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Use of gemtuzumab ozogamycin combined with conventional chemotherapy in patients with acute myeloid leukemia

Abstracts

Objective:

To analyze the outcome of patients treated with gemtuzumab ozogamycin combined with conventional therapy treated at Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein.

Methods:

14 patients who had high risk features (secondary leukemia, unfavorable cytogenetics, and refractory disease) were treated with gemtuzumab ozogamycin combined with conventional therapy and their outcome was analysed by reviewing their medical records.

Results:

Overall response rate was 58%, with 43% achieving complete response, with a median follow-up of 11 months, event-free survival was 3 months. Eleven patients died, 6 of them due to refractory acute myeloid leukemia. Only four patients presented with grade 3 to 4 toxicities and only one patient had sinusoidal obstruction syndrome after bone marrow transplant.

Conclusion:

gemtuzumab ozogamycin combined with chemotherapy is a feasible treatment regimen in acute myeloid leukemia patients. However, further studies are necessary to clarify which subgroup of patients may beneft from this treatment.

Leukemia, myeloid, acute/drug therapy; Radiotherapy; Antineoplastic agents/therapeutic use; Antineoplastic combined chemotherapy protocols/therapeutic use; Aged


Objetivo:

Analisar a evolução de pacientes tratados com gemtuzumabe ozogamicina combinado à terapêutica convencional no Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein.

Métodos:

14 pacientes que tinham alto risco (leucemia secundária, citogenética desfavorável e doença refratária) foram tratados com gentuzumabe ozogamicina associado à terapêutica convencional, e sua evolução foi analisada por meio de seus prontuários médicos.

Resultados:

A taxa total de resposta foi de 58%, com 43% chegando a resposta completa, em acompanhamento médio de 11 meses, e três meses com intervalo de sobrevivência livre. Foram a óbito 11 pacientes, 6 deles por leucemia mieloide aguda. Somente quatro pacientes apresentaram graus 3 a 4 de toxicidade e apenas um paciente teve síndrome de obstrução sinusoidal após transplante de medula.

Conclusão:

Gemtuzumabe ozogamicina associado à terapêutica quimioterápica convencional é um tratamento factível em pacientes com leucemia mieloide aguda. Contudo, novos estudos são necessários para esclarecer qual o subgrupo de pacientes que pode se beneficiar desse tratamento.

Leucemia mieloide aguda/quimioterapia; Radioterapia; Antineoplásicos/uso terapêutico; Protocolos de quimioterapia combinada antineoplásica/uso terapêutico; Idoso


INTRODUCTION

Current treatment of patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) involves administering an intensive phase of chemotherapy (induction chemotherapy) with the objective of achieving a state of complete remission (CR) which is a pre-requisite for cure(11. Walter RB, Kantarjian HM, Huang X, Pierce SA, Sun Z, Gundacker HM, et al. Effect of complete remission and responses less than complete remission on survival in acute myeloid leukemia: a combined Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group, Southwest Oncology Group, and M. D. Anderson Cancer Center Study. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28(10):1766-71.,22. Döhner H, Estey EH, Amadori S, Appelbaum FR, Büchner T, Burnett AK, Dombret H, Fenaux P, Grimwade D, Larson RA, Lo-Coco F, Naoe T, Niederwieser D, Ossenkoppele GJ, Sanz MA, Sierra J, Tallman MS, Löwenberg B, Bloomfield CD; European LeukemiaNet. Diagnosis and management of acute myeloid leukemia in adults: recommendations from an international expert panel, on behalf of the European LeukemiaNet. Blood. 2010;115(3):453-74.). The most traditional induction regimen consists of a combination of cytarabine (ara-C) with anthracyclines, such as daunorubicin or idarubicin (7+3 regimen)(22. Döhner H, Estey EH, Amadori S, Appelbaum FR, Büchner T, Burnett AK, Dombret H, Fenaux P, Grimwade D, Larson RA, Lo-Coco F, Naoe T, Niederwieser D, Ossenkoppele GJ, Sanz MA, Sierra J, Tallman MS, Löwenberg B, Bloomfield CD; European LeukemiaNet. Diagnosis and management of acute myeloid leukemia in adults: recommendations from an international expert panel, on behalf of the European LeukemiaNet. Blood. 2010;115(3):453-74.). However, in elderly patients with AML (usually defined as > 55-60 years of age), administering an aggressive induction course of chemotherapy can be limited by the presence of comorbidities and poor tolerance(33. Kantarjian H, Ravandi F, OBrien S, Cortes J, Faderl S, Garcia-Manero G, et al. Intensive chemotherapy does not benefit most older patients (age 70 years or older) with acute myeloid leukemia. Blood. 2010;116(22):4422-9.). Additionally, elderly patients with AML more commonly present with poor-risk features and a high rate of resistant disease(33. Kantarjian H, Ravandi F, OBrien S, Cortes J, Faderl S, Garcia-Manero G, et al. Intensive chemotherapy does not benefit most older patients (age 70 years or older) with acute myeloid leukemia. Blood. 2010;116(22):4422-9.). As a result, CR rates with induction chemotherapy for elderly patients with AML are in the range of 40 to 50% only, and long term survival rates are less than 10%(33. Kantarjian H, Ravandi F, OBrien S, Cortes J, Faderl S, Garcia-Manero G, et al. Intensive chemotherapy does not benefit most older patients (age 70 years or older) with acute myeloid leukemia. Blood. 2010;116(22):4422-9.). Thus, there is great need for improving therapy in elderly patients with AML.

