Are anti-fouling effects in coralline algae species specific?

Villas Bôas, Alexandre Bigio; Figueiredo, Marcia A. de O.

Abstracts

The crustose coralline algae are susceptible to be covered by other algae, which in turn can be affected by anti-fouling effects. In this study the hypothesis tested was that these algae can inhibit the growth of epiphytes in a species specific way. In the laboratory, propagules of Sargassum furcatum and Ulva fasciata were liberated and cultivated on pieces of coralline algae and slide covers (controls) and their survival and growth were compared. Spongites and Hydrolithon significantly inhibited the growth of U. fasciata but not Sargassum. In the field, pieces of three species of live and dead coralline algae and their copies in epoxy putty discs were fixed on the rock. After one month epiphytic algae were identified and their dry mass quantified. Lithophyllum did not affect the epiphyte growth. In contrast Spongites and an unidentified coralline significantly inhibited the growth of Enteromorpha spp., Ulva fasciata and Hincksia mitchelliae. Colpomenia sinuosa was absent on all living crusts, but present on controls. Results show that the epiphyte-host relation depends on the species that are interacting. The sloughing of superficial cells of coralline crusts points to the possible action of physical anti-fouling effect, though a chemical one is not rejected.

Anti-fouling; Crustose coralline algae; Epiphytes; Rocky shore

As algas calcárias crostosas são susceptíveis ao recobrimento por outras algas, entretanto, estas podem ser afetadas por efeitos anti-incrustantes. Neste estudo foi testada a hipótese de que estas algas possam inibir o crescimento somente de algumas espécies de epífitas. No laboratório, propágulos de Sargassum furcatum e Ulva fasciata foram liberados e cultivados sobre pedaços de algas calcárias e lamínulas de microscopia (controle) e as suas sobrevivência e crescimento comparadas. Spongites e Hydrolithon inibiram significativamente o crescimento de U. fasciata, mas não de Sargassum. No campo, pedaços de três espécies de algas calcárias vivas, mortas e cópias destas em discos de massa epóxi foram fíxos na rocha. Após um mês as algas epífitas foram identificadas e sua massa seca quantificada. Lithophyllum não inibiu o crescimento das epífitas, em contraste Spongites e outra coralinácea indeterminada inibiram o crescimento de Enteromorpha spp., Ulva fasciata e Hincksia mitchelliae. Colpomenia sinuosa esteve sempre ausente sobre as crostas vivas, porém presente nos controles. Resultados demonstram que a relação epífita-hospedeiro depende das espécies que estejam interagindo. O desprendimento de células superficiais das crostas coralináceas aponta para um possível efeito físico anti-incrustante, não se excluindo o químico.

