Factors affecting autologous peripheral blood hematopoietic stem cell collections by large-volume leukapheresis: a single center experience

Abstracts

Objective:

To evaluate factors affecting peripheral blood hematopoietic stem cell yield in patients undergoing large-volume leukapheresis for autologous peripheral blood stem cell collection.

Methods:

Data from 304 consecutive autologous peripheral blood stem cell donors mobilized with hematopoietic growth factor (usually G-CSF), associated or not with chemotherapy, at Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein between February 1999 and June 2010 were retrospectively analyzed. The objective was to obtain at least 2 × 10⁶ CD34+ cells/kg of body weight. Pre-mobilization factors analyzed included patient's age, gender and diagnosis. Post mobilization parameters evaluated were pre-apheresis peripheral white blood cell count, immature circulating cell count, mononuclear cell count, peripheral blood CD34+ cell count, platelet count, and hemoglobin level. The effect of pre and post-mobilization factors on hematopoietic stem cell collection yield was investigated using logistic regression analysis (univariate and multivariate approaches).

Results:

Pre-mobilization factors correlating to poor CD34 + cell yield in univariate analysis were acute myeloid leukemia (p = 0.017) and other hematological diseases (p = 0.023). Significant post-mobilization factors included peripheral blood immature circulating cells (p = 0.001), granulocytes (p = 0.002), hemoglobin level (p = 0.016), and CD34+ cell concentration (p < 0.001) in the first harvesting day. However, according to multivariate analysis, peripheral blood CD34+ cell content (p < 0.001) was the only independent factor that significantly correlated to poor hematopoietic stem cell yield.

Conclusion:

In this study, peripheral blood CD34+ cell concentration was the only factor significantly correlated to yield in patients submitted to for autologous collection.

Hematopoietic stem cells; Mobilization; Leukapheresis; Blood specimen collection/methods; Transplantation, autologous

Objetivo:

Avaliar fatores que afetam o rendimento da coleta em pacientes submetidos à leucaférese de grande volume para obtenção de células-tronco hematopoiéticas do sangue periférico para autotransplante.

Métodos:

Análise retrospectiva de 304 doadores de células-tronco hematopoiéticas de sangue periférico para autotransplante submetidos à mobilização com fator de crescimento hematopoiético (geralmente G-CSF), associado ou não à quimioterapia, no Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, de Fevereiro de 1999 a Junho de 2010. O objetivo da coleta foi obter pelo menos 2 × 10⁶ CD34+ células/kg peso. Os fatores pré-mobilização incluíam idade, sexo e diagnóstico do paciente. Os parâmetros pós-mobilização avaliados foram contagem de leucócitos, células imaturas, células mononucleares, células CD34+, plaquetas e nível de hemoglobina no sangue periférico. O efeito desses fatores no rendimento da coleta de CTH foi investigado por meio de regressão logística (análise univariada e multivariada).

Resultados:

A análise univariada revelou os seguintes fatores pré-mobilização estatisticamente significantes: diagnóstico de leucemia mieloide aguda (p = 0,017) e outras doenças hematológicas (p = 0,023), células imaturas circulantes (p = 0,001), granulócitos (p = 0,002), nível de hemoglobina (p = 0,016) e contagem de células CD34+ no sangue periférico (p < 0,001) no primeiro dia de coleta. Entretanto, só a contagem de células CD34+ no sangue periférico manteve-se associada de forma significante ao rendimento ruim da coleta de células-tronco hematopoiéticas na análise multivariada.

Conclusão:

Neste estudo, a contagem de células CD34+ no sangue periférico foi o único fator significantemente associado ao rendimento da coleta de células-tronco hematopoiéticas com leucaférese de grande volume para autotransplante.

Células-tronco hematopoéticas; Mobilização; Leucaférese; Coleta de amostras sanguíneas/métodos; transplante autólogo

INTRODUCTION

High-dose chemotherapy, together with hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) harvest, has been successfully used in the management of a variety of malignant and nonmalignant diseases(¹). Mobilized peripheral blood stem cells (PBSC) became the preferred source for autologous transplantation(²). The advantages of PBSC compared with bone marrow stem cells include a faster hematopoietic recovery and enhanced immune reconstitution with a relatively easy collection procedure(³).

