyia, SU (170).
Ophiotaenia La Rue, 1911
Ophiotaenia flava Rudin, 1917
Hosts: Kentropyx pelviceps
Site of infection: Not informed
Distribution: Peru - CU (Amazon) (1).
Ophiotaenia nicoleae Coquille & De Chambrier, 2008
Hosts: Thecadactylus solimoensis
Site of infection: Intestine
Distribution: Ecuador - San Pablo de Kantesyia, SU.
Comments: Thecadactylus was recently subjected to revision, and a T. solimoensis was found in from localities that encompass San Pablo de Kantesyia, Ecuador (113, 170).
Ophiotaenia sp.
Hosts: Anolis fuscoauratus
Site of infection: Small intestine
Distribution: Brazil - Santarém (Amazon), PA (51).
Tejidotaenia Freze, 1965
Tejidotaenia appendiculata (Baylis, 1947)
Hosts: Tupinambis teguixin
Site of infection: Small intestine
Distribution: Surinam - PR (Amazon); Brazil - Serra do Navio (Amazon), AP; Linhares, ES (28, 171).
Trematoda
Digenea
Echinostomata
Echinostomida
Superfamily Echinostomatoidea Looss, 1899
Cathaemasiidae
Pulchrossomoides Freitas & Lent, 1937
Pulchrosomoides elegans Freitas & Lent, 1937
Hosts: Tupinambis teguixin, Iguana iguana, Mabuya macrorhyncha
Site of infection: Stomach
Distribution: Brazil - Porto Esperança (Pantanal), MS; Praia das Neves (Restinga), ES (6, 23, 172, 173).
Plagiorchiida
Dicrocoeliidae
Brachycoelium (Dujardin, 1845)
Brachycoelium salamandrae (Frolich, 1789) Dujardin, 1845
Hosts: Leposoma osvaldoi Ávila-Pires, 1995; Anolis nitens Wagler, 1830
Site of infection: Small intestine
Distribution: Brazil - Novo Progresso (Amazon), PA.
Comments: Cited as B. mesocoeliiformis when found infecting Anolis scypheus (A. nitens) (6, 137).
Platynosomum
Platynosomum sp. Looss, 1906
Hosts: Amphisbaena ridleyi, Trachylepis atlantica
Site of infection: Gallbladder, bile duct
Distribution: Brazil - Fernando de Noronha Island, PE (46).
Harmotrematidae
Helicotrema Odhner, 1912
Helicotrema asymetricum (Travassos, 1922) Viana, 1924
Hosts: Iguana iguana
Site of infection: Intestine
Distribution: Brazil - Pantanal (174, 175).
Helicotrema magniovatum Odhner, 1912
Hosts: Iguana iguana
Site of infection: Intestine
Distribution: Brazil (6).
Helicotrema spirale (Diesing, 1850) Odhner, 1912
Hosts: Iguana iguana
Site of infection: Intestine
Distribution: Brazil (6).
Pronocephalidae
Iguanacola Gilbert, 1938
Iguanacola navicularis Gilbert, 1938
Hosts: Amblyrhynchus cristatus Bell, 1825
Site of infection: Not informed
Distribution: Ecuador - Galapagos Islands (14).
Myosaccus Gilbert, 1938
Myosaccus amblyrhynchi Gilbert, 1938
Hosts: Amblyrhynchus cristatus
Site of infection: Not informed
Distribution: Ecuador - Galapagos Islands (14).
Cetiosaccus Gilbert, 1938
Cetiosaccus galapagensis Gilbert, 1938
Hosts: Amblyrhynchus cristatus
Site of infection: Not informed
Distribution: Ecuador - Galapagos Islands (14).
Paradistomum Kossack, 1910
Paradistomum parvissimum (Travassos, 1918)
Hosts: Ameiva ameiva, Hemidactylus mabouia, Iguana iguana, Liolaemus lutzae, Mabuya macrorhyncha, M. agilis, Tropidurus torquatus, Tupinambis teguixin
Site of infection: Gallbladder, liver, small intestine
Distribution: Brazil - Arraial do Cabo, Grussaí, Nova Iguaçu, Manguinhos, Maricá, RJ; Praia das Neves (Restinga) and Santa Teresa, ES; Salvador and Trancoso (Restinga), BA (17, 19, 21, 23, 27, 100, 146, 176, 177).