Anti-incrustação; Algas calcárias incrustantes; Epífitas; Costão rochoso

Chamberlain, Y. M. 1996. Lithophylloid Corallinaceae (Rhodophyta) of the genera Lithophyllum and Titanoderma from southern Africa. Phycologia, 35:204-221.
Evans, G. C. 1972. The quantitative analysis of plant growth. Oxford, Blackwell. 734p.
Figueiredo, M. A. O.; Kain, J. M. & Norton, T. A. 1996. Biotic interactions in the colonisation of crustose coralline algae by epiphytes. J. expl. mar. Biol. Ecol., 199:303-318.
Figueiredo, M. A. O.; Norton, T. A. & Kain, J. M. 1997. Settlement and survival of epiphytes on two intertidal crustose coralline alga. J. expl. mar. Biol. Ecol., 213(2):247-260.
Figueiredo, M. A. O.; Kain, J. M. & Norton, T. A. 2000. Responses of crustose corallines to epiphyte and canopy cover. J. Phycol., 36(1):17-24.
Fletcher, R. L. 1989. A bioassay technique using the marine fouling green alga Enteromorpha International Biodeterioration, 25(6):407-422.
Fletcher, R. L. & Callow, M. E. 1992. The settlement, attachment and establishment of marine algal spores. Br. phycol. J., 27(3):303-329.
Hawkins, S. J. & Harkin, E. 1985. Preliminary canopy removal experiments in algal dominated communities low on the shore and in the shallow subtidal on the Isle of Man. Botanica mar., 28(6):223-230.
Hay, M. E. 1986. Functional geometry of seaweeds: ecological consequences of thallus layering and shape in contrasting light environments. In: Givnish, T. J. ed. On the economy of plant form and function. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. p.635-666.
Hoffman, A. J. 1987. The arrival of seaweed propagules at the shore: a review. Botanica mar., 30:151-165.
Johnson, C. R. & Mann, K. H. 1986. The crustose coralline alga Phymatolithon Foslie inhibits the overgrowth of seaweeds without relying on herbivores. J. expl. mar. Biol. Ecol., 96(2):127-146.
Kain, J. M. 1987. Seasonal growth and photoinhibition in Plocamium cartilagineum (Rhodophyta) off the Isle of Man. Phycologia, 26:88-99.
Keats, D. W.; Groener, A. & Chamberlain, Y. M. 1993. Cell sloughing in the littoral zone coralline alga Spongites yendoi (Foslie) Chamberlain (Corallinales, Rhodophyta). Phycologia, 32(2):143-150.
Keats, D. W. & Chamberlain, Y. M. 1994. Three species of Hydrolithon (Rhodophyta, Corallinaceae): Hydrolithon onkodes (Heydrich) Penrose and Woelkerling, Hydrolithon superficiale sp. nov., and H. samoënse (Foslie) comb. Nov. from South Africa. S. Afr. J. Bot., 60(1):8-21.
Keats, D. W.; Matthews, I. & Maneveldt, G. 1994a. Competitive relationships and coexistence in the guild of crustose algae in the eullitoral zone, Castrate Province, South Africa. S. Afr. J. Bot., 60(2):108-113.
Keats, D. W.; Wilton, P. & Maneveldt, G. 1994b. Ecological significance of deep-layer sloughing in the eulittoral zone coralline alga, Spongites yendoi (Foslie) Chamberlain (Corallinaceae, Rhodophyta). J. expl. mar. Biol. Ecol., 175(2):145-154.
Keats, D. W.; Knight, M. A. & Pueschel, C. M. 1997. Antifouling effects of epithallial shedding in three crustose coralline algae (Rhodophyta, Corallinales) on a coral reef. J. expl. mar. Biol. Ecol., 213(2):281-293.
Kennelly, S. J. 1989. Effects of kelp canopies on understory species due to shade and scour. Mar. Ecol. Progr. Ser., 50(3):215-224.
Masaki, T.; Fujita, D. & Hagen, N. T. 1984. The surface ultrastructure and epithallium shedding of crustose coralline algae in an "isoyake" area of southwestern Hokkaido, Japan. Hydrobiologia, 116(Sep):218-223.
Menge, B. A.; Lubchenco, J. & Ashkenas, L. R. 1985. Diversity, heterogeneity and consumer pressure in a tropical rocky intertidal community. Oecologia, 65(3):395-405.
Moura, C. W. do N.; Kraus, J. E. & Cordeiro-Marino, M. 1998. Metodologia para obtenção de cortes histológicos com historesina e coloração com azul de toluidina O para algas coralináceas (Rhodophyta, Coralinales). Hoehnea, 24:17-27.
Norton, T. A.; Mathieson, A. C. & Neushul, M. 1982. A review of some aspects of form and function in seaweeds. Botanica mar., 25(11):501-510.
Norton, T. A. 1991. Conflicting constraints on the form of intertidal algae. Br. phycol. J., 26(3):203-218.
Norton, A. T. & Fetter, R. 1981. The settlement of Sargassum muticum propagules in stationery and flowing water. J. mar. biol. Ass. U. K., 61(4):929-940.
Paula, E. J. 1984. Estudos experimentais de cultivo e hibridação em Sargassum (Phaeophyta - Fucales) em condições de laboratório. PhD thesis. Universidade de São Paulo. 246p.
Penrose, D. 1991. Spongites fruticulosus (Corallinaceae, Rhodophyta), the type species of Spongites in southern Australia. Phycologia, 30(5):438-448.
Penrose, D. 1992. Neogoniolithon fosliei (Corallinaceae, Rhodophyta), the type species of Neogoniolithon in southern Australia. Phycologia, 31(3-4):338-350.
Penrose, D. & Woelkerling, W. J. 1992. A reapraisal of Hydrolithon (Corallinales, Rhodophyta) and its relationships to Spongites Phycologia, 31(1):81-88.
Pueschel, C. M.; Miller, T. J. & McCausland, B. B. 1996. Development of epithallial cells in Corallina officinalis and Lithophyllum impressum (Corallinales, Rhodophyta). Phycologia, 35:161-169.
Pueschel, C. M. & Keats, D. W. 1997. Fine struture of deep-layer sloughing and epithallial regeneration in Lithophyllum neoatalayense (Corallinales, Rhodophyta). Phycological Res., 45:1-8.
Starr, R. C. & Zeikus, J. A. 1993. UTEX - The culture collection of algae at the University of Texas at Austin. J. Phycol., 29(suppl.):1-106.
Steneck, R. S. 1990. Herbivory and the evolution of nongeniculate coralline algae (Rhodophyta, Corallinales) in the North Atlantic and North Pacific. In: Garbary D. J. & South G. R. eds. Evolutionary biogeography of the marine algae of the North Atlantic. Berlin, Springer-Verlag. p.107-129.
Steneck, R. S. & Paine, R. T. 1986. Ecological and taxonomic studies of shallow-water encrusting Corallinaceae (Rhodophyta) of the northerly northeastern Pacific. Phycologia, 25:221-240.
Steneck, R. S. 1997. Crustose corallines, other algal functional groups, herbivores and sediments: complex interactions along reef productivity gradients. In: Lessios, H. A. & Macintyre, I.G. eds. Proceedings of the 8^th International Coral Reef Symposium v.1, p.695-709.
Underwood, A. J. 1997. Experiments in ecology. Their logical design and interpretation using analysis of variance. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. 504p.
Vadas, R. L.; Johnson, S. & Norton, T. A. 1992. Recruitment and mortality of early post-settlement stages of benthic algae. Br. Phycol. J., 27(3):331-351.
Wahl, M. 1989. Marine epibiosis. 1. Fouling and antifouling: some basics aspects. Mar. Ecol. Progr. Ser., 58:175-189.
Williams, S. L. & Carpenter, R. C. 1990. Photosynthesis/photon flux density relationships among components of coral reef algal turfs. J. Phycol., 26(1):36-40.
Woelkerling, W. J. 1988. The coralline red algae: an analysis of the genera and subfamilies of nongeliculate Corallinaceae. Oxford, Oxford Univ. Press. 268p.