Rapid and sustained engraftment depends on the number of HSC infused. A significant correlation between the total number of infused CD34+ cells and successful hematological recovery was previously reported, indicating that the collection of adequate number of these cells is a key factor for safe engraftment(⁴). There is evidence to support that reliable and sustained engraftment occur in patients receiving at least 2 × 10⁶ CD34+/kg of body weigh (⁵,⁶).

Classical PBSC mobilization strategies include the administration of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) alone or in combination with myelosuppressive chemotherapy or other cytokines(²,⁷–¹⁰). Autologous PBSC are usually collected by leukapheresis during hematologic recovery phase from the administration of the mobilizing agents. However, peripheral blood (PB) CD34+ cell concentration kinetics varies among individual patients and according to chemotherapy regimen(⁷). The timing for collection after mobilization is crucial to maximize PBSC yield. Suggested predictive factors for starting leukapheresis have included PB leukocyte count, mononuclear cell count, platelet count, and the PB CD34+ cell count(⁶,⁷,¹¹). PB CD34+ cell concentration on the first day of harvest ≥10 to 20 × 10³/mL is widely used as a surrogate marker for starting PBSC collections(¹²).

The appropriate regimen for PBSC collections has not yet been established. Standard or normal-volume leukapheresis (NVL) procedure usually processes 2.5 to 3 times the patient's total blood volume (TBV), whereas in large-volume leukapheresis (LVL), 3 to 6 times the patient's TBV is processed. LVL was reported as a safe and useful strategy to maximize autologous CD34+ cell yield especially in patients with low PB CD34+ cell concentration(¹³–¹⁸).

Unfortunately, from 5 to 40% of patients undergoing autologous PBSC collection failed to achieve the minimum dose of 2 × 10⁶ CD34+ cell/ kg body weight considering a single mobilization attempt. These patients are called “poor mobilizers”. The identification of factors affecting PBSC yield has been the objective of several studies. Patients’ age and gender, interval from the last chemotherapy treatment, bone marrow involvement, diagnosis and disease status, prior radiation, number and type of previous chemotherapy regimens, and fever of unknown origin were associated with poor PBSC mobilization. However, there is still no specific factor to identify a poor mobilizer(⁷,¹⁹,²⁰).

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate factors affecting PBSC yield in a retrospective analysis of patients undergoing LVL for autologous PBSC collection.

METHODS

Data from 304 consecutive autologous PBSC donors mobilized with G-CSF associated or not with chemotherapy at Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (HIAE) between February 1999 and June 2010 were retrospectivelyanalyzed. MobilizationofHSCincluded three different regimens: 4 g/m² of cyclophosphamide associated with G-CSF (Granulokine, Roche, Reinach, Switzerland) 10 mg/kg body weight; G-CSF 10 mg/ kg body weight; or disease-specific chemotherapy, followed by daily stimulation with G-CSF 10 mg/kg body weight.

Complete blood cell count was evaluated daily after mobilization with chemotherapy. PB CD34+ cell count was determined when white blood cell count (WBC) had risen to greater than 1.000 cells/mL. Peripheral blood WBC and CD34+ cell counts were determined on the fourth day of G-CSF administration for patients mobilized with this growth factor alone. PBSC collections were started with PB CD34+ cell counts greater than 10 cells/mL.

Leukapheresis for PBSC collections were performed with a continuous flow blood cell separator (Spectra, Caridian BCT, Lakewood, CO, USA) using a semi-automated mononuclear cell (MNC) or an automated auto-PBSC protocol. Daily PBSC collections were performed in order to reach an individual targeted yield of ≥2 × 10⁶ CD34+cells/kg body weight. LVL processing four times the patient's TBV was employed with the aim of maximizing CD34+ yield per procedure. A central venous catheter was inserted when the patient's peripheral venous access was considered poor to sustain an adequate inlet flow rate during apheresis. For extracorporeal anticoagulation we used the ACD-A, at a ratio of 1:13 to 1:16. All patients received prophylactic intravenous calcium and potassium infusions during leukapheresis. The cell products collected were frozen in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and stored in liquid nitrogen or in a mechanical freezer.

CD34+ cells were counted in the PB and the leukapheresis product by flow cytometry, as previously described(²¹). Briefly, MNC were stained with phycoerythrin-conjugated anti-CD34+ (anti-HPCA 2) and counterstained with fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated anti-CD45. Cells were analyzed by fluorescein-activated sorting (Coulter^® Epics XL-MCL™ Flow Cytometer, Beckman Coulter, Brea, CA, USA). For each sample, we analyzed 100.000 events.

