Composition, density and biomass of fish community from the surf zone as a function of the lunar cycle at Miramar Beach in Cabedelo, Paraíba

ABSTRACT

The influence of the moon cycles on the ichthyofauna has been little studied in the surf zone. In this study, the number of species, density and biomass were evaluated as a function of the moon. A total of 49 species distributed in 24 families were captured in two areas of Miramar beach. The mean density was significant high in the weaning and low in the new moon, while density and biomass together showed differences for areas. The most abundant species were Anchoa tricolor and Trachinotus falcatus (new moon), and Anchovia clupeoides showed significant differences in the waning moon. The RDA indicates that turbidity influenced significantly the presence of two species group. The group I were represented by Stellifer brasiliensis, Trachinotus goodei, A. clupeoides, Chilomycterus spinosus and Conodon nobilis that occurred on the waning and new phases in both areas, while the group II were represented by Polydactylus virginicus and Haemulopsis corvinaeformis in the full moon. The surf zones may also be strongly governed by the lunar phases. Therefore, the results found in this study, showed that the biological interactions between the species with turbidity and moon might explain the density and biomass variations for some species in the surf zone.

Keywords:
Juveniles; Marine ecology; Marine fishes; Spatiotemporal pattern; Seine net

RESUMO

A influência das fases lunares sobre a ictiofauna tem sido pouco estudada na zona de arrebentação. Nesse estudo, foram avaliadas, o número de espécies, densidade e a biomassa da ictiofauna em função da lua. Foram capturadas 49 espécies distribuídas em 24 famílias em duas áreas na Praia de Miramar. A densidade foi significativamente elevada nas luas minguante e nova. Além disso, a densidade e biomassa juntas mostraram diferenças entre as áreas. As espécies mais abundantes na lua nova foram Anchoa tricolor e Trachinotus falcatus, e Anchovia clupeoides teve uma maior abundancia na lua minguante. O RDA, indicou que a turbidez influenciou significativamente a presença de dois grupos distintos. O grupo I, representado por Stellifer brasiliensis, Trachinotus goodei, A. clupeoides, Chilomycterus spinosus e Conodon nobilis estiveram presentes nas luas minguante e nova em ambas as áreas, e o grupo II, representado por Polydactylus virginicus e Haemulopsis corvinaeformis na lua cheia. As zonas de arrebentação também podem ser reguladas fortemente pelas fases lunares. Os resultados mostraram que as interações biológicas entre as espécies com a turbidez e as fases lunares podem explicar as variações de densidade e biomassa para algumas espécies na zona de arrebentação.

Palavras-chave:
Ecologia marinha; Juvenis; Peixes marinhos; Padrão espaço-temporal; Rede de arrasto

Introduction

The behavior and abundance of various animals in nature change as a function of lunar cycles and tidal regimes (McDowall, 1969). These factors may be influence of biological processes important to fish life (Taylor, 1984). The lunar cycles and their effect on fish have been investigated by several authors (Quin, Kojis, 1981; Goldman et al., 1983; Rooker, Dennis, 1991; Laroche et al., 1997; deBruyn, Meeuwing, 2001, Das et al., 2005), although research involving lunar and tidal cycles is important in understanding the larvae behavior, juveniles and adults of fish and marine invertebrates (Ramos et al., 2011; Lacerda et al., 2014, Lima et al., 2016). Additionally, studies that correlate the lunar cycle to the composition, abundance and biomass of the ichthyofauna in tropical regions are limited.

The surf zones suffer significant impacts, due to, the exploitation of natural resources, including the ichthyofauna of commercial importance for artisanal fisheries. This zone acts as a nursery, feeding and refuge grounds for juveniles fish (Menegassi del Favero, Dias, 2013; Lacerda et al., 2014; Ramos et al., 2016); and at the same time, are vulnerable habitats to stressful environmental impacts on the living or passing ichthyofauna. These areas act as a migration route for larvae and juveniles, especially in environments close to estuaries (Cowley et al., 2001; Watt-Pringle, Strydom, 2003) and also have a high ecological value, especially for juvenile fish species (Gaelzer, Zalmon, 2003).