Gemtuzumab ozogamycin (GO) (Mylotarg®; Pfizer, New York, NY) is a monoclonal antibody targeted against the CD33 antigen and coupled with the chemotherapeutic agent calicheamicin(44. Tsimberidou AM, Giles FJ, Estey E, O'Brien S, Keating MJ, Kantarjian HM. The role of gemtuzumab ozogamicin in acute leukaemia therapy. Br J Haematol. 2006;132(4):398-409.). CD33 is a surface molecule which is expressed on the surface of myeloid cells and in myeloid blasts of the majority of patients with AML(44. Tsimberidou AM, Giles FJ, Estey E, O'Brien S, Keating MJ, Kantarjian HM. The role of gemtuzumab ozogamicin in acute leukaemia therapy. Br J Haematol. 2006;132(4):398-409.). The anti-CD33 antibody in GO is coupled with calicheamicin through an acid-sensitive linker. Calicheamicin is a compound from the enediyne class, and it induces cleavage of DNA strands through formation of free radicals(55. Zein N, Sinha AM, McGahren WJ, Ellestad GA. Calicheamicin gamma 1I: an antitumor antibiotic that cleaves double-stranded DNA site specifically. Science. 1988;240(4856):1198-201.). Upon binding to CD33, GO is internalized into a lysosomal vesicle, and the acid pH cleaves the linker and releases calicheamicin from the monoclonal antibody(44. Tsimberidou AM, Giles FJ, Estey E, O'Brien S, Keating MJ, Kantarjian HM. The role of gemtuzumab ozogamicin in acute leukaemia therapy. Br J Haematol. 2006;132(4):398-409.).