The collection goal was to obtain at least 2×10⁶ CD34 cells/kg body weight. Therefore, successful collection was defined when this target was reached within three consecutive LVL. Pre-mobilization factors analyzed included patients’ age, gender, and diagnosis. Post-mobilization parameters evaluated were pre-apheresis PB WBC, immature circulating cells, MNC cells, PB CD34+ cells, platelet count, and hemoglobin level.

All data were analyzed with the software Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA). The effects of pre-and post-mobilization factors on HSC collection efficiency were investigated using logistic regression analyses (univariate and multivariate approaches). Variables with a p value < 0.10 in univariate analysis were included in the multivariate model. A p value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

RESULTS

A total of 304 patients were submitted to 312 mobilization attempts during the study period. Patients’ demographics are depicted on table 1. LVL was performed in 283 adults and in 21 pediatric patients with a mean age of 46 years (range: 3 to 73 years). The lymphoma group included 95 non-Hodgkin's and 19 relapsed Hodgkin's disease patients. Multiple sclerosis was the most prevalent diagnosis among autoimmune disease patients. Other onco-hematological diseases included acute leukemia other than acute myeloid leukemia (AML), chronic leukemia, and myelodisplastic syndrome.

Table 1
Clinical characteristics of autologous peripheral blood stem cell donors

Number of patients		304
Age (years)*		46 ± 16 (3-73)
Sex
	Male	176 (58%)
	Female	128 (42%)
Diagnosis
	Lymphoma	114 (38%)
	Multiple myeloma	68 (22%)
	Auto immune disease	37 (12%)
	Acute myeloid leukemia	33 (11%)
	Solid tumor	31 (10%)
	Other hematological diseases	21 (07%)
Weight (kg)*		73 ± 96 (13-143)
Total blood volume (mL)*		4.578 ± 1.023 (927-7.714)

• ^*
  Mean ± standard deviation (range).

A total of 573 LVL were performed with a mean of 2 (range: 1 to 8) leukaphereses per patient. The targeted HSC yield (≥2 × 10⁶ CD34+ cells/kg body weight) was obtained in 275/312 (88%) mobilization attempts. Therefore, poor HSC yield occurred in 37/312 (12%) of these mobilization cycles. The incidence of poor HSC yield according to patient's diagnosis is depicted on table 2.

Table 2
Incidence of poor CD34+ yield (< 2 × 10⁶ CD34+ cells/kg body weight) in 312 mobilization attempts for autologous PBSC collections

Disease	CD34+ cells/kg body weight
	≥ 2 × 106	< 2 × 106
Lymphoma	106 (92%)	9 (8%)
Multiple myeloma	67 (92%)	6 (8%)
Auto immune disease	36 (97%)	1 (3%)
Acute myeloid leukemia	24 (73%)	9 (27%)
Solid tumor	25 (81%)	6 (19%)
Other hematological diseases	17 (74%)	6 (26%)

Factors correlated to poor CD34+ cell yield in univariate analysis are listed in table 3. Pre-mobilization factors significantly affecting CD34+ yield were AML (p = 0.017) and other hematological diseases (p = 0.023). Significant post-mobilization factors included PB immature circulating cells (p = 0.001), granulocytes (p = 0.002), hemoglobin level (p = 0.016), and CD34+ cell concentration (p < 0.001) in the first day of harvest. However, according to the multivariate analysis, PB CD34+ cell content (p < 0.001) was the only independent factor significantly correlated to unsuccessful HSC yield (Table 4).

Table 3
Factors associated with poor CD34+ cell yield in univariate analysis

Variable		OR	95%CI	p value
Patient
	Age	0.999	(0.978; 1.020)	0.899
	Female gender	0.834	(0.412; 1.691)	0.615
Diagnosis
	Lymphoma	3.057	(0.374; 24.968)	0.184
	Multiple myeloma	3.224	(0.374; 27.826)	0.287
	Acute myeloid leukemia	13.500	(1.605; 113.552)	0.017*
	Solid tumor	8.640	(0.989; 76.251)	0.052
	Other hematological diseases	12.706	(1.416; 114.004)	0.023*
Pre-apheresis data
	PB white blood cells	0.999	(0.981; 1.017)	0.890
	PB immature cells	0.839	(0.758; 0.928)	0.001*
	PB granulocyte cells	1.051	(1.019; 1.084)	0.002*
	PB mononuclear cells	0.983	(0.955; 1.013)	0.274
	PB platelet count	0.999	(0.995; 1.003)	0.734
	PB hemoglobin level	1.261	(1.045; 1.521)	0.016*
	PB CD34+ cells	0.836	(0.978; 1.020)	<0.001*

• ^*
  A p value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
• OR: Odds ratio; 95%CI: 95% confidence interval; PB: peripheral blood.