Abiotic factors affect the distribution and abundance of fish, such as: temperature (Harrison, Whitfield, 2006), salinity (Barletta et al., 2005), turbidity and salinity (Menegassi del Favero, Dias, 2013), tide height (Laroche et al., 1997), and exposure to the waves (Romer, 1990; Gaelzer, Zalmon, 2003, Vasconcelos et al., 2007, Inui et al., 2010, Oliveira, Pessanha, 2014). Abiotic processes can result in stress to ichthyofauna to the point of causing leakage or substantial behavioral changes, especially in habitats where situations change during a short timescale (i.e during lunar cycles) (Lacerda et al., 2014). Seasonality in the marine environment may interfere with the pattern of the ichthyofaunistic community (Santana et al., 2013) and the bioecological processes of predation, competition, and recruitment may also determine the structure of these communities in the surf zones (Oliveira, Pessanha, 2014). This study aimed to describe and evaluate the composition, density and biomass of the ichthyofauna of the surf zone on a tropical beach on the shore of the Paraíba River mouth (Cabedelo city, Brazil), in relation to the different lunar phases and beach areas.

Material and Methods

Place of study. The sampled specimens were captured at Miramar beach in Cabedelo, Paraíba, northeast Brazil (Latitude: 06º57’52, 92 “S, Longitude: 034º50’01, 02”) (Fig. 1). The collection area is located close to the Paraíba River mouth covering a sliver of beach with 1.5 km extension to the Cabedelo dam. In this section, two areas were chosen, named as A1 and A2. In the area A1, has a greater influence of waves near the dam of Cabedelo was observed. Area A2 is further away from the estuary, with lower incidence of waves and clear presence of tourists, as well as, business establishments.

Fig. 1
Miramar beach in Cabedelo, Paraíba, northeast of Brazil. Two areas were highlighted (named as A1 and A2), located close to Paraíba River mouth (Source: Google Earth, accessed on 08 June 2016).

Sampling. Samples were collected weekly using a beach seine net, with three replicates (hauls) in each area (A1 and A2) during the lunar cycle of May 2014. Then, to ensure the robustness of analysis, the same sample design was repeated during the lunar cycle of June 2014, accounting 48 samples. The net was 15 m long, variable height 1.8 to 2.2 m, fixed open of 7 m and with 5 mm mesh size nodes. Hauls were performed during day light, between the period of 2 hours before and 2 hours after the low tide, according to methodology of Able et al. (2013). Hauls effort had five minutes duration, conducted parallel to the coast and had initial and final position recorded by GPS system (Global Positioning System GARMIN, eTrex Vista® HCX) (Lacerda et al., 2014).

To compute swept area (SA), the length of path was obtained from GPS, then it was used in the following equation: SA = D x ARp, where: D is the distance in meters traversed by the trawl; ARp is the standard network aperture (set at 7 meters), which is equal to the width of the network path (Sparre, Venema, 1998). The capture per unit area (CPUA) was used to calculate the density (ind.ha^-1) and biomass (g.ha^-1), dividing the catches (number and mass of individuals) by the area surveyed according to Sparre, Venema (1998).

Before each sample, the water temperature (ºC), salinity (ITREF10, Intrutemp®), turbidity in NTU (TB-1000, Tecnopon®), conductivity in mS (milliSiemens) with mCA1-50 model (Tecnopon®) and the pH of water (mPA-210, Tecnopon®), were measured from half-water, exactly at the points marked on the GPS of each trawl in the surf zone. After capture, the fish were properly labeled, kept in plastic bags and stored on ice. In the laboratory, all fish were identified, counted and weighed (g) in 0.0001 g precision balance, and the measured pattern length (SL) and total (TC) in millimeters. For the identification of the species, specialized bibliographies have been used (Figueiredo, 1977; Figueiredo, Menezes, 1978, 1980, 2000; Carpenter, 2002a; Carpenter, 2002b; Eschmeyer, 2016; Richards, 2006; Froese, Pauly, 2016).

Statistical analysis. The two-way ANOVA was used to determine statistical differences in density (Ind.ha^-1) and biomass (g.ha^-1) of fish species along the lunar cycle and beach areas. To avoid possible interference of rare species in the analyses, only species with frequency of occurrence > 15% were included in analysis, according to Gauch’s (1982) methodology. A priori data were transformed by Box-Cox (Box, Cox, 1964). When significant differences were found, the Tukey HSD comparison test was used a posteriori to detect the source of variation (Zar, 2010). All statistical analyzes were performed using Statistic® 7.0 software (Statsoft) at a significance level of P ≤ 0.05.

