Acessibilidade / Reportar erro

Standardization of the infusion sequence of antineoplastic drugs used in the treatment of breast and colorectal cancers

ABSTRACT

The definition of antineoplastic administration sequences can help planning of therapeutic regimens in a more rational way, and thus optimize chemotherapy effects on patients, increasing efficacy and reducing toxic effects. In this way, this study aimed to evaluate the infusion order of antineoplastic agents of the main therapeutic protocols used in the treatment of colorectal and breast cancer which are used in a tertiary hospital, identifying possible interactions dependent on the infusion sequence. For the definition of protocols adopted in the hospital, medical prescriptions were used in the period of January to March 2016 and a literature review was conducted to search for studies assessing the sequence of administering the selected regimens. The databases used were SciELO, LILACS and MEDLINE, in addition to Micromedex Solutions® and UpToDate®. A total of 19 protocols were identified for antineoplastic therapy, 11 for colorectal cancer and 8 for breast cancer. The selected articles provided evidence for administration order of 19 protocols, and three protocols did no report relevance of infusion sequence. Sequence-dependent interactions were mainly related to toxicity, pharmacokinetics and efficacy of the drug combination. The definition of the infusion sequence has a great impact on the optimization of therapy, increasing efficacy and safety of the protocols containing combined antineoplastic therapies.

Keywords:
Administration; intravenous; Antineoplastic agents/administration & dosage; Breast neoplasms; Colorectal neoplasms

RESUMO

A definição de sequências de administração de antineoplásicos pode proporcionar o planejamento dos esquemas terapêuticos de forma mais racional e, assim, otimizar o efeito da quimioterapia nos pacientes, aumentando a eficácia e reduzindo o aparecimento de efeitos tóxicos. Desta forma, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a ordem de infusão dos antineoplásicos constituintes dos principais protocolos terapêuticos para o tratamento dos cânceres de mama e colorretal utilizados em um hospital terciário, identificando possíveis interações dependentes da sequência de infusão. Para definição dos protocolos adotados na Instituição, foram utilizadas as prescrições no período de janeiro a março de 2016, sendo então realizada uma revisão de literatura, para buscar estudos que avaliaram a sequência de administração dos esquemas selecionados. Para tanto, as seguintes bases de dados foram utilizadas: SciELO, LILACS e MEDLINE, além das plataformas Micromedex Solutions® e UpToDate®. Foram identificados 19 protocolos para terapia antineoplásica, sendo 11 para câncer colorretal e 8 para câncer de mama. Os artigos selecionados forneceram evidências para ordem de administração de 19 protocolos, e em 3 protocolos, não foi evidenciada a relevância da sequência infusional. As interações dependentes de sequência foram principalmente relacionadas à toxicidade, farmacocinética e eficácia da combinação de fármacos. A definição da sequência infusional possui grande impacto na otimização da terapia, aumentando a eficácia e a segurança dos protocolos, contendo terapias combinadas de antineoplásicos.

Descritores:
Administração intravenosa; Antineoplásicos/administração & dosagem; Neoplasias da mama; Neoplasias colorretais

INTRODUCTION

Cancer is a worldwide public health issue. In 2012, there were 14.1 million cases of cancer around the world, and it is estimated this number will reach 24 million, in 2025.(11. World Cancer Research Fund International [Internet]. London: World Cancer Research Fund International [cited 2017 Jan 25]. Available from: http://www.wcrf.org
http://www.wcrf.org...
) According to the Instituto Nacional de Câncer “José Alencar Gomes da Silva” (INCA), in 2016/2017, Brazil had approximately 600 thousand new cases of cancer; in that, breast (28.1%) and colorectal cancer (8.6%) were the most prevalent among women, and prostate (28.6%), tracheal, bronchial and lung (8.1%), and colorectal (7.8%), in males. Non-melanoma skin cancer was not included in this estimate and is the most prevalent in both sexes.(22. Brasil. Ministério da Saúde. Instituto Nacional de Câncer José de Alencar Gomes da Silva (INCA). Estimativa 2016: incidência de câncer no Brasil [Internet]. Rio de Janeiro (RJ): INCA; 2015 [citado 2017 Jul 28]. Disponível em: http://santacasadermatoazulay.com.br/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/estimativa-2016-v11.pdf
http://santacasadermatoazulay.com.br/wp-...
) Colorectal cancer is among the five most frequent neoplasms, and its incidence is not homogeneous throughout Brazil; it is more prevalent in the South and Southeast regions of the country.(33. Habr Gama A. [Colorectal cancer: the importance of its prevention]. Arq Gastroenterol. 2005;42(1):2-3. Portuguese.)

