Anesthetic induction and recovery of Hippocampus reidi exposed to the essential oil of Lippia alba

^IUniversidade Federal de Santa Maria, Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil. [e-mail] (BB)

^IIUniversidade de Vila Velha, Laboratório de Ecotoxicologia Aquática, Vila Velha, ES, Brazil

^IIIUniversidade Federal de Santa Maria, Departamento de Farmácia Industrial, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil

ABSTRACT

The aim of this study was to identify the times of anesthetic induction and recovery in slender seahorses (Hippocampus reidi) that were exposed to the essential oil of Lippia alba (EO), as well as the efficacy of EO as a stress-reducing agent in the transport of this species. Slender seahorses were placed in 1-L aquaria containing different concentrations of EO (0, 10, 20, 50, 150, 300 and 450 µL L^-1), and after induction, fish were transferred to aquaria that were free of anesthetic to evaluate their recovery time. In an additional experiment, slender seahorses were transported in plastic bags with 15 µL L^-1 of EO for 4 or 24 h. The increased concentration of EO proportionally decreased the time required for the induction of anesthesia. EO treatment (15 µL L^-1) inhibited the increase in blood glucose levels that was provoked by transportation for 4 or 24 h. Transportation for 24 h also decreased the number of lymphocytes and increased the neutrophil count, and these effects were avoided with the addition of EO to the water. These results demonstrate that EO was effective as an anesthetic at concentrations of 10-20 µL L^-1 for slight sedation and transport and at 150 µL L^-1 for deep anesthesia in the slender seahorse.

Key words: Blood glucose, Leukocyte count, Seahorse, Stress.

RESUMO

O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar os tempos da indução e recuperação anestésica em cavalos marinhos (Hippocampus reidi) expostos ao óleo essencial de Lippia alba (OE), assim como a eficácia do OE como um agente redutor de estresse no transporte desta espécie. Os cavalos marinhos foram colocados em aquários contendo 1 litro de água e diferentes concentrações de OE (0, 10, 20, 50, 150, 300 e 450 µL L^-1), após a indução, os peixes foram transferidos à aquários livre de anestésico para avaliar o tempo de recuperação. Em um outro experimento os cavalos marinhos foram transportados em sacos plásticos contendo 15 µL L^-1 do OE por 4 ou 24h. A concentração crescente do OE diminuiu proporcionalmente o tempo exigido para a indução da anestesia. O óleo essencial (15 µL L^-1) inibiu o aumento nos níveis de glicose sanguínea provocada pelo transporte por 4 ou 24 h. O transporte por 24 h igualmente diminuiu o número de linfócitos e aumentou o número de neutrófilos, estas alterações foram evitadas com o uso do OE na água. Estes resultados demonstram que no cavalo marinho o OE é eficaz para a sedação e transporte na faixa de 10-20 µL L^-1 e para a anestesia profunda recomenda-se 150 µL L^-1.

Introduction

The slender seahorse, Hippocampus reidi, is one of the most exported Brazilian marine ornamental fish species (Monteiro-Neto et al., 2003). This species is also collected for folk medicine, souvenirs and religious purposes (Rosa et al., 2002, 2005). The seahorses produced in Brazil are usually exported to the United States. Mortality generally occurs either during transport or within weeks of arrival at the destination as a delayed physiological stress response to collection, handling and transport. Stress-related damage is most likely to be highest between collection and export, as the conditions for holding and transport are poorest at this level (Koldewey et al., 2005). Severe or chronic stress is often associated with poor performance and has long been suspected to cause immunosuppression in cultured fish (Pickering, 1998). Stress may induce the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine by chromaffin tissue in response to stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system, which might increase plasma glucose levels (Gomes et al., 2006), neoglucogenesis, the deposition of glycogen in the liver, immunosuppression and leukocyte counts (Ross & Ross, 2008). Similarly, Ellsaesser & Clem (1987) showed that both the number and immunological competence of circulating lymphocytes in the blood of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) were reduced following chronic stress.

Anesthetics are known to be effective at reducing or minimizing stress in fish. Certain anesthetics have been used in the transport of fish, such as benzocaine in Menidia estor (Ross et al., 2007) and amylobarbitone, barbital sodium, chloral hydrate, MS222, quinaldine, tertiary amyl alcohol and urethane in Indian carp (Das & Goswami, 2003). The essential oil of Lippia alba (Mill.) N. E. Brown (EO) is effective as an anesthetic for silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) (Cunha et al., 2010a), but no studies on EO have been performed in other species or on its effects on fish during transport. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify the anesthetic induction and recovery times in slender seahorses that were exposed to EO, as well as the efficacy of EO as a stress-reducing agent in the transport of this species. This is also the first study dealing with seahorse transport.