Publication Dates

Publication in this collection
16 Jan 2009
Date of issue
Mar 2004

History

Accepted
19 Sept 2003
Reviewed
12 Mar 2003
Received
21 Feb 2002

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

[1] Chamberlain, Y. M. 1996. Lithophylloid Corallinaceae (Rhodophyta) of the genera Lithophyllum and Titanoderma from southern Africa. Phycologia, 35:204-221.

[2] Evans, G. C. 1972. The quantitative analysis of plant growth. Oxford, Blackwell. 734p.

[3] Figueiredo, M. A. O.; Kain, J. M. & Norton, T. A. 1996. Biotic interactions in the colonisation of crustose coralline algae by epiphytes. J. expl. mar. Biol. Ecol., 199:303-318.

[4] Figueiredo, M. A. O.; Norton, T. A. & Kain, J. M. 1997. Settlement and survival of epiphytes on two intertidal crustose coralline alga. J. expl. mar. Biol. Ecol., 213(2):247-260.

[5] Figueiredo, M. A. O.; Kain, J. M. & Norton, T. A. 2000. Responses of crustose corallines to epiphyte and canopy cover. J. Phycol., 36(1):17-24.

[6] Fletcher, R. L. 1989. A bioassay technique using the marine fouling green alga Enteromorpha International Biodeterioration, 25(6):407-422.

[7] Fletcher, R. L. & Callow, M. E. 1992. The settlement, attachment and establishment of marine algal spores. Br. phycol. J., 27(3):303-329.

[8] Hawkins, S. J. & Harkin, E. 1985. Preliminary canopy removal experiments in algal dominated communities low on the shore and in the shallow subtidal on the Isle of Man. Botanica mar., 28(6):223-230.

[9] Hay, M. E. 1986. Functional geometry of seaweeds: ecological consequences of thallus layering and shape in contrasting light environments. In: Givnish, T. J. ed. On the economy of plant form and function. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. p.635-666.

[10] Hoffman, A. J. 1987. The arrival of seaweed propagules at the shore: a review. Botanica mar., 30:151-165.

[11] Johnson, C. R. & Mann, K. H. 1986. The crustose coralline alga Phymatolithon Foslie inhibits the overgrowth of seaweeds without relying on herbivores. J. expl. mar. Biol. Ecol., 96(2):127-146.

[12] Kain, J. M. 1987. Seasonal growth and photoinhibition in Plocamium cartilagineum (Rhodophyta) off the Isle of Man. Phycologia, 26:88-99.