Clinical trials have shown that GO has activity in the setting of both relapsed/refractory and untreated AML. Three phase II studies enrolled 142 patients with untreated first relapsed CD33-positive AML(66. Sievers EL, Larson RA, Stadtmauer EA, Estey E, Löwenberg B, Dombret H, Karanes C, Theobald M, Bennett JM, Sherman ML, Berger MS, Eten CB, Loken MR, van Dongen JJ, Bernstein ID, Appelbaum FR; Mylotarg Study Group. Efficacy and safety of gemtuzumab ozogamicin in patients with CD33-positive acute myeloid leukemia in first relapse. J Clin Oncol. 2001;19(13):3244-54.). Patients were treated with GO at a dose of 9 mg/m2 for one or two infusions. The CR rate was 16%, and 13% achieved CR without full recovery of platelet counts (CRp) for an overall response rate (ORR) of 29%. Based on this report, GO was approved as a single agent for therapy of elderly (age ≥ 60 years) patients with relapsed AML(77. Bross P F, Beitz J, Chen G, Chen XH, Duffy E, Kieffer L, et al. Approval summary: gemtuzumab ozogamicin in relapsed acute myeloid leukemia. Clin Cancer Res. 2001;7(6):1490-6.). Other reports confirmed activity of GO as a single agent(88. Amadori S, Suciu S, Selleslag D, Stasi R, Alimena G, Baila L, et al. Randomized trial of two schedules of low-dose gemtuzumab ozogamicin as induction monotherapy for newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukaemia in older patients not considered candidates for intensive chemotherapy. A phase II study of the EORTC and GIMEMA leukaemia groups (AML-19). Br J Haematol. 2010;149(3):376-82.ȓ1414. Schwarz J, Marková J, Peková S, Trnková Z, Sponerová D, Cetkovský P. A single administration of gemtuzumab ozogamicin for molecular relapse of acute promyelocytic leukemia. Hematol J. 2004;5(3):279-80.). More recently, clinical trials focused on combination of GO with other agents, including cytarabine, anthracyclines and purine analogues(1515. Chevallier P, Delaunay J, Turlure P, Pigneux A, Hunault M, Garand R, et al. Long-term disease-free survival after gemtuzumab, intermediate-dose cytarabine, and mitoxantrone in patients with CD33(+) primary resistant or relapsed acute myeloid leukemia. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(32):5192-7.,1616. Tsimberidou A, Estey E, Cortes J, Thomas D, Faderl S, Verstovsek S, et al. Gemtuzumab, fludarabine, cytarabine, and cyclosporine in patients with newly diagnosed acute myelogenous leukemia or high-risk myelodysplastic syndromes. Cancer. 2003;97(6):1481-7.). We report the experience of our institution with a combination regimen containing cytarabine and GO for treatment of elderly patients with AML.

METHODS

The outcomes of 14 patients treated with GO combined with conventional chemotherapeutic agents at Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (HIAE), from 2007 to 2009, were reviewed. The patients had a diagnosis of AML according to the 2001 World Health Organization (WHO) classification and had either relapsed/refractory disease or untreated AML but were unable to tolerate intensive chemotherapy due to age and/or comorbidities. The patients signed an informed consent form before beginning chemotherapy. Pathology reports of bone marrow (BM) biopsies were reviewed for information about baseline hematopoietic cell dysplasia. Karyotype was stratified into good, intermediate and poor prognosis based on the most recent cytogenetic classification of the Medical Research Council (MRC).

Treatment

Fourteen patients were treated with different combinations of GO and conventional chemotherapeutic agents depending on age, comorbidities and clinical judgment. GO was administered at a dose of 3 mg/m2 I V, over 2 hours, on treatment days 1, 4 and 7. This fractionated regimen was first published by Taksin et al., in 2007, and differs from the initial dose schedule of GO approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), in the United States(1717. Taksin AL, Legrand O, Raffoux E, de Revel T, Thomas X, Contentin N, et al. High efficacy and safety profile of fractionated doses of Mylotarg as induction therapy in patients with relapsed acute myeloblastic leukemia: a prospective study of the alfa group. Leukemia. 2007;21(1):66-71.).

Response definitions and statistical analysis

Crieria for response and survival endpoints were previously published. Briefly, complete remission (CR) was defined by the presence of less than 5% blasts in the BM with more than 1 x 109/L neutrophils and more than 100,000/mm3 platelets in the peripheral blood (PB)(1818. Cheson BD, Cassileth PA, Head DR, Schiffer CA, Bennett JM, Bloomfield CD, et al. Report of the National Cancer Institute-sponsored workshop on definitions of diagnosis and response in acute myeloid leukemia. J Clin Oncol. 1990;8(5):813-9.,1919. Cheson BD, Bennett JM, Kopecky KJ, Büchner T, Willman CL, Estey EH, Schiffer CA, Doehner H, Tallman MS, Lister TA, Lo-Coco F, Willemze R, Biondi A, Hiddemann W, Larson RA, Löwenberg B, Sanz MA, Head DR, Ohno R, Bloomfield CD; International Working Group for Diagnosis, Standardization of Response Criteria, Treatment Outcomes, and Reporting Standards for Therapeutic Trials in Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Revised recommendations of the International Working Group for Diagnosis, Standardization of Response Criteria, Treatment Outcomes, and Reporting Standards for Therapeutic Trials in Acute Myeloid Leukemia. J Clin Oncol. 2003;21(24):4642-9. Erratum in: J Clin Oncol. 2004 Feb 1;22(3):576). Patients with CR without platelet recovery met all criteria for CR, except for recovery of platelet counts above 100,000/mm3. A relapse was defined by more than 5% blasts in a BM aspirate unrelated to recovery or by the presence of extramedullary disease. Event-free survival (EFS) was calculated from the beginning of treatment until an event. An event was defined as relapse, resistant disease and death. Induction death was defined as death occurring before achievement of CR or confirming resistant disease. Patients without an event were censored at last follow-up. Disease-free survival (DFS) was calculated from the time of CR until relapse or death in CR. Patients alive in CR were censored at last follow-up. Overall survival (OS) was calculated from the time of diagnosis until death. All patients alive at last follow-up were censored. Cumulative incidence of relapse and death in CR were estimated by the Gray method, taking into account competitive risks(2020. Gray RJ. A class of K-sample tests for comparing the cumulative incidence of a competing risk. Ann Stat. 1988;16:1140-54.). Descriptive statistics were used for baseline covariates. Survival was estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method.