Materials and methods

Animals

Juvenile slender seahorses were acquired from a local producer in the city of Serra - ES, Brazil. They were transported to the laboratory and kept in continuously aerated 100-L aquaria with controlled temperature (22.3ºC), salinity 27.5 ± 0.2 and dissolved oxygen levels 5.5 ± 0.5 mg L^-1. A voucher specimen was registered in the ichthyologic collection at the Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (CI-UFES 1027).

Plant material

Lippia alba (Mill.) N.E. Brown was cultivated at the Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM) campus, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil. Samples of the aerial portions of the plant were collected in October, 2008. The plant material was identified by Dr. Gilberto Dolejal Zanetti from the Departamento de Farmácia Industrial, UFSM. A voucher specimen (SMDB No. 10050) was deposited in the herbarium of the Departamento de Biologia, UFSM.

Essential oil extraction

The essential oil used was obtained from fresh leaves of the plant by hydro-distillation using a Clevenger type apparatus for 2 h (European Pharmacopoeia, 2007). Essential oil samples were stored at -20 ºC in amber glass bottles.

Anesthesia induction and recovery

Slender seahorse juveniles (2.5 ± 0.5 g and 10.0 ± 1.0 cm) that had been fasted for 24 hours were transferred to aquaria containing 1 L of water and EO at concentrations of 10, 20, 50, 150, 300 and 450 µL L^-1 (equivalent to 8, 16, 40, 120, 240 and 360 mg L^-1, respectively, because the density of this EO is approximately 0.80), with the EO first being diluted in ethanol (1:10). Control experiments were performed using aquaria that contained only ethanol at a concentration equivalent to the dilution used for the 450 µL L^-1 EO treatment. To evaluate the time required for anesthesia induction, 10 seahorses, each of which were placed in individual aquaria, were used for each concentration tested, and each juvenile was used only once, according to the method of Schoettger & Julin (1967). The maximum observation time was 45 min, except in the seahorses exposed to the lower concentrations of EO (10 and 20 µL L^-1), which were observed for a period of 6 h to determine the concentration to be used for transport. After induction, the juveniles were transferred to anesthetic-free aquaria to measure the anesthesia recovery time.

Transport

Slender seahorses (2.3 ± 0.8 g and 9.8 ± 1.1 cm) were placed in plastic bags (one seahorse per bag) containing 0.5 L of water with 15 µL L^-1 of EO that had previously been diluted in ethanol (1:10) (n= 10 for treatment) and transported for 4 or 24h. This concentration was used because there was no significant difference observed between the 10 and 20 µL L^-1 treatments with respect to the anesthetic stage reached. The control group was subjected to the same procedures but no anesthetic was added to the water. Bags were then inflated with oxygen, tied with rubber strings and packed in plastic boxes, as described by Gomes et al. (2006). Water samples were collected before the plastic bags were closed and after transport for determination of dissolved oxygen, temperature and salinity with an oxygen meter YSI (model Y5512 Yellow Springs, USA). Blood samples (n= 10 for each treatment) were collected at the end of the transport period and from a group that was not subjected to transportation. An aliquot of the blood was used for glucose determination with a digital Accu-Check^TM apparatus, and another aliquot was smeared on clean slides (two per fish), which were dried at room temperature for 24 h, and then fixed in 100% methanol for 10 min. Subsequently, they were stained with 4% Giemsa solution for 10 min, air-dried, and then prepared for counting lymphocytes, eosinophils, neutrophils, thrombocytes, monocytes, and basophiles; one hundred random leukocytes cells had been counted for each individual with the aid of a Leica Galen III optical microscope, as described by Tavares-Dias et al. (2000).

Statistical analyses

To verify the homogeneity of variances, all data were submitted to Levene's test. As the data were homoscedastic, they were analyzed using two-way ANOVA and Tukey tests. STATISTICA (version 5.1) was used for these analyses, and significance was set at a level of 95% (P < 0.05).

Results

An increasing concentration of EO proportionally decreased the time required for anesthesia induction. Slender seahorses that were exposed to low concentrations (10 and 20 µL L^-1) of the EO for 6 h maintained a uniform state of sedation, i.e., they remained at stage 2 (Table 1). No mortality resulted from anesthesia induction within the range tested. The application of 4500 µL L^-1 ethanol alone (concentration equivalent to the dilution used for the 450 µL L^-1 EO treatment) did not produce an anesthetic effect. No significant difference was found in the recovery time at the different concentrations of the EO tested.