The combination of several drugs with different mechanisms of action is an effective strategy in cancer treatment and provides many benefits. First, the association of two or more drugs with different mechanisms of actions can delay cell mutations and the process of adjustment to cancer. Second, the synergistic effect of the drugs, that is, the combined action of medications leading to potentiated biological effect.(44. He Z, Huang J, Xu Y, Zhang X, Teng Y, Huang C, et al. Co-delivery of cisplatin and paclitaxel by folic acid conjugated amphiphilic PEG-PLGA copolymer nanoparticles for the treatment of non-small lung cancer. Oncotarget. 2015;6(39):42150-68.) The pharmacological mechanisms involved in the process of interactions among intravenous solutions are basically pharmacokinetic interactions (involving factors that accelerate or delay absorption, distribution, metabolization and elimination of the drugs used) and pharmacodynamic interactions (factors leading to dysfunction in the pharmacological receptor binding).(55. Bonassa EM, Gato MI. Terapêutica Oncológica para Enfermeiros e Farmacêuticos. 4a ed. São Paulo: Atheneu; 2012.) Several antineoplastic agents (e.g. doxorubicin, docetaxel, paclitaxel, etc.) are metabolized via the cytochrome P450 pathway (CYP), and other chemotherapeutic drugs (e.g. taxanes and platinum agents) present high levels of protein binding. Moreover, many chemotherapeutic drugs have specific mechanisms of action during the cell cycle, and can increase cytotoxicity or antagonize the mechanism of the second agent.(66. Mancini R, Modlin J. Chemotherapy Administration Sequence: a review of the literature and Creation of a Sequencing Chart. J Hematol Oncol Pharm. 2011;1(1):17-25. Review.)

Recognizing these pharmacokinetic interactions between drugs is important to optimize doses of cytotoxic agents in combined chemotherapy. Many drugs called “cell cycle specific drugs” (CCS) are effective against cancer and act on cells that are in the cell cycle. A second group of agents called “cell cycle nonspecific drugs” (CCNS) are able to kill tumor cells, regardless of their being in the cell cycle or at rest.(77. Almeida VL, Leitão A, Reina LC, Montanari CA, Donnici CL, Lopes MT. [Cancer and cell cicle-specific and cell cicle nonspecific anticancer DNA-interactive agents: an introduction]. Quim Nova. 2005;28(1):118-29. Portuguese.) Regarding the infusion order, if the specific antineoplastic agents are administered before nonspecific cycles, maximized effect in cells with high cell division rates, such as neoplastic cells, is theoretically expected. The reason is when the cell cycle is interrupted at the time of division, nonspecific agents can more easily act in the DNA.(88. Rodrigues R. Ordem de Infusão de Medicamentos Antineoplásicos - Sistematização de informações para auxiliar a discussão e criação de protocolos assistenciais. São Paulo: Atheneu; 2015.) Furthermore, it is argued that it is preferable to first administer the vesicant antineoplastic drug, considering vascular integrity decreases with time. It is therefore advantageous to infuse the vesicant antineoplastic agent when the vein is more stable and less irritated.(99. How C, Brown J. Extravasation of cytotoxic chemotherapy from peripheral veins. Eur J Oncol Nurs. 1998;2(1):51-8.)