The redundancy analysis (RDA) was applied to determine the influence of water quality environmental variables on the density of species in the studied habitats during each phase of the moon, using CANOCO software 4.5, and the Monte- Carlo was used to determine which RDA axes and which environmental variables were significant (Braak, Smilauer, 2002).

Results

Composition, density and biomass of ichthyofauna. A total of 4,157 specimens were captured belonging to 49 species in 24 families, were caught from 48 samples conducted in Miramar beach (Tab. 1). The families with the highest number of species were Sciaenidae (7) and Haemulidae (6), followed by Carangidae (5), Engraulidade (4) and Ariidae (3). The other families presented lower wealth, with one or two species (Tab. 1). Among all fish species, Stellifer brasiliensis (Schultz, 1945) (Sciaenidae), Polydactylus virginicus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Polynemidae) and Anchoa tricolor (Spix, Agassiz, 1829) (Engraulidae) were the most abundant species with 60.5% of occurrence in samples (Tab. 1). Besides, Larimus breviceps Cuvier, 1830 also presented high biomass in absolute terms with S. brasiliensis and P. virginicus (Tab. 1). Also, Miramar Beach had an average density of 800 ind.ha^-1 and an average biomass of 1300 g.ha^-1, as well as, the total mass captured in this study was 27,110 g.

Tab. 1
Abundance (n), biomass (g), and relative percentages of the specimens from the surf zone of Miramar Beach, in Cabedelo, Paraíba, northeast Brazil.

Family (24)	Family %	Species (49)	Abundance		Biomass
			n	%	Weight (g)	%
Ariidae	6.12	Cathorops agassizii (Eigenmann, Eigenmann, 1888)	1	0.02	26	0.10
		Cathorops spixii (Agassiz, 1829)	12	0.29	789.11	2.91
		Sciades proops (Valenciennes, 1840)	1	0.02	163.60	0.60
Carangidae	10.20	Caranx latus Agassiz, 1831	167	4.02	469.50	1.73
		Selene vomer (Linnaeus, 1758)	54	1.30	237.78	0.88
		Trachinotus carolinus (Linnaeus, 1766)	11	0.26	85.27	0.31
		Trachinotus falcatus (Linnaeus, 1758)	45	1.08	463.42	1.71
		Trachinotus goodei Jordan, Evermann, 1896	36	0.87	617.84	2.28
Clupeidae	2.04	Sardinella brasiliensis (Steindachner, 1879)	6	0.14	16.84	0.06
Cynoglossidae	2.04	Symphurus tessellatus (Quoy, Gaimard, 1824)	1	0.02	1.49	0.01
Diodontidae	2.04	Chilomycterus spinosus (Linnaeus, 1758)	13	0.31	57.97	0.21
Engraulidae	8.16	Anchoa tricolor (Spix, Agassiz, 1829)	547	13.16	1613.73	5.95
		Anchovia clupeoides (Swainson, 1839)	131	3.15	668.81	2.47
		Cetengraulis edentulus (Cuvier, 1829)	51	1.23	217.20	0.80
		Lycengraulis grossidens (Spix, Agassiz, 1829)	393	9.45	1313.47	4.84
Ephippidae	2.04	Chaetodipterus faber (Broussonet, 1782)	4	0.10	57.51	0.21
Epinephelinae	2.04	Alphestes afer (Bloch, 1793)	2	0.05	98.34	0.36
Exocoetidae	2.04	Exocoetus volitans Linnaeus, 1758	1	0.02	2.11	0.01
Gerreidae	4.08	Eucinostomus sp.	6	0.14	111.68	0.41
		Eugerres brasilianus (Cuvier, 1830)	4	0.10	142.60	0.53
Gymnuridae	2.04	Gymnura micrura (Bloch, Schneider, 1801)	1	0.02	58.40	0.22
Haemulidae	12.24	Conodon nobilis (Linnaeus, 1758)	118	2.84	1186.44	4.38
		Genyatremus luteus (Bloch, 1790)	2	0.05	43.10	0.16
		Haemulon aurolineatum Cuvier, 1830	9	0.22	49.25	0.18
		Haemulon plumierii (Lacépède, 1801)	6	0.14	141.19	0.52
		Haemulon steindachneri (Jordan, Gilbert, 1882)	3	0.07	97.65	0.36
		Orthopristis ruber (Cuvier, 1830)	17	0.41	602.16	2.22
Hemiramphidae	2.04	Hyporhamphus unifasciatus (Ranzani, 1841)	26	0.63	197.17	0.73
Labridae	4.08	Halichoeres bivittatus (Bloch, 1791)	1	0.02	6.89	0.03
		Halichoeres poeyi (Steindachner, 1867)	1	0.02	6.96	0.03
Labrisomidae	2.04	Labrisomus nuchipinnis (Quoy, Gaimard, 1824)	1	0.02	2.50	0.01
Lutjanidae	2.04	Lutjanus synagris (Linnaeus, 1758)	4	0.10	7.90	0.03
Mullidae	2.04	Pseudupeneus maculatus (Bloch, 1793)	3	0.07	62.21	0.23
Paralichthyidae	4.08	Citharichthys spilopterus Günther, 1862	2	0.05	20.20	0.07
		Etropus crossotus Jordan, Gilbert, 1882	1	0.02	27.10	0.10
Pristigasteridae	2.04	Chirocentrodon bleekerianus (Poey, 1867)	13	0.31	29.76	0.11
Polynemidae	4.08	Polydactylus virginicus (Linnaeus, 1758)	826	19.87	5331.76	19.67
		Haemulopsis corvinaeformis (Steindachner, 1868)	189	4.55	1214.26	4.48
Sciaenidae	14.29	Bairdiella ronchus (Cuvier, 1830)	11	0.26	454.93	1.68
		Larimus breviceps Cuvier, 1830	229	5.51	2818.24	10.39
		Menticirrhus americanus (Linnaeus, 1758)	12	0.29	355.40	1.31
		Menticirrhus littoralis (Holbrook, 1847)	11	0.26	267.61	0.99
		Stellifer brasiliensis (Schultz, 1945)	1142	27.47	6352.98	23.43
		Stellifer rastrifer (Jordan, 1889)	27	0.65	457.84	1.69
		Umbrina coroides Cuvier, 1830	1	0.02	8.00	0.03
Scombridae	2.04	Scomberomorus cavalla (Cuvier, 1829)	1	0.02	60.11	0.22
Syngnathidae	2.04	Syngnathus folletti Herald, 1942	1	0.02	0.50	0.01
Tetraodontidae	4.08	Sphoeroides greeleyi Gilbert, 1900	11	0.26	79.14	0.29
		Sphoeroides testudineus (Linnaeus, 1758)	2	0.05	23.83	0.09