There was no significant difference in the dissolved oxygen levels (16.60±4.20 mg L^-1), salinity (27.6±0.2) or temperature (22.8±0.6 ºC) after transportation, and no mortality was observed in any of the treatments. The lymphocyte counts of the control slender seahorses transported for 24 h presented significantly lower values than before transport. However, the neutrophil counts increased significantly after the transport compared to before transport. Slender seahorses transported in water with EO did not shown any significant change in these parameters at the end of transport. No significant change was observed in eosinophil, thrombocyte, monocyte and basophil counts (Table 2).

The blood glucose levels of control slender seahorses increased significantly after 4 and 24 h of transportation compared to before transport. Fish transported under conditions of 15 µL L^-1 EO did not exhibit any significant change in their blood glucose levels compared to before transport (Fig. 1).

Discussion

Anesthesia induction and recovery

The maximum allowable time for the induction of deep anesthesia (stage 4) in fish is 10 min (Roubach et al., 2005; Ross & Ross, 2008). The lowest concentration of the EO used here that was capable of inducing deep anesthesia in the slender seahorse was 50 µL L^-1, but 150 - 300 µL L^-1 was required to obtain rapid (approximately 3 - 4 min) deep anesthesia (Table 1). As slender seahorses anesthetized with these two concentrations did not show any significant difference in the recovery times, the lower concentration (150 µL L^-1) is suggested as the optimal concentration for deep anesthesia induction. In the silver catfish, the lowest concentration of EO of L. alba that is able to induce deep anesthesia is 100 µL L^-1, while rapid anesthesia is reached with concentrations of 300-500 µL L^-1, and recovery time is 350-450 s (Cunha et al., 2010a). Apparently, the slender seahorse is more easily anesthetized by EO of L. alba than the silver catfish, but the time of recovery was similar in both species. Recovery time is usually faster at lower concentrations of anesthetic, and it becomes more prolonged as the concentration increases (Ross & Ross, 2008). However, the different concentrations of EO tested in the slender seahorse did not affect recovery time.

No other studies besides Cunha et al. (2010a) have been reported on anaesthetizing fish using EO of L. alba, but menthol at concentrations of 100- 200 mg L^-1 can provoke deep anesthesia in the tambaqui, Colossoma macropomum, after 1-2 min, and this results in a recovery time of 5-12 min (Façanha & Gomes, 2005), similar to what was found in the present study for slender seahorses. Deep anesthesia can be achieved in the tropical reef fishes Sergeant Major Abudefduf saxatilis, Cocoa damselfish Stegastes variabilis, Maria-nagô Pareques acuminatus, Doctorfish Acanthurus chirurgus, Budião-batata Sparisoma axillare, Schoolmaster snapper Lutjanus apodus, and Frillfin goby Bathygobius soporator with 20 mg L^-1 clove oil, with associated induction and recovery times of less than 3 and 5 min, respectively (Cunha & Rosa, 2006). Silver catfish can reach deep anesthesia with 20 mg L^-1 eugenol (the main compound of clove oil), but for rapid anesthesia is necessary to use 50 mg L^-1 (Cunha et al., 2010b). The effect of clove oil varies according to the species, but usually 20-50 mg L^-1 induced stage 4 of anesthesia within 120-360s (Cho & Heath 2000; Keene et al., 1998; Sladky et al., 2001; Iversen et al., 2003). Therefore a lower concentration of clove oil or eugenol than EO of L. alba is necessary to induce deep anesthesia in the teleosts species studied so far.

Transport

Sedation can be beneficial in fish transportation, especially in cases where long distances are to be covered, but there may also be advantages of sedating animals for short journeys. Stage two of anesthesia, or deep sedation, which was characterized by Schoettger and Julin (1967) as "partial loss of equilibrium, no reaction to external stimuli", is considered an ideal condition for transporting fish because fish sedated at this level exhibit reduced activity but are able to maintain partial equilibrium, swimming capacity, and avoid physical damage resulting from collision with plastic bags (Cooke et al., 2004).