As a focus of this study, we have chosen to work with protocols used for treatment of breast and colorectal cancers, for being the most prevalent in women (breast and colorectal) and are among the most prevalent in men (colorectal), especially in the South and Southeast regions of Brazil.

Even though many reports have been published on this topic, there are no studies containing the evaluation of infusion sequence for all protocols used in antineoplastic therapy. Therefore, to define the infusion sequence, we must often rely on pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluations and on drug characteristics. In the literature, there is not yet one single source compiling the ideal administration sequences for the main protocols used in antineoplastic therapy.

OBJECTIVE

To identify interactions that depend on the infusion sequence to establish recommendations for the administration of antineoplastic agents in protocols used in breast and colorectal cancer treatments.

METHODS

This is a literature review study about the evaluation of infusion sequence of antineoplastic drugs in protocols used in colorectal and breast cancer treatments, employed in a tertiary hospital in the city of Curitiba (State of Paraná).

To define therapeutic protocols containing antineoplastic drug combinations used at the organization, we analysed medical prescriptions of adult patients seen at the oncology outpatient clinic. We selected prescriptions given between January and March 2016 that included the combinations of antineoplastic drugs used in breast and colorectal cancer treatment. We excluded prescriptions containing regimens in which the antineoplastic drugs had not been administered on the same day, or those that included only one antineoplastic agent, since the objective of the study was to determine the medication infusion sequence.

Based on the therapeutic protocols selected from medical prescriptions, we conducted a literature review to search for studies evaluating the administration sequence of the selected regimens. To that end, we used the databases Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature (LILACS) and MEDLINE (PubMed). The keywords to identify studies related to the theme included any combination of the protocol name and/or antineoplastic drug, with the English words “administration”, “sequencing” or “interactions”. Additionally, we used the software Micromedex Solutions® and UpToDate® to collect information on the drugs and on possible drug interactions. We included all articles about protocols of interest, giving preference to those conducted in humans and excluding the studies containing protocols of drugs not administered on the same day of treatment.

For situations without a clearly established infusion sequence or with disagreement among authors, we evaluated pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and characteristics of each antineoplastic drug to define the most appropriate sequence. This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee, protocol 1.776.532, CAAE: 59998016.0.0000.0096.

RESULTS

A total of 408 prescriptions containing treatment protocols for colorectal and breast cancer were evaluated. Most patients were female (65.8%) and mean age was 53.56 years.

Table 1 shows therapeutic protocols used at the organization for breast and colorectal cancer with the respective number of patients for whom they were prescribed.

Table 1
Therapeutic protocols

In total, 178 patients used 22 different protocols containing a combination of antineoplastic drugs.

The bibliographic search yielded 36 articles that were the basis to evaluate these protocols. The selected articles brought some evidence towards the administration sequence of 19 protocols (Table 2), while for 3 protocols there was no evidence of relevance in the infusion sequence (Table 3). Interactions dependent on the sequence were mainly related to toxicity, pharmacokinetics and efficacy of drug combination.

Table 2
Suggested sequence for the therapeutic protocol and reasons for infusion order
Table 3
Combination of chemotherapeutic agents in which sequence has no effect on efficacy or toxicity

DISCUSSION

There are few studies in the literature evaluating the infusion sequence of antineoplastic drugs in chemotherapy protocols. The definition of more adequate administration sequences, considering the constituent drugs, can help planning of therapeutic regimens in a more rational way, and thus optimize chemotherapy effects on patients, increasing efficacy and reducing toxic effects. The main criteria to be considered when defining the ideal order are: pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics (including the cell cycle phase in which the antineoplastic drugs act) and drug characteristics (vesicant/irritant and incompatibilities). Moreover, considering that the main target is cell division, the drugs affect all normal tissues in quick division, and they will probably produce some toxicity, either at high or low levels.(4343. Rang HP, Dale MM, Ritter JM, Flower RJ, Henderson G. Rang & Dale Farmacologia. 7a ed. Rio de Janeiro: Elsevier; 2012.)