RESULTS

Clinical features are summarized in table 1. Median age was 69 years (range 33 to 83 years). Fourteen patients received treatment with GO combined with conventional chemotherapeutic agents. Six patients (UPI# 1,3,4,5,6,7) received GO combined with standard dose cytarabine (100 mg/m2 I V, by continuous infusion, for 7 days). One patient (UPI#2) received GO combined with low-dose cytarabine (10 mg/m2 I V, for 10 days), since the patient was in the Intensive Care Unit receiving treatment for a pulmonary infection when treatment started. Median age of these patients was 75 years (range 64 to 83 years), and four patients had a performance status (PS) of 3 to 4. The remaining seven patients received GO combined with chemotherapy for relapsed AML. Median number of prior therapies was 2 (range 1-3). Two patients (UPI#8 and #9) received GO with intermediate-dose of cytarabine (600 mg/m2 IV for 5 days) and UPIN#9 also received mitoxantrone (10 mg/ m2 IV for 2 days). One patient (UPIN#11) received GO combined with high-dose cytarabine (3 g/m2 I V, twice daily, for 5 days) and mitoxantrone (10 mg/m2 I V, for 3 days). The other four patients received fractionated GO combined with cytarabine and mitoxantrone as per the MIDAM protocol (cytarabine 1 g/m2 I V, twice daily, for 5 days; mitoxantrone 12 mg/m2 I V, once daily, for 3 days). Five patients received an allogeneic stem cell transplantation (SCT), on average 2 months after GO chemotherapy (range 1 to 5 months). Source of stem cells were double cord bloods (CB) in three cases and a matched unrelated donor (MUD) in two cases. At time of SCT, two patients had active disease, and three patients were in CR.

Table 1
Baseline characteristics at time of treatment

Overall, the rate of CR was 43%; two patients achieved CRp for an overall response rate (ORR) of 58%. Refractory disease and induction death ocurred in 21% of patients each. Median time to CR was 29 days (range 22 to 38 days). Among the seven patients who received GO combined with ara-C for initial induction therapy, the ORR was 43% (2 CRs + 1 CRp), one patient had resistant disease and three patients (43%) died before response could be assessed. The ORR for GO combined with chemotherapy used as salvage was 71% (4 CRs + 1 CRp); two patients had refractory leukemia. A CR was obtained in two of three patients who presented with poor-risk cytogenetics; among the remaining nine patients with intermediate-risk karyotype, the ORR was 67%.

Median follow-up of surviving patients was 11 months. Survival estimates are presented on figures 1 to 3. Eleven patients have either died of or relapsed, for a median EFS of 3 months (95%CI: 0-6.6 months). Eleven patients (79%) died, six of them (54%) due to refractory AML and the remainder due to treatment-related toxicity (three deaths were due to GO and chemotherapy). The median OS was 4 months (95% CI 0-9.5 months). For the eight patients who had a response, median DFS was 10 months (95%CI: 2.6-17.3 months). Among the three survivors at the time of this report, two received consolidation with an allogeneic double CB transplant at the time of CR. The cumulative incidence of relapse for responding patients was 42.5% (95%CI: 6.9-75.9%) at 1 year, and the cumulative incidence of death in CR at 1 year was 21% (95%CI 0.4%-44.4%).