Lunar and spatial changes on ichthyofauna. In general, a number of species was similar according to the moon phase (P ≥ 0.05) (Tab. 2 and Fig. 2). On the other hand, mean total density was significant high in the weaning moon and low in the new moon (P ˂ 0.05). Additionally, total density and biomass together showed differences for areas (P < 0.01 and P ˂ 0.05, respectively) (Tab. 2 and Fig. 2).

Fig. 2
Mean + Standard Error (SE) of number of species, total density (ind.ha^-1) and biomass (g.ha^-1) of fishes as a function of the lunar phases from left to right in the horizontal axes (crescent, full, weaning and new moon).

The most representative species in frequency of occurrence showed statistical differences among moon phase and area for density and biomass (Tab. 2). The lunar phases showed significant influence for A. tricolor and Trachinotus falcatus (Linnaeus, 1758) (P ˂ 0.05) in the new moon. Also, Anchovia clupeoides (Swainson, 1839) (P ˂ 0.05) showed significant differences during the waning lunar phase on the beach of Miramar (Tab. 2).

Tab. 2
Significant results of ANOVA for total density (ind.ha^-1) and biomass (g.ha^-1) for most abundant fish species. Differences between lunar phase and area were determined by Tukey HSD test post hoc comparisons (italicized and bold letters indicate homogeneous groups). Cr crescent, Fu full, Wn waning, Nw new, ha: hectare; *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01.