Based on information related to each drug’s pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, it is possible to evaluate antagonism or synergism, in relation to efficacy and safety. The synergistic effect is one of the main reasons for using combined chemotherapy. Synergy is defined as an expected additive effect when individual drugs are combined. Antagonism is when the combination of two drugs reduces or nullifies the effects of one or both. The combination of folinic acid (LV) and fluorouracil (5FU) is an example of two drugs that synergistically act on the same target, yielding antitumoral results.(4444. Shah MA, Schwartz GK. The relevance of drug sequence in combination chemotherapy. Drug Resist Updat. 2000;3(6):335-56.) Folinic acid increases the effect of 5FU by stabilizing the binding of its converted form (fluorodeoxyuridine acid) to thymidylate synthase, contributing to inhibition of this important enzyme in DNA repair and replication.(1919. Jolivet J. Role of leucovorin dosing and administration schedule. Eur J Cancer. 1995;31A(7-8):1311-5. Review.,2020. Rustum YM, Cao S, Zhang Z. Rationale for treatment design: biochemical modulation of 5-fluorouracil by leucovorin. Cancer J Sci Am. 1998;4(1):12-8. Review.)

Among the effects related to the pharmacokinetics ofthe drugs studied, the most frequent were related to metabolism/biotransformation and antineoplastic medication elimination/excretion. Although some drugs are metabolized in their place of absorption, the primary metabolism site is the liver, especially in the P450 cytochrome enzyme complex. Drugs, food and some herbs can induce or inhibit enzymes involved in drug metabolism.(4545. Scripture CD, Figg WD. Drug interactions in cancer therapy. Nat Rev Cancer. 2006;6(7):546-58. Review. Erratum in: Nat Rev Cancer. 2006;6(9):741.) Therefore, it is important to understand the role of enzymes and transporters in the metabolism of antineoplastic agents and the mechanisms through which they modulate their expression and activity.

Enzyme inhibition usually leads to an increase in the metabolic rate and in the serum concentration of the drug, which can result in increased therapeutic response or toxicity. Enzyme inhibition effects are relatively fast, with their initial effects appearing in 24 hours. Therefore, patients must be frequently monitored.(4646. Yap KY, Chui WK, Chan A. Drug interactions between chemotherapeutic regimens and antiepileptics. Clin Ther. 2008;30(8):1385-407. Review.) A well-known example of drug interaction due to enzyme inhibition is the one between cyclophosphamide and doxorubicin. Cyclophosphamide is a substrate of the enzyme CYP2B6, which means it is a prodrug and requires biotransformation to produce its pharmacologically active cytotoxic compounds. Doxorubicin is a (moderate) inhibitor of this same enzyme. Therefore, CYP inhibitors can reduce the metabolism of substrates of this pathway, leading to decreased serum concentration of cyclophosphamide.(1212. Bachmann KA, Lewis JD, Fuller MA, Bonfiglio MF. Interações medicamentosas: o novo padrão de interações medicamentosas e fitoterápicas. Um guia completo dos substratos, indutores e inibidores de enzimas do citocromo P450. 2a ed. Barueri (SP): Manole; 2006.)

Most antineoplastic drugs affect mainly cell division. In many cases, the antiproliferative action of antineoplastic drugs is directly in the DNA, resulting in permanent damage and initiating cell apoptosis. A better result of these antineoplastic drugs can be obtained through the action during the S phase of the cell cycle, when the cell is synthetizing a new DNA.(4444. Shah MA, Schwartz GK. The relevance of drug sequence in combination chemotherapy. Drug Resist Updat. 2000;3(6):335-56.) Thus, regarding infusion order, if we administer a CCS antineoplastic drug before a CCNS agent, we can theoretically expect a maximization of the effects on cells with a high cell division rate, such as the neoplastic cells. Thus, with an interrupted cell cycle, antineoplastic agents can more easily act in the DNA.