Stress can increase blood glucose levels (Biron & Benfey, 1994; Wendelaar-Bonga, 1997; Barcellos et al., 2003) and affect leukocyte levels (Sopinska, 1984; Dick & Dixon, 1985, Ellsaesser & Clem, 1986; Pickering & Pottinger, 1987). The blood glucose level of the control slender seahorses increased after transport, which is in agreement with previous findings in Chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (Barton et al., 1986), coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch (Vijayan & Leatherland, 1989), brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis (Biron & Benfey, 1994) and pirarucu, Arapaima gigas (Brandão et al., 2006), following transportation. Slender seahorses transported with EO did not exhibit this increase in blood glucose levels, indicating a lower stress level throughout transportation. Similarly, clove oil (5 mg L^-1) can mitigate the stress response in the matrinxã, Brycon amazonicus, subjected to transport, as it prevents increases of plasma glucose, cortisol, lactate, ammonia, Cl^- and K⁺ (Inoue et al., 2005). Furthermore, benzocaine (0 or 20 mg L^-1) and clove oil (0, 2, or 5 mg L^-1) can be used as anesthetics for transport based on the observation that the survival of the Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, was satisfactory (general average of 97.26%) after 5 h of transport (Oliveira, 2009). Largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides, transported using 5 -9 mg L^-1 of clove oil presented a loss of reactivity and reduced cardiac output while maintaining equilibrium and recovering more rapidly than non-anesthetized controls (Cooke et al., 2004).

The number of leukocytes present in an organism changes in situations of stress, depending on the studied species. Transportation of slender seahorses for 24 h decreased their lymphocyte and increased their neutrophil counts. No significant change occurred in slender seahorses transported with EO of L. alba, indicating that this EO is beneficial to reduce stress. A reduction in the concentration of lymphocytes and an increase in the number of neutrophils was also observed in the common carp, Cyprinus carpio, and the channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, after being subjected to the stress of capture or transport (Sopinska, 1984; Ellsaesser & Clem, 1986), as well as in Nile tilapia following the stress of capture (Martins et al., 2004), the European eel, Anguilla anguilla, under the stress of handling (Johansson-Sjöbeck et al., 1978) and the common dab, Limanda limanda, after being subjected to acute stress (Pulsford et al., 1994). An increase in the number of leukocytes was found in tambaqui (Tavares-Dias et al., 2001) and in the hybrid tambacu C. macropomum x Piaractus mesopotamicus (Martins et al., 2002) after being subjected to handling. The number of thrombocytes decreased in pacu, P. mesopotamicus (Martins et al., 2000), and did not change in tambacu (Martins et al., 2002) subjected to handling.

Stress is associated with cortisol release in the blood following the activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-inter-renal (HPI) axis. This hormone binds to receptors in leukocytes, leading to immunosuppression in most situations. One of the well-known effects of cortisol is the regulation of leukocyte migration in tissues. Stress increases the number of neutrophils (leukocytes involved in the inflammatory response) and reduces the counts of lymphocytes (leukocytes involved in the immune response) (Bauer et al., 2001). It is noteworthy that these changes are due to cortisol and norepinephrine, which induce leukocyte migration from blood to tissues and vice-versa (Pulsford et al., 1994).

In conclusion, EO is effective in inducing slight sedation in the slender seahorse at concentrations of 10-20 µL L^-1 and deep anesthesia at concentrations of 50-450 µL L^-1, and for rapid deep anesthesia, a concentration of 150 µL L^-1 is recommended. Furthermore, adding 15 µL L^-1 of EO to the water in which seahorses are transported inhibits the elevation of blood glucose and neutrophils and decrease in lymphocytes that occur without this anesthetic in the slender seahorse, and therefore, its use in the transport of this species is suggested because apparently reduces the stress of transport.

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by CNPq (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, process 470964/2009-0 and Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul- FAPERGS- PRONEX process 10/0016-8). B. Baldisserotto and L.C. Gomes received a CNPq (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, Brazil) research fellowship, and M.A. Cunha received a CAPES (Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior, Brazil) PhD fellowship. Authors also thank Gilberto Dolejal Zanetti from the Departamento de Farmácia Industrial, UFSM for identification of the plant species.

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Submitted January 14, 2011

Accepted July 14, 2011

Published September 16, 2011

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Anesthetic induction and recovery of Hippocampus reidi exposed to the essential oil of Lippia alba

Mauro Alves da Cunha^I; Bruno Ferreira da Silva^II; Frederico Augusto Cariello Delunardo^II; Simone Cristina Benovit^III; Levy de Carvalho Gomes^II; Berta Maria Heinzmann^III; Bernardo Baldisserotto^I

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  29 Sept 2011
• Date of issue
  2011

History

• Received
  14 Jan 2011
• Accepted
  14 July 2011