Variables	Source of variance
	Lunar phase (1)	Area (2)	(1 x 2)
Total ind.ha-¹	* Fu Cr Nw Wn	**	NS
g.ha-¹	NS	*	NS
Anchoa tricolor ind.ha-¹	* Fu Cr Wn Nw	NS	NS
g.ha-¹	* Fu Cr Wn Nw	NS	NS
Anchovia clupeoides ind.ha-¹	**Nw Cr Fu Wn	NS	NS
g.ha-¹	**Nw Cr Fu Wn	NS	NS
Conodon nobilis ind.ha-¹	NS	**	NS
g.ha-¹	NS	**	NS
Chilomycterus spinosus ind.ha-¹	NS	*	NS
g.ha-¹	NS	*	NS
Larimus breviceps ind.ha-¹	NS	**	NS
g.ha-¹	NS	**	NS
Polydactlus virginicus ind.ha-¹	NS	**	NS
g.ha-¹	NS	*	NS
Trachinotus falcatus ind.ha-¹	*Wn Cr Fu Nw	*	NS
g.ha-¹	*Wn Cr Fu Nw	NS	NS

Influence of physical-chemical parameters and lunar phase on ichthyofauna. Redundancy analysis (RDA) was applied to detect which of the environmental variables (temperature, turbidity, salinity, pH and conductivity) better explain the composition of fish assemblages among the most representative species, for the different lunar phases and collection areas. According to RDA results, the axes 1 explain 81.7% of Cumulative percentage variance of specie data and axes 2 explains 0.5%, whereas for the ratio of species-environment axes 1 and 2 explains 99.5%. The axes 1 showed a significant positive correlation for turbidity for species of group I (S. brasiliensis, Trachinotus goodei Jordan, Evermann, 1896, A. clupeoides, Chilomycterus spinosus (Linnaeus, 1758), Conodon nobilis (Linnaeus, 1758)). The group I was represented by species that occurred on the waning and new moon as demonstrated in the RDA analysis (P < 0.05) (Tab. 3 and Fig. 3). Additionally, the group II was formed by P. virginicus and Haemulopsis corvinaeformis (Steindachner, 1868) in the full moon phase (Fig. 3).

Fig. 3
Redundancy analysis (RDA) for the density (ind.ha^-1) of the most representative species in Miramar Beach, Cabedelo. (TEMP= temperature; SAL= salinity; TURB= surbidity; COND= conductivity e PH= hidrogen potential. (Atr = Anchoa tricolor; Acl = Anchovia clupeoides; Cla = Caranx latus; Csp = Cathorops spixii; Cno = Conodon nobilis; Pco = Haemulopsis corvinaeformis; Pvi = Polydactylus virginicus; Larbre = Larimus breviceps; Svo = Selene vomer; Sbr = Stellifer brasiliensis; Tfa = Trachinotus falcatus; Tgo = Trachinotus goodei). Lunar phase and sampling areas (CRA1 - crescent/ area 1; CRA2 -crescent/ area 2; NA1 -New/ area 1; NA2 -New / area 2; CHA1 - Full/ area 1; CHA2 -Full/ area 2; MA1 -Waning/ area 1; MA2 -Waning/ area 2).

Tab. 3
Summary of the results from redundancy analysis (RDA) relating environmental parameters to density of fish species caught. *P < 0.05.

	Axis 1	Axis 2	p-value
Enviromental - Abundance
Eigenvalues	0.817	0.005	-
Species-Enviromental correlations	0.910	0.961	-
Cumulative of % variance
Of species Data	81.7	82.2	-
Of specie-enviromental relations	98.9	99.5	-
Correlations with enviromental variables:
Water temperature (°C)	-0.4134	-0.2822	0.1087
Turbidity (NTU)	0.4380	0.1463	0.0169*
Salinity	-0.5095	0.1776	0.4525
pH	0.3455	-0.1631	0.2435
Conductivity	-0.1573	-0.1674	0.3906

Discussion

The surf zone of Miramar beach has a great diversity of fishes, but also ecological importance for juveniles which living or passing especially in environments close to estuaries like in the beaches of Paraíba River mouth. The nursery contribution of surf zone probably determine the success of adult populations because survival of juveniles. Comparing the fish assemblage composition, the number of species caught in this study (49) was similar to that reported in the surf zone beaches, e.g. (40) False Bay, South Africa (Clarck et al.,1996), (55) Sepetiba bay southeastern Brazil (Pessanha, Araújo, 2003), (68) Goiana estuary, northeastern Brazil (Lacerda et al., 2014), (71) Mamanguape River estuary northeastern Brazil (Oliveira, Pessanha, 2014), (73) Southern New Jersey, U.S., and (83) Kyushu Island northwestern in Japan (Inui et al., 2010).