In addition, the higher the exposure to antineoplastic drugs, the less stable and more fragile veins become. As a consequence, drugs administered last have a higher chance of leakage, regardless of the technique employed. It is better to administer the vesicant antineoplastic drug first, when the vein is more stable and less irritated. Another possibility is using the “sandwich technique”: a non-vesicant antineoplastic drug first, then the vesicant drug, and lastly another non-vesicant. However, vein integrity decline due to successive cytotoxic cycles suggests vesicant drugs are safer when administered first.(4747. How C, Brown J. Extravasation of cytotoxic chemotherapy from peripheral veins. Eur J Oncol Nurs. 1998;2(1):51-8.) Therefore, administering vesicant drugs first proves more advantageous and safer for patients.

The limitations of this study include the fact that, in some cases, the infusion sequence was not clearly described in the literature, such as: a) the combination of pamidronate and paclitaxel or docetaxel – the infusion order was based on the fact that pamidronate can cause nephrotoxicity, which could alter the excretion of the other drugs; and b) the combination of cyclophosphamide and docetaxel, whose data were extrapolated from studies with ifosfomide, which belongs to the same drug class of cyclophosphamide.

Nevertheless, this review showed that many infusion sequences have already been well-defined in the literature, regarding safety, efficacy, prevention of excessive toxicity or reduced efficacy. Therefore, understanding the potential drug interactions, medical teams can minimize risks by prescribing adequate drugs with an appropriate infusion order and monitoring signs of interactions.

CONCLUSION

Defining an infusion sequence greatly optimizes treatment. Such sequences must be based on studies (preferably carried out in humans, about specific sequence evaluations), and pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and drug properties (vesicant drugs or incompatibilities). By means of this research, we propose increasing efficacy and safety of protocols that include combined antineoplastic treatments, and standardizing the administration sequences.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Thanks to the Hospital Pharmacy at the Complexo Hospital de Clínicas da Universidade Federal do Paraná, and to the Multiprofessional Residency Program, for supporting the development of this service.