Paradistomum rabusculum Kossack, 1910
Hosts and records: Gymnodactylus geckoides Spix, 1825
Site of infection: Not informed
Distribution: Brazil (6).
Macroderidae
Pneumotrema Bhalerao, 1937
Pneumotrema travassosi Bhalerao, 1937
Hosts and records: Amphisbaena alba
Site of infection: Kidney, ureter, intestine.
Distribution: Brazil (172).
Family Plagiorchiidae
Allopharynx (Strom, 1928)
Allopharynx daileyi Bursey, Goldberg & Vitt, 2005
Hosts: Uranoscodon superciliosus
Site of infection: Small intestine
Distribution: Brazil - PA, RO, RR (Amazon) (50).
Dasymetra Nicoll, 1911
Dasymetra tupinambis Nasir & Diaz, 1971
Hosts: Tupinambis teguixin
Site of infection: Intestine
Distribution: Venezuela - Sucre (178).
Styphlodora Looss, 1899
Styphlodora condita Faria, 1911
Hosts: Tupinambis rufescens (Günther, 1871)
Site of infection: Kidney, ureter, intestine
Distribution: Argentina (9).
Plagiorchis Lühe, 1899
Plagiorchis freitasi Vicente, 1978
Hosts: Tropidurus torquatus
Site of infection: Small intestine
Distribution: Brazil - Conceição da Barra, ES (19).
Plagiorchis vicentei Rodrigues, 1994
Hosts: Hemidactylus mabouia
Site of infection: Small intestine
Distribution: Brazil - Teresópolis, RJ (179).
Family Brachycoeliidae
Mesocoelium Odhner, 1910
Mesocoelium monas (Rudolphi, 1819) Freitas, 1958
Hosts: Alopoglossus angulatus, Amphisbaena sp., Amphisbaena ridleyi, Cercosaura eigenmanni, Diploglossus lessonae, Trachylepis atlantica, Leposternon microcephalum, Tropidurus torquatus, Uranoscodon superciliosus
Site of infection: Intestine
Distribution: Brazil - PA, RO, RR (Amazon); João Alfredo (Caatinga) and Fernando de Noronha, PE; Maricá and Rio de Janeiro (Restinga), RJ; Ecuador - SU (Amazon) (6, 18, 46, 50, 52, 100).
Family Urotrematidae
Urotrema Braun, 1900
Urotrema shirleyae Zamparo, Brooks & Tkach, 2005
Hosts: Anolis fuscoauratus
Site of infection: Small intestine
Distribution: Brazil - Santarém (Amazon), PA (51).
HOST-PARASITE LIST
Family Amphisbaenidae
Amphisbaena alba
Maracaya belemensis
Maracaya graciai
Aplectana albae
Aplectana raillieti
Physaloptera retusa
Semenoviella amphisbaenae
Pneumotrema travassosi
Amphisbaena bolivica
Aplectana tucumanensis
Amphisbaena fuliginosa
Semenoviella amphisbaenae
Amphisbaena ridleyi
Aplectana albae
Parapharyngodon alvarengai
Mesocoelium monas
Platynosomum sp.
Oochoristica sp.
Amphisbaena sp.
Maracaya pusilla
Mesocoelium monas
Leposternon microcephalum
Cosmocerca rara
Mesocoelium monas
Paradollfusnema amphisbaenia
Family Iguanidae
Amblyrhynchus cristatus
Iguanacola navicularis
Myosaccus amblyrhynchi
Cetiosaccus galapagensis
Iguana iguana
Alaeuris caudatus
Alaeuris vogelsangi
Ozolaimus cirratus
Ozolaimus megatyphlon
Oswaldofilaria brevicaudata
Physaloptera retusa
Oochoristica iguanae
Pulchrosomoides elegans
Paradistomum parvissimun
Helicotrema asymetricum
Helicotrema magniovatum
Helicotrema spirale
Conolophus subcristatus
Alaeuris conolophi
Alaeuris galapagensis
Alaeuris labicula
Alaeuris longispicula
Paralaeuris dorochila
Family Hoplocercidae
Enyalioides praestabilis
Spinicauda spinicauda
Hoplocercus spinosus
Africana dardanelosi
Cruzia rudolphii
Physaloptera sp.