Table 4
Factors associated with poor CD34+ cell yield in multivariate analysis

Variable		OR	95%CI	p value
Diagnosis
	Acute myeloid leukemia	0.688	(0.053; 9.020)	0.776
	Solid tumor	0.543	(0.037; 8.058)	0.657
	Otder hematological diseases	0.396	(0.026; 6.100)	0.506
Pre-apheresis data
	PB immature cells	0.998	(0.872; 1.142)	0.981
	PB granulocyte cells	1.038	(0.984; 1.096)	0.172
	PB hemoglobin level	1.240	(1.946; 1.626)	0.119
	PB CD34+ cells	0.831	(0.769; 0.897)	<0.001*

• ^*
  A p- value <0.05 was considered statistically significant
• OR: Odds ratio; 95%CI: 95% confidence interval; PB: peripheral blood

DISCUSSION

HSC can be mobilized into the circulation by G-CSF, chemotherapy or both. Factors influencing HSC yield in a harvest have been extensively studied and are not completely understood. Variables reported to be associated with a poor yield included older age, certain disorders, high number and long duration of preceding chemotherapy events, the presence of marrow infiltrating disease, previous radiation, low pre-mobilization platelet count, short intervals from last chemotherapy cycle to mobilization, low pre-mobilization bone marrow CFU-GM levels, inadequate chemo-priming regimens, and/or low dose G-CSF(⁷). However, it is still difficult to draw a definite conclusion from these studies owing to the heterogeneity in the patient population in terms of their different disease characteristics(²²).

In this study, 88% of patients were able to reach the targeted HSC yield. This result is similar to the recent report from Wuchter et al.(²³). The patient age effect on HSC yield was evaluated in numerous studies with contradictory results(⁴,⁷,²⁴). Patient age and gender did not affect CD34+ cell yield in our study. The same findings were described by Wuchter et al.(²³). In contrast, age less than 38 years old and male gender were associated with a good HSC yield in healthy volunteer HSC donors(⁷).

The role of diagnosis in patients failing HSC mobilization had also been reported. Acute leukemia was correlated to a poor HSC yield compared to other hematological malignancies(²,⁴,²⁵). Our study found that both AML and other hematological diseases affected negatively HSC yield in univariate analysis. A possible explanation could be the fact that the latter group included many patients with relapsed or refractory diseases. These patients might have received more chemotherapy cycles before HSC mobilization, a known factor which negatively affects HSC yield(²³). However, these disorders were not significant in multivariate analysis.

Post-mobilization factors affecting HSC yield already reported include PB immature myeloid circulating cells, granulocytes, and PB C34+ cell concentration in the first day of harvest(⁷,¹⁶). In our study, immature circulating cells, PB granulocytes count, hemoglobin level, and CD34+ cell concentration were found significantly correlated to HSC yield in univariate analysis. However, this correlation was not significant in multivariate analysis except for PB CD34+ cell concentration(¹¹). A high predictive value of PB CD34+ cell concentration and the yield of these cells in the apheresis product have been reported(¹¹,²⁶).

The limitations of this retrospective study include sample heterogeneity, disease status and different mobilization regimens. Another issue is the lack of information about the total number of chemotherapy cycles and the agents used before mobilization. Prolonged chemotherapy treatment and alkylating agents have been reported as predictive factors associated with poor HSC yields (⁸,¹⁹,²²–²⁴).

CONCLUSIONS

In this study PB CD34+ cell concentration was the only factor significantly correlated to HSC yields in patients submitted to LVL for autologous PBSC collection.

• Study carried out at Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein – HIAE, São Paulo (SP), Brazil.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We thank Angela Tavares Paes and Elivane da Silva Victor for helping with the statistical analysis.

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  Apr-Jun 2011

History

• Received
  01 Dec 2010
• Accepted
  05 Apr 2011