REFERENCES

  • 1
    World Cancer Research Fund International [Internet]. London: World Cancer Research Fund International [cited 2017 Jan 25]. Available from: http://www.wcrf.org
    » http://www.wcrf.org
  • 2
    Brasil. Ministério da Saúde. Instituto Nacional de Câncer José de Alencar Gomes da Silva (INCA). Estimativa 2016: incidência de câncer no Brasil [Internet]. Rio de Janeiro (RJ): INCA; 2015 [citado 2017 Jul 28]. Disponível em: http://santacasadermatoazulay.com.br/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/estimativa-2016-v11.pdf
    » http://santacasadermatoazulay.com.br/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/estimativa-2016-v11.pdf
  • 3
    Habr Gama A. [Colorectal cancer: the importance of its prevention]. Arq Gastroenterol. 2005;42(1):2-3. Portuguese.
  • 4
    He Z, Huang J, Xu Y, Zhang X, Teng Y, Huang C, et al. Co-delivery of cisplatin and paclitaxel by folic acid conjugated amphiphilic PEG-PLGA copolymer nanoparticles for the treatment of non-small lung cancer. Oncotarget. 2015;6(39):42150-68.
  • 5
    Bonassa EM, Gato MI. Terapêutica Oncológica para Enfermeiros e Farmacêuticos. 4a ed. São Paulo: Atheneu; 2012.
  • 6
    Mancini R, Modlin J. Chemotherapy Administration Sequence: a review of the literature and Creation of a Sequencing Chart. J Hematol Oncol Pharm. 2011;1(1):17-25. Review.
  • 7
    Almeida VL, Leitão A, Reina LC, Montanari CA, Donnici CL, Lopes MT. [Cancer and cell cicle-specific and cell cicle nonspecific anticancer DNA-interactive agents: an introduction]. Quim Nova. 2005;28(1):118-29. Portuguese.
  • 8
    Rodrigues R. Ordem de Infusão de Medicamentos Antineoplásicos - Sistematização de informações para auxiliar a discussão e criação de protocolos assistenciais. São Paulo: Atheneu; 2015.
  • 9
    How C, Brown J. Extravasation of cytotoxic chemotherapy from peripheral veins. Eur J Oncol Nurs. 1998;2(1):51-8.
  • 10
    Micromedex 2.0 Solutions. Intravenous (IV) Compatibility Search [Internet]. Ann Arbor (MI): Truven Health Analytics Inc. 2013 [cited 2017 Jan 20]. Available from: http://www-micromedexsolutions-com.ez22.periodicos.capes.gov.br/micromedex2/librarian/CS/359299/ND_PR/evidencexpert/ND_P/evidencexpert/DUPLICATIONSHIELDSYNC/282BE0/ND_PG/evidencexpert/ND_B/evidencexpert/ND_AppProduct/evidencexpert/ND_T/evidencexpert/PFActionId/evidencexpert.FindIVCompatibility?navitem=topIV&isToolPage=true
    » http://www-micromedexsolutions-com.ez22.periodicos.capes.gov.br/micromedex2/librarian/CS/359299/ND_PR/evidencexpert/ND_P/evidencexpert/DUPLICATIONSHIELDSYNC/282BE0/ND_PG/evidencexpert/ND_B/evidencexpert/ND_AppProduct/evidencexpert/ND_T/evidencexpert/PFActionId/evidencexpert.FindIVCompatibility?navitem=topIV&isToolPage=true
  • 11
    Chang TK, Weber GF, Crespi CL, Waxman DJ. Differential Activation of Cyclophosphamide and ifosphamide by cytochromes p-450 2b and 3a in human liver microsomes. Cancer Res. 1993;53(23):5629-37.
  • 12
    Bachmann KA, Lewis JD, Fuller MA, Bonfiglio MF. Interações medicamentosas: o novo padrão de interações medicamentosas e fitoterápicas. Um guia completo dos substratos, indutores e inibidores de enzimas do citocromo P450. 2a ed. Barueri (SP): Manole; 2006.
  • 13
    Santelli G, Valeriote F, Vietti T, Coultert D. Cytotoxic effect of 5-fluorouracil plus cyclophosphamide against transplantable leukemias. Eur J Cancer. 1981; 17(6):629-34.
  • 14
    Kroep JR, Peters GJ, van Moorsel CJ, Catik A, Vermorken JB, Pinedo HM, et al. Gemcitabine-cisplatin: a schedule finding study. Ann Oncol. 1999; 10(12):1503-10.
  • 15