Morunasaurus annularis
Raillietnema brachyspiculatum
Family Polychrotidae
Anisolepis undulatus
Rhabdias sp.
Anolis chrysolepis
Oswaldocruzia bainae
Anolis fuscoauratus
Cosmocerca vrcibradici
Strongyluris oscari
Rhabdias sp.
Physaloptera retusa
Oswaldocruzia bainae
Oswaldocruzia vitti
Ophiotaenia sp.
Urotrema shirleyae
Anolis nitens
Brachycoelium salamandrae
Anolis punctatus
Cyrtosomum longicaudatum
Strongyluris oscari
Falcaustra sp.
Skrjabinellazia intermedia
Rhabdias anolis
Rhabdias elegans
Rhabdias sp.
Oswaldofilaria brevicaudata
Piratuba lainsoni
Physaloptera retusa
Oswaldocruzia peruensis
Oswaldocruzia vitti
Anolis trachyderma
Cairaella henrii
Anolis transversalis
Cyrtosomum longicaudatum
Strongyluris oscari
Mesocestoides sp.
Polychrus acutirostris
Gynaecometra bahiensis
Physaloptera sp.
Polychrus marmoratus
Pseudostrongyluris polychrus
Oswaldofilaria azevedoi
Piratuba lainsoni
Family Leiosauridae
Enyalius bilineatus
Centrorhynchidae
Rhabdias sp.
Acuariidae
Physaloptera lutzi
Physaloptera retusa
Oswaldocruzia benslimanei
Enyalius catenatus
Oswaldocruzia sp.
Enyalius iheringii
Strongyluris oscari
Rhabdias sp.
Oswaldocruzia fredi
Enyalius perditus
Acanthocephalus sp.
Aplectana vellardi
Cosmocerca sp.
Strongyluris oscari
Rhabdias sp.
Oswaldocruzia burseyi
Oswaldocruzia sp.
Leiosaurus belli
Physaloptera retusa
Leiosaurus catamarcensis
Physaloptera retusa
Family Liolaemidae
Liolaemus alticolor
Physaloptera lutzi
Liolaemus andinus
Spauligodon maytacapaci
Liolaemus buergeri
Parapharyngodon riojensis
Liolaemus capillitas
Spauligodon loboi
Liolaemus chilensis
Spauligodon maytacapaci
Liolaemus elongatus
Spauligodon maytacapaci
Liolaemus huacahuasicus
Spauligodon loboi
Liolaemus lemniscatus
Spauligodon maytacapaci
Liolaemus lutzae
Ichthyocapillaria (= Pseudocapillaria) maricaensis
Parapharyngodon sceleratus
Pharyngodon cesarpintoi
Physaloptera retusa
Paradistomum parvissimum
Liolaemus neuquensis
Physaloptera retusa
Liolaemus ornatus
Spauligodon loboi
Physaloptera lutzi
Liolaemus pictus
Spauligodon maytacapaci
Liolaemus quilmes
Spauligodon loboi
Physaloptera lutzi
Liolaemus ramirezae
Spauligodon loboi
Liolaemus signifer
Parapharyngodon senisfaciecaudus
Liolaemus tenuis
Spauligodon maytacapaci
Liolaemus vallecurensis
Oochoristica travassosi
Phymaturus palluma
Parapharyngodon riojensis
Phymaturus punae
Parapharyngodon riojensis
Family Tropiduridae
Eurolophosaurus nanuzae
Strongyluris oscari
Subulura lacertília
Parapharyngodon sceleratus
Physaloptera lutzi
Oochoristica vanzolinii
Leiocephalus sp.