In fact, this study reinforces that the moon phase may strongly influence the composition and distribution of the ichthyofauna in the surf zone of the Miramar beach. The total density showed significant differences in the waning and new moon phases, but did not showed difference in the total biomass. In general, fish assemblages had lower densities in the new moon and higher in the weaning moon phase. The results of this study contrast with Ramos et al. (2011), who found a significant increase in the numbers of species, individuals and mass in mangrove intertidal creeks of the lower Goiana Estuary during the weaning and new moon, suggesting that these moon phases coincide with a higher number of species migrating into the mangrove. On the other hand, the spring tide (new moon) had significant low density in the Miramar beach. Perhaps, the wave action in the surf zone of Miramar has been as a determinant factor in the presence or absence of some component species of the ichthyofauna (Gondolo et al., 2011; Oliveira, Pessanha, 2014). Additionally, the diversity and abundance of the ichthyofauna species increase in sheltered and calm environments as mangroves (Inui et al., 2010; Oliveira, Pessanha, 2014). The Miramar beach may have a functional ecological connection with adjacent ecosystems, such Paraiba River estuary, which serves as passage routes or habitats, especially for juveniles fish (Inui et al., 2010). Thus, neap tides (weaning moon) increasing significantly the mean density of specimens which perhaps migrating from the mouth of Rio Paraiba estuary to the Miramar beach.

On the most representative species, the new moon had a strong influence on the density and biomass of A. tricolor and T. falcatus, possibly because of higher tidal amplitudes while A. clupeoides was influenced by waning moon phase that represents lower tides in the Miramar beach. Only, Engraulidae and Carangidae family were impacted by lunar cycle and tidal range. Accordingly, Lacerda et al. (2014) the high abundance of fishes and crustaceans during the first and last quarter moon, which can be related to favorable conditions for occupying the habitat, with minor tidal dominance and major stability of the environmental variables, including tidal range.

During the new and waning moon was recorded the highest abundance for A. clupeoides in the sand beach during the dry season at dusk located at the mouth of Goiana estuary (Lacerda et al., 2014). The full and new moon phases had a strong influence on the variable number of individuals of A. clupeoides, possibly because of higher tidal amplitudes (Ramos et al., 2011). On the other hand, according to Lima et al. (2016), larvae of A. clupeoides were abundant in an estuary in Pernambuco, independent of the lunar phase. A. clupeoides is an Engraulidae, which typically forms large schoals and uses quieter environments for temporary shelter and feeding, both housed in estuaries and in the sandy beaches (Barreiros et al., 2004). This suggests that the behavior spatio-temporally of A. clupeoides is complex as a function of lunar cycles. In addition, it has a multiple factors study including reproduction and recruitment processes. The difficulty of setting a behavior pattern of the ichthyofauna according to the lunar cycle to the species can be explained by the high complexity of this issue (Quinn, Kojis 1981; Clark et al., 1996). The lunar cycle can simultaneously participate in many biological, physical and ecological processes, including variations of the tides that cause the migration of the ichthyofauna (Das et al., 2015).

Anchoa tricolor had dominance in the almost all moon phases, except for full moon in this study. The biomass was significant for new and waning moon phases. It is very important mentioning that this species did not any information about lunar cycle and density in the surf zone in another study. Corroborating with the present study, A. tricolor, showing that it is a resident of the surf zone, similar to the study by Santana et al. (2013), when it was captured in all samples, both in the dry season in the rainy season. A. tricolor was the most frequent in a study carried out at the surf zone in the Bay of Sepetiba area in Rio de Janeiro (Pessanha, Araújo, 2003). Pereira et al. (2014), demonstrated that this species is the most abundant in two distinct beaches.

The high density of T. falcatus in the spring tides (new and full) in the Miramar beach suggests that this carangidae tolerate exposure to waves and remain in place (Vasconcellos et al., 2007). Additionally, the continuous action of the waves on the sandy bottom, although stressful, provides a great amount of food, allowing the capture of prey in this environment by species that can adapt to these conditions (Clark et al., 1996). On the opposite way, according to Menegassi del Favero, Dias (2013), the capture of T. goodei and T. falcatus was considered accidental in a study carried out during a year in a surf zone on Cardozo Island in the Southeast. Corroborating this present study, Trachinotus sp. were caught in abundance on a beach in Santa Catarina (Barreiros et al., 2004).