    de Jonge MJ, Verweij J, Planting AS, van Der Burg ME, Stoter G, de Boer-Dennert MM, et al. Drug-administration sequence does not change pharmacodynamics and kinetics of irinotecan and cisplatin. Clin Cancer Res. 1999;5(8):2012-7.
  • 16
    Han JY, Lim HS, Lee DH, Ju SY, Lee SY, Kim HY, et al. Randomized Phase II study of two opposite administration sequences of irinotecan and cisplatin in patients with advanced nonsmall cell lung carcinoma. Cancer. 2006; 106(4):873-80.
  • 17
    Kennedy MJ, Zahurak ML, Donehower RC, Noe DA, Sartorius S, Chen TL, et al. Phase I and pharmacologic study of sequences of paclitaxel and cyclophosphamide supported by granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in women with previously treated metastatic breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 1996;14(3):783-91.
  • 18
    Micromedex 2.0Soluntions. Pamidronate Disodium, Medication Safety, Precautions [Internet]. Ann Arbor (MI): Truven Health Analytics Inc. 2013 [cited 2017 Jan 20]. Available from: http://www-micromedexsolutions-com.ez22.periodicos.capes.gov.br/micromedex2/librarian/PFDefaultActionId/evidencexpert.DoIntegratedSearch#
    » http://www-micromedexsolutions-com.ez22.periodicos.capes.gov.br/micromedex2/librarian/PFDefaultActionId/evidencexpert.DoIntegratedSearch#
  • 19
    Jolivet J. Role of leucovorin dosing and administration schedule. Eur J Cancer. 1995;31A(7-8):1311-5. Review.
  • 20
    Rustum YM, Cao S, Zhang Z. Rationale for treatment design: biochemical modulation of 5-fluorouracil by leucovorin. Cancer J Sci Am. 1998;4(1):12-8. Review.
  • 21
    Grivicich I. A Importância da sequência de administração do irinotecan e 5-fluorouracil na inibição da proliferção do carcinoma de cólon humano in vitro [tese]. Porto Alegre: Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; 1999.
  • 22
    Falcone A, Di Paolo A, Masi G, Allegrini G, Danesi R, Lencioni M, et al. Sequence effect of irinotecan and fluorouracil treatment on pharmacokinetics and toxicity in chemotherapy-naive metastatic colorectal cancer patients. J Clin Oncol. 2001;19(15):3456-62.
  • 23
    Valencak J, Raderer M, Kornek GV, Henja MH, Scheithauer W. Irinotecan-related cholinergic syndrome induced by coadministration of oxaliplatin. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1998;90(2):160.
  • 24
    Dodds HM, Bishop JF, Rivory LP. More about: irinotecan-related cholinergic syndrome induced by coadministration of oxaliplatin. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1999;91(1):91-2.
  • 25
    Qin B, Tanaka R, Shibata Y, Arita S, Ariyama H, Kusaba H, et al. In-vitro schedule-dependent interaction between oxaliplatin and 5-fluorouracil in human gastric cancer cell lines. Anticancer Drugs. 2006;17(4):445-53.
  • 26
    Fischel JL, Formento P, Ciccolini J, Rostagno P, Etienne MC, Catalin J, et al. Impact of the oxaliplatin-5 fluorouracil-folinic acid combination on respective intracellular determinants of drug activity. Br J Cancer. 2002;86(7):1162-8.
  • 27
    Buzaid AC, Hoff PM, Malui FC. Mini-MOC - poket do manual de oncologia clínica do Hospital Sírio-Libanês. São Paulo: Dendrix; 2009.
  • 28
    Neville-Webbe HL, Evans CA, Coleman RE, Holen I. Mechanisms of the synergistic interaction between the bisphosphonate zoledronic acid and the chemotherapy agent paclitaxel in breast cancer cells in vitro. Tumor Biol. 2006;27(2):92-103.
  • 29
    Miyoshi Y, Ando A, Takamura Y, Taguchi T, Tamaki Y, Noguchi S. Prediction of response to docetaxel by CYP3A4 mRNA expression in breast cancer tissues. Int J Cancer. 2002;97(1):129-32.
  • 30
    Bramwell VH, Mouridsen HT, Santoro A, Blackledge G, Somers R, Verwey J, et al. Cyclophosphamide versus ifosfamide: final report of a randomized phase II trial in adult soft tissue sarcomas. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol. 1987;23(3):311-21.