Spauligodon maytacapaci
Oochoristica travassosi
Microlophus albermalensis
Parapharyngodon sceleratus
Microlophus occipitalis
Thubunaea parkeri
Microlophus peruvianus
Parapharyngodon arequipensis
Parapharyngodon moqueguensis
Parapharyngodon yurensis
Thubunaea iguanae
Microlophus thoracicus
Thubunaea iguanae
Plica plica
Strongyluris oscari
Physaloptera retusa
Plica umbra
Strongyluris oscari
Hastospiculum sp.
Piratuba digiticauda
Physaloptera retusa
Stenocercus caducus
Skrjabinellazia intermedia
Strongyluris oscari
Stenocercus roseiventris
Atractis cruciata
Strongyluris oscari
Oswaldofilaria azevedoi
Physaloptera retusa
Oswaldocruzia peruensis
Tropidurus etheridgei
Parapharyngodon sp.
Thelandros sp.
Physaloptera sp.
Tropidurus guarani
Strongyluris oscari
Skrjabinellazia intermedia
Typhlonema sp.
Parapharyngodon sceleratus
Spauligodon oxkutzcabiensis
Piratuba digiticauda
Physaloptera lutzi
Physaloptera retusa
Oochoristica bressalui
Tropidurus hispidus
Parapharyngodon sceleratus
Pharyngodon sp.
Rhabdias sp.
Oswaldofilaria petersi
Physaloptera retusa
Oochoristica bressalui
Tropidurus itambere
Parapharyngodon sceleratus
Pharyngodon cesarpintoi
Physaloptera lutzi
Tropidurus melanopleurus
Strongyluris oscari
Parapharyngodon sceleratus
Physaloptera retusa
Tropidurus semitaeniatus
Parapharyngodon sceleratus
Tropidurus spinulosus
Strongyluris oscari
Tropidurus torquatus
Acanthocephala
Echinorhynchus sp.
Centrorhynchus tumidulus
Capillaria (= Amphibiocapillaria) freitaslenti
Hexametra boddaertii
Strongyluris oscari
Skrjabinellazia intermedia
Subulura sp.
Parapharyngodon sceleratus
Parapharyngodon sp.
Pharyngodon sp.
Acuariidae
Piratuba digiticauda
Physaloptera lutzi
Physaloptera retusa
Physaloptera sp.
Physalopteroides venancioi
Oswaldocruzia sp.
Oochoristica bressalui
Paradistomum parvissimum
Plagiorchis freitasi
Mesocoelium monas
Tropidurus sp.
Strongyluris oscari
Parapharyngodon sceleratus
Uracentron flaviceps
Skrjabinodon dixoni
Physaloptera retusa
Uranoscodon superciliosus
Cosmocerca vrcibradici
Africana chabaudi
Allopharynx daileyi
Mesocoelium monas
Family Gekkonidae
Hemidactylus mabouia
Centrorhynchidae
Parapharyngodon largitor
Parapharyngodon sceleratus
Parapharyngodon sp
Strongyloides cruzi
Acuariidae
Physaloptera sp.
Spirurinae
Oswaldocruzia brasiliensis
Oochoristica vanzolinii
Paradistomum parvissimum
Plagiorchis vicentei
Family Phyllodactylidae
Bogertia lutzae
Spauligodon oxkutzcabiensis
Gymnodactylus geckoides
Paradistomum rabusculum
Phyllodactylus angustidigitus
Spauligodon viracochai
Phyllodactylus inaequalis
Spauligodon oxkutzcabiensis
Phyllodactylus gerrhopygus
Spauligodon viracochai
Phyllodactylus johnwrighti
Oochoristica travassosi
Parapharyngodon sceleratus
Spauligodon oxkutzcabiensis
Phyllodactylus lepidopygus
Acuariidae
Phyllodactylus microphyllus
Spauligodon oxkutzcabiensis
Phyllodactylus reissii
Spauligodon oxkutzcabiensis
Phyllopezus pollicaris
Macdonaldius grassi
Parapharyngodon sceleratus
Thecadactylus solimoensis
Spauligodon oxkutzcabiensis
Physaloptera retusa
Physalopteroides venancioi
Ophiotaenia nicoleae
Family Sphaerodactylidae
Gonatodes humeralis
Skrjabinelazia galliardi
Family Anguidae
Diploglossus lessonae
Parapharyngodon verrucosus
Mesocoelium monas
Ophiodes striatus
Cyrtosomum sp.