At the Miramar beach, area A2 showed significantly higher total densities and biomass. Among all most representative species had significant differences C. nobilis, L. breviceps, C. spinosus, P. virginicus and T. falcatus (Tab. 2). The Engraulidae species (A. tricolor and A. clupeoides) did not showed differences between areas. The A2 is located on a beach portion in which was observed the presence of artisan fishermen. On the other hand, A1 is near the mouth of the Paraiba River, adjacent to the dike Cabedelo, which is the point of surfing practice because the waves exposure. The fact of the A1 have lower densities and biomass compared to A2 may be related to wave exposure factor. Spatial differences in the structure of fish assemblages are often demonstrated in studies associating ichthyofauna with beach morphodynamics (Gondolo et al., 2011; Oliveira, Pessanha, 2014), partially chasing the ichthyofauna (Romer, 1990; Gaelzer, Zalmon, 2003; Vasconcellos et al., 2007; Inui et al., 2010; Oliveira, Pessanha, 2014), since the height of the tide has strong influence on the ichthyofauna of the composition of surf zone (Pereira et al., 2014).

In general, salinity, temperature and turbidity are the variables that influence the distribution of several juvenile species of the ichthyofauna (Whitfield, 1994). Although the importance of each environmental factor depends and differentiates according to the species (Blaber, Blaber, 1980; Ramos et al., 2011).

In this study, turbidity significantly influenced fish density at Miramar Beach. It is also possible to observe an association of two groups influenced (Fig. 3). In general, the increase of the turbidity in Miramar beach were recorded on the waning moon and clearer waters, with less turbidity, on the crescent and full moon. The RDA showed that the turbidity was determinant for the presence of A. clupeoides, S. brasiliensis, T. goodei, Cnobilis and C. spinosus on the waning and new moon phases, also P. virginicus and H. corvinaeformis in the full moon (P = 0.0169), although this behavior also needs to be investigated in a annual time scale to assess the effects of seasonality (Clark et al., 1996). The waning moon had significantly higher values for its turbidity according to the variance analysis, confirming thus the relationship between the waning phase and higher turbidity for both capture areas (A1 and A2). Corroborating these results, the highest turbidity was also a determining factor in the abundance of ichthyofauna in Australia (Blaber et al., 1995), Kuwait City in the Arabian Peninsula (Abou-seedo et al., 1990) and South Africa (Cyrus, Blaber, 1987). Additionally, turbidity can bring ecological advantages for juvenile fish, as it serves as a cover against predators, but also provides food for the ichthyofauna of the surf zone (Cyrus, Blaber, 1987; Abou-Seedo et al., 1990; Menegassi del Favero, Dias, 2013). On the other hand, a high turbidity can cause as much physiological stress to the fish, as to cause a high availability of food in the environment (Gondolo et al., 2011).

Acknowledgments

We particularly thank Jonas de Assis Almeida Ramos for their invaluable assistance with fieldwork, species identification and statistical analysis. We wish to thank the members of the Grupo de Ecologia de Ecossistemas Marinhos (Maíra de Souza, Bruno Soares, Lucas Matheus, Amanda Kelly, Amanda Soares, Paulo Victor, Ana Luisa, Dionarte Ferreira, Angela Regina, Juninho Franco, Andreza Nascimento, Ana Carla, Ana Santos, Felipe Kuroski, , João Assunção, Ingrid Elvira, Rosy Santos, Andrezza Dantas, Anna Luiza, Larissa Kathleen, Amaralina Meireles, Matheus Oliveira, Dayllana Ellen, Nicole dos Santos, Iago Senna, Jennifer Freire, Victor Gabriel), Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia da Paraíba (IFPB - Campus Cabedelo) and Grupo de Aquicultura, Biotecnologia e Sustentabilidade (GABS), Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia da Paraíba (IFPE - Campus Vitória de Santo Antão).

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Edited by

Marcelo Melo

Data availability

Data citations

Eschmeyer WN, Fricke R, van der laan R. editors. Catalog of fishes: genera, species, references [internet]. San Francisco: California Academy of Science; 2017. Available from: http://researcharchive.calacademy.rg/research/Ichthyology/catalog/fishcatmain.asp

Froese R, Pauly D. editors. FishBase. Penang (MA), Rome: FAO ; 2016. Available from: http://www.fishbase.org

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  18 July 2019
• Date of issue
  2019

History

• Received
  07 Dec 2017
• Accepted
  21 Sept 2018