Figure 1
Event-free survival
Figure 2
Overall survival
Figure 3
Disease-free survival

As expected, myelosuppressive toxicity was paramount, with universal incidence of grade 3 to 4 neutropenia and thrombocytopenia. In patients who achieved CR, median time to neutrophil recovery (ANC ≥ 1,000/mm3 for, at least, 2 consecutive days) was 23 days (range 18 to 29 days), and median time to platelet recovery was 35 days (range 22 to 66 days). Grade 3 to 4 hepatic toxicity was observed in three patients, one with grade 3 elevation in bilirubin and grade 4 elevation in gamma-GT and alkaline phosphatase, and two with grade 3 elevation in gamma-GT. No patient developed sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (SOS) while on therapy with GO, but one patient developed SOS post allogeneic MUD SCT two months post-GO.

Chart 1 shows the treatment and outcome of the patients.

Chart 1
Treatment and outcome of each patient

DISCUSSION

In our experience, GO combined with chemotherapy proved to be feasible regimen, with a low incidence of grade 3 to 4 toxicities. Yet, long term results confirm the need for improving consolidation treatment and maintaining response after achievement of CR.

It is still controversial whether treatment with GO has any benefits in the therapy of patients with AML. Recently, Pfizer has withdrawn GO from the market, due to disappointing results observed in a phase III trial(2121. Petersdorf S, Kopecky K, Stuart RK, Larson RA, Nevill TJ, Stenke L, et al. Preliminary Results of Southwest Oncology Group Study S0106: An International Intergroup Phase 3 Randomized Trial Comparing the Addition of Gemtuzumab Ozogamicin to Standard Induction Therapy Versus Standard Induction Therapy Followed by a Second Randomization to Post-Consolidation Gemtuzumab Ozogamicin Versus No Additional Therapy for Previously Untreated Acute Myeloid Leukemia [abstract]. Blood. 2009 November 20, 2009;114(22).). In this study, the addition of GO to induction therapy or as post-consolidation therapy did not improve the CR rate, relapse-free survival (RFS), post-consolidation DFS, or OS, but was associated with a significantly higher risk of fatal induction adverse events.

It is well known that AML is an heterogeneous disease with distinct subtypes identified by morphological, chromosomal and genetic abnormalities(2222. Marcucci G, Haferlach T, Döhner H. Molecular genetics of adult acute myeloid leukemia: prognostic and therapeutic implications. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29(5):475-86.). Distinct subtypes of AML may respond differently to a particular drug or chemotherapy regimen. It is also well-known, for instance, that core-binding factor abnormalities, NPM1 mutations (and possible Ras mutations also), may identify subgroups of patients with AML who respond better to high dose cytarabine in consolidation, while the same regimen is supposedly poorly effective in patients with high-risk chromosomal abnormalities(2323. Bloomfield CD, Lawrence D, Byrd JC, Carroll A, Pettenati MJ, Tantravahi R, et al. Frequency of prolonged remission duration after high-dose cytarabine intensification in acute myeloid leukemia varies by cytogenetic subtype. Cancer Res. 1998;58(18):4173-9.2525. Schlenk R F, Döhner K, Krauter J, Fröhling S, Corbacioglu A, Bullinger L, Habdank M, Späth D, Morgan M, Benner A, Schlegelberger B, Heil G, Ganser A, Döhner H; German-Austrian Acute Myeloid Leukemia Study Group. Mutations and treatment outcome in cytogenetically normal acute myeloid leukemia. N Engl J Med. 2008;358(18):1909-18.). It is thus important to further discern which subgroup of patients can benefit from GO. A recent published study analyzed patients enrolled in a phase III trial of the MRC, focusing on this issue. In this study, patients with CBF AML (favorable-risk karyotype) showed significantly better results with the association of GO (3 mg/m2) during induction chemotherapy(2626. Burnett AK, Hills RK, Milligan D, Kjeldsen L, Kell J, Russell NH, et al. Identification of patients with acute myeloblastic leukemia who benefit from the addition of gemtuzumab ozogamicin: Results of the MRC AML15 Trial. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29(4):369-77.). The same results were observed in a preliminary analysis of the other phase III trial mentioned above(2121. Petersdorf S, Kopecky K, Stuart RK, Larson RA, Nevill TJ, Stenke L, et al. Preliminary Results of Southwest Oncology Group Study S0106: An International Intergroup Phase 3 Randomized Trial Comparing the Addition of Gemtuzumab Ozogamicin to Standard Induction Therapy Versus Standard Induction Therapy Followed by a Second Randomization to Post-Consolidation Gemtuzumab Ozogamicin Versus No Additional Therapy for Previously Untreated Acute Myeloid Leukemia [abstract]. Blood. 2009 November 20, 2009;114(22).). It has been postulated that GO may overcome the negative impact of KIT mutations in patients with CBF AML. In the MRC clinical trial, GO did not improve the outcome of patients with high-risk karyotype AML, which further suggests that new treatment options are urgently needed for this subgroup of patients.