Physaloptera retusa
Family Teiidae
Ameiva ameiva
Oligacanthorhynchus sp.
Centrorhynchus tumidulus
Capillaria (= Amphibiocapillaria) freitaslenti
Spinicauda spinicauda
Strongyluris oscari
Parapharyngodon alvarengai
Parapharyngodon largitor
Parapharyngodon sceleratus
Parapharyngodon sp.
Pharyngodon cesarpintoi
Pharyngodon travassosi
Chabirenia cayennensis
Piratuba scaffi
Physaloptera lutzi
Physaloptera retusa
Physaloptera sp.
Physalopteroides venancioi
Oochoristica ameivae
Oochoristica insulamargaritae
Paradistomum parvissimum
Ameiva festiva
Physaloptera retusa
Cnemidophorus abaetensis
Physaloptera lutzi
Physaloptera retusa
Cnemidophorus lemniscatus
Physaloptera retusa
Cnemidophorus littoralis
Hexametra boddaertii
Parapharyngodon sceleratus
Physaloptera lutzPhysaloptera retusa
Physaloptera sp.
Cnemidophorus nativo
Skrjabinellazia intermedia
Subulura lacertilia
Parapharyngodon sp.
Physaloptera retusa
Physalopteroides venancioi
Oochoristica ameivae
Cnemidophorus ocellifer
Hexametra boddaertii
Physaloptera retusa
Physaloptera sp.
Cnemidophorus sp.
Pharyngodon cesarpintoi
Dicrodon heterolepis
Pharyngodon micrurus
Thubunaea parkeri
Oochoristica freitasi
Dicrodon guttulatum
Oochoristica freitasi
Oochoristica iguanae
Pharyngodon micrurus
Parapharyngodon moqueguensis
Parapharyngodon lagitor
Parapharyngodon sp.
Thelandros capacyupanquii
Physaloptera sp.
Dicrodon holmbergi
Thelandros capacyupanquii
Dracaena guianensis
Oswaldofilaria belemensis
Diaphanocephalus jacuruxi
Kentropyx altamazonica
Physaloptera retusa
Physalopteroides venancioi
Kentropyx calcarata
Kentropyxia sauria
Piratuba digiticauda
Piratuba shawi
Physaloptera retusa
Physalopteroides venancioi
Oswaldocruzia sp.
Kentropyx pelviceps
Dujardinascaris sp.
Parapharyngodon sceleratus
Physaloptera retusa
Physalopteroides venancioi
Ophiotaenia flava
Tupinambis longilineus
Physaloptera retusa
Tupinambis merianae
Cruzia travassosi
Physaloptera sp.
Diaphanocephalus galeatus
Spinicauda spinicauda
Oochoristica sp.
Tupinambis rufescens
Physaloptera retusa
Diaphanocephalus galeatus
Styphlodora condita
Tupinambis teguixin
Centrorhynchus tumidulus
Centrorhynchus sp.
Contracaecum sp.
Dujardinascaris sp.
Freitasascaris alata
Atractis cruciata
Spinicauda spinicauda
Cruzia fulleborni
Cruzia tentaculata
Oswaldofilaria petersi
Oswaldofilaria sp.
Physaloptera retusa
Physaloptera sp.
Physalopteroides venancioi
Diaphanocephalus diesingi
Diaphanocephalus galeatus
Tejidotaenia appendiculata
Pulchrosomoides elegans
Paradistomum parvissimum
Dasymetra tupinambis
Family Gymnophthalmidae
Alopoglossus angulatus
Cosmocerca vrcibradici
Oswaldocruzia vitti
Mesocoelium monas
Alopoglossus atriventris
Cosmocerca vrcibradici
Physalopteroides venancioi
Oswaldocruzia vitti
Oochoristica sp.
Cercosaura argulus
Cosmocercidae
Acuariidae
Physaloptera sp.