  • 31
    Schrijvers D, Pronk L, Highley M, Bruno R, Locci-Tonelli D, De Bruijn E, et al. Pharmacokinetics of ifosfamide are changed by combination with docetaxel: results of a phase I pharmacologic study. Am J Clin Oncol. 2000;23(4):358-63.
  • 32
    Ando Y. Possible metabolic interaction between docetaxel and ifosfamide. Br J Cancer. 2000;82(2):497.
  • 33
    Lee S, Yang W, Lan KH, Sellappan S, Klos K, Hortobagyi G, et al. Enhanced sensitization to taxol-induced apoptosis by herceptin pretreatment in ErbB2-overexpressing breast cancer cells. Cancer Res. 2002;62(20):5703-10.
  • 34
    Chung CH. Managing premedications and the risk for reactions to infusional monoclonal antibody therapy. Oncologist. 2008;13(6):725-32. Review.
  • 35
    Hannawa IS, Bestul DJ. Rituximab tolerability when given before or after CHOP. J Oncol Pharm Pract. 2011;17(4):381-6.
  • 36
    Markman M, Elson P, Kulp B, Peterson G, Zanotti K, Webster K, et al. Carboplatin plus paclitaxel combination chemotherapy : impact of sequence of drug administration on treatment-induced neutropenia. Gynecol Oncol. 2003;91(1):118-22.
  • 37
    Huizing MT, Giaccone G, van Warmerdam LJ, Rosing H, Bakker PJ, Vermorken JB, et al. Pharmacokinetics of paclitaxel and carboplatin in a dose-escalating and dose-sequencing study in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer. The European Cancer Centre. J Clin Oncol. 1997;15(1):317-29.
  • 38
    Harita S, Watanabe Y, Kiura K, Tabata M, Takigawa N, Kuyama S, et al. Influence of altering administration sequence of docetaxel, gemcitabine and cisplatin in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Anticancer Res. 2006;26(2B):1637-41.
  • 39
    Rizvi NA, Spiridonidis CH, Davis TH, Bhargava P, Marshall JL, Dahut W, et al. Docetaxel and gemcitabine combinations in non-small cell lung cancer. Semin Oncol. 1999;26(5 Suppl 16):27-31; discussion 41-2. Review.
  • 40
    Nahta R, Hung M, Esteva FJ. The HER-2-targeting antibodies trastuzumab and pertuzumab synergistically inhibit the survival of breast cancer cells. Cancer Res. 2004;64(7):2343-6.
  • 41
    Richard S, Selle F, Lotz JP, Khalil A, Gligorov J, Soares DG. Pertuzumab and trastuzumab: the rationale way to synergy. An Acad Bras Cienc. 2016;88 Suppl 1:565-77. Review.
  • 42
    Cortés J, Fumoleau P, Bianchi GV, Petrella TM, Gelmon K, Pivot X, et al. Pertuzumab monotherapy after trastuzumab-based treatment and subsequent reintroduction of trastuzumab: activity and tolerability in patients with advanced human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30(14):1594-600.
  • 43
    Rang HP, Dale MM, Ritter JM, Flower RJ, Henderson G. Rang & Dale Farmacologia. 7a ed. Rio de Janeiro: Elsevier; 2012.
  • 44
    Shah MA, Schwartz GK. The relevance of drug sequence in combination chemotherapy. Drug Resist Updat. 2000;3(6):335-56.
  • 45
    Scripture CD, Figg WD. Drug interactions in cancer therapy. Nat Rev Cancer. 2006;6(7):546-58. Review. Erratum in: Nat Rev Cancer. 2006;6(9):741.
  • 46
    Yap KY, Chui WK, Chan A. Drug interactions between chemotherapeutic regimens and antiepileptics. Clin Ther. 2008;30(8):1385-407. Review.
  • 47
    How C, Brown J. Extravasation of cytotoxic chemotherapy from peripheral veins. Eur J Oncol Nurs. 1998;2(1):51-8.

Publication Dates

  • Publication in this collection
    2018

History

  • Received
    30 Mar 2017
  • Accepted
    06 Nov 2017
Instituto Israelita de Ensino e Pesquisa Albert Einstein Avenida Albert Einstein, 627/701 , 05651-901 São Paulo - SP, Tel.: (55 11) 2151 0904 - São Paulo - SP - Brazil
E-mail: revista@einstein.br