CONCLUSION

Combining GO with conventional chemotherapy had a modest efficacy in our cohort of patients. We believe that GO is a compound which may benefit selected patients with AML. New trials are necessary to evaluate the role of GO in patients with favorable-risk karyotype AML.

  • Study carried out at Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein - HIAE - São Paulo (SP), Brazil.

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    Tsimberidou A, Estey E, Cortes J, Thomas D, Faderl S, Verstovsek S, et al. Gemtuzumab, fludarabine, cytarabine, and cyclosporine in patients with newly diagnosed acute myelogenous leukemia or high-risk myelodysplastic syndromes. Cancer. 2003;97(6):1481-7.
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    Taksin AL, Legrand O, Raffoux E, de Revel T, Thomas X, Contentin N, et al. High efficacy and safety profile of fractionated doses of Mylotarg as induction therapy in patients with relapsed acute myeloblastic leukemia: a prospective study of the alfa group. Leukemia. 2007;21(1):66-71.
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    Cheson BD, Cassileth PA, Head DR, Schiffer CA, Bennett JM, Bloomfield CD, et al. Report of the National Cancer Institute-sponsored workshop on definitions of diagnosis and response in acute myeloid leukemia. J Clin Oncol. 1990;8(5):813-9.
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    Cheson BD, Bennett JM, Kopecky KJ, Büchner T, Willman CL, Estey EH, Schiffer CA, Doehner H, Tallman MS, Lister TA, Lo-Coco F, Willemze R, Biondi A, Hiddemann W, Larson RA, Löwenberg B, Sanz MA, Head DR, Ohno R, Bloomfield CD; International Working Group for Diagnosis, Standardization of Response Criteria, Treatment Outcomes, and Reporting Standards for Therapeutic Trials in Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Revised recommendations of the International Working Group for Diagnosis, Standardization of Response Criteria, Treatment Outcomes, and Reporting Standards for Therapeutic Trials in Acute Myeloid Leukemia. J Clin Oncol. 2003;21(24):4642-9. Erratum in: J Clin Oncol. 2004 Feb 1;22(3):576
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    Gray RJ. A class of K-sample tests for comparing the cumulative incidence of a competing risk. Ann Stat. 1988;16:1140-54.
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    Petersdorf S, Kopecky K, Stuart RK, Larson RA, Nevill TJ, Stenke L, et al. Preliminary Results of Southwest Oncology Group Study S0106: An International Intergroup Phase 3 Randomized Trial Comparing the Addition of Gemtuzumab Ozogamicin to Standard Induction Therapy Versus Standard Induction Therapy Followed by a Second Randomization to Post-Consolidation Gemtuzumab Ozogamicin Versus No Additional Therapy for Previously Untreated Acute Myeloid Leukemia [abstract]. Blood. 2009 November 20, 2009;114(22).
  • 22
    Marcucci G, Haferlach T, Döhner H. Molecular genetics of adult acute myeloid leukemia: prognostic and therapeutic implications. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29(5):475-86.
  • 23
    Bloomfield CD, Lawrence D, Byrd JC, Carroll A, Pettenati MJ, Tantravahi R, et al. Frequency of prolonged remission duration after high-dose cytarabine intensification in acute myeloid leukemia varies by cytogenetic subtype. Cancer Res. 1998;58(18):4173-9.
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    Burnett AK, Hills RK, Milligan D, Kjeldsen L, Kell J, Russell NH, et al. Identification of patients with acute myeloblastic leukemia who benefit from the addition of gemtuzumab ozogamicin: Results of the MRC AML15 Trial. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29(4):369-77.

Publication Dates

  • Publication in this collection
    Apr-Jun 2011

History

  • Received
    15 Jan 2011
  • Accepted
    11 Apr 2011
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