Oswaldocruzia peruensis
Cercosaura eigenmanni
Cosmocerca vrcibradici
Oswaldocruzia vitti
Mesocoelium monas
Cercosaura ocellata
Physalopteroides venancioi
Cercosaura oshaugnessyi
Acanthocephalus saurius
Cosmocerca vrcibradici
Oswaldocruzia vitti
Leposoma osvaldoi
Brachycoelium salamandrae
Neusticurus bicarinatus
Falcaustra belemensis
Potamites ecpleopus
Falcaustra belemensis
Physaloptera retusa
Potamites strangulatus
Falcaustra belemensis
Family Scincidae
Mabuya agilis
Centrorhynchidae
Hexametra boddaertii
Strongyluris oscari
Parapharyngodon largitor
Parapharyngodon sceleratus
Acuariidae
Physaloptera retusa
Physaloptera sp.
Physalopteroides venancioi
Oochoristica ameivae
Paradistomum parvissimum
Trachylepis atlantica
Moaciria alvarengai
Parapharyngodon alvarengai
Mesocoelium monas
Spinicauda spinicauda
Platynosomum sp.
Oochoristica sp.
Mabuya bistriata
Parapharyngodon sceleratus
Oswaldofilaria spinosa
Piratuboides zeae
Physaloptera retusa
Physalopteroides venancioi
Mabuya caissara
Parapharyngodon sceleratus
Mabuya dorsivittata
Skrjabinodon spinulosus
Physaloptera retusa
Mabuya frenata
Hexametra boddaertii
Parapharyngodon sceleratus
Skrjabinodon heliocostai
Oswaldofilaria sp.
Oochoristica sp.
Mabuya macrorhyncha
Echinorhynchidae
Centrorhynchidae
Hexametra boddaertii
Acuariidae
Physaloptera sp.
Physalopteroides venancioi
Oochoristica ameivae
Pulchrosomoides elegans
Paradistomum parvissimum
FINAL REMARKS
The literature on helminth parasites of lizards and amphisbaenians from South America is extensive, dating back to the 1920's with the studies by Lauro Travassos. However, the information is scattered, and reviews of helminth parasites are necessary because they provide a basis for a better understanding on parasitism in these groups for future research (180). The need of updated knowledge becomes clear considering the valuable information that parasites provide because it is synergistic with all the information about the natural history of the hosts (181).
Helminths are high diverse in vertebrates, but the species richness are poorly known (182, 183). For example, less than a half of nematode species are believed to be currently described (148). In this paper, a total of 644 records of helminths collected from lizards are reported. Since many species descriptions were made in the last decade, the diversity of helminth parasites of lizards from South America should be increased with further studies.
Of the 644 records in the present study, at least nine species of acantocephalans, 15 cestodes, 20 trematodes and 111 nematodes were reported, including records in which family or genus were not identified. From the 155 helminth species reported, one was recorded from Chile and French Guiana, three were from Colombia, three were from Uruguay, eight were from Bolivia, nine were from Surinam, 13 were from Paraguay, 12 were from Venezuela, 27 were from Ecuador, 17 were from Argentina, 39 were from Peru and 103 were from Brazil. Five species considered species inquirenda were also reported.
Lizards and amphisbaenians comprises approximately 420 genera and more than 3,300 species, most of which can be found in South America (184, 185). Many South American countries exhibit great lizard diversity, for example Argentina presents 167 species while Brazil has 240 species, but data presented herein includes only 114 lizard species, which indicates that much work has to be done (186, 187).
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Both authors are thankful for the financial support of The State of São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) and Robson W. Ávila is grateful for the grant provided by Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES).
Submission status
Received: June 1, 2010.
Accepted: September 16, 2010.
Abstract published online: September 17, 2010.
Full paper published online: November 30, 2010.
Financial source
FAPESP (processes n. 04/03628-1 and 06/59692-5) and CAPES provided the financial grants.
CONFLICTS OF INTEREST
There is no conflict.
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Publication Dates
-
Publication in this collection
30 Sept 2011 -
Date of issue
2010
History
-
Received
01 June 2010 -
Accepted
16 Sept 2010