[13] Keats, D. W.; Groener, A. & Chamberlain, Y. M. 1993. Cell sloughing in the littoral zone coralline alga Spongites yendoi (Foslie) Chamberlain (Corallinales, Rhodophyta). Phycologia, 32(2):143-150.

[14] Keats, D. W. & Chamberlain, Y. M. 1994. Three species of Hydrolithon (Rhodophyta, Corallinaceae): Hydrolithon onkodes (Heydrich) Penrose and Woelkerling, Hydrolithon superficiale sp. nov., and H. samoënse (Foslie) comb. Nov. from South Africa. S. Afr. J. Bot., 60(1):8-21.

[15] Keats, D. W.; Matthews, I. & Maneveldt, G. 1994a. Competitive relationships and coexistence in the guild of crustose algae in the eullitoral zone, Castrate Province, South Africa. S. Afr. J. Bot., 60(2):108-113.

[16] Keats, D. W.; Wilton, P. & Maneveldt, G. 1994b. Ecological significance of deep-layer sloughing in the eulittoral zone coralline alga, Spongites yendoi (Foslie) Chamberlain (Corallinaceae, Rhodophyta). J. expl. mar. Biol. Ecol., 175(2):145-154.

[17] Keats, D. W.; Knight, M. A. & Pueschel, C. M. 1997. Antifouling effects of epithallial shedding in three crustose coralline algae (Rhodophyta, Corallinales) on a coral reef. J. expl. mar. Biol. Ecol., 213(2):281-293.

[18] Kennelly, S. J. 1989. Effects of kelp canopies on understory species due to shade and scour. Mar. Ecol. Progr. Ser., 50(3):215-224.

[19] Masaki, T.; Fujita, D. & Hagen, N. T. 1984. The surface ultrastructure and epithallium shedding of crustose coralline algae in an "isoyake" area of southwestern Hokkaido, Japan. Hydrobiologia, 116(Sep):218-223.

[20] Menge, B. A.; Lubchenco, J. & Ashkenas, L. R. 1985. Diversity, heterogeneity and consumer pressure in a tropical rocky intertidal community. Oecologia, 65(3):395-405.

[21] Moura, C. W. do N.; Kraus, J. E. & Cordeiro-Marino, M. 1998. Metodologia para obtenção de cortes histológicos com historesina e coloração com azul de toluidina O para algas coralináceas (Rhodophyta, Coralinales). Hoehnea, 24:17-27.

[22] Norton, T. A.; Mathieson, A. C. & Neushul, M. 1982. A review of some aspects of form and function in seaweeds. Botanica mar., 25(11):501-510.

[23] Norton, T. A. 1991. Conflicting constraints on the form of intertidal algae. Br. phycol. J., 26(3):203-218.

[24] Norton, A. T. & Fetter, R. 1981. The settlement of Sargassum muticum propagules in stationery and flowing water. J. mar. biol. Ass. U. K., 61(4):929-940.

[25] Paula, E. J. 1984. Estudos experimentais de cultivo e hibridação em Sargassum (Phaeophyta - Fucales) em condições de laboratório. PhD thesis. Universidade de São Paulo. 246p.

[26] Penrose, D. 1991. Spongites fruticulosus (Corallinaceae, Rhodophyta), the type species of Spongites in southern Australia. Phycologia, 30(5):438-448.

[27] Penrose, D. 1992. Neogoniolithon fosliei (Corallinaceae, Rhodophyta), the type species of Neogoniolithon in southern Australia. Phycologia, 31(3-4):338-350.

[28] Penrose, D. & Woelkerling, W. J. 1992. A reapraisal of Hydrolithon (Corallinales, Rhodophyta) and its relationships to Spongites Phycologia, 31(1):81-88.

[29] Pueschel, C. M.; Miller, T. J. & McCausland, B. B. 1996. Development of epithallial cells in Corallina officinalis and Lithophyllum impressum (Corallinales, Rhodophyta). Phycologia, 35:161-169.

[30] Pueschel, C. M. & Keats, D. W. 1997. Fine struture of deep-layer sloughing and epithallial regeneration in Lithophyllum neoatalayense (Corallinales, Rhodophyta). Phycological Res., 45:1-8.

[31] Starr, R. C. & Zeikus, J. A. 1993. UTEX - The culture collection of algae at the University of Texas at Austin. J. Phycol., 29(suppl.):1-106.

[32] Steneck, R. S. 1990. Herbivory and the evolution of nongeniculate coralline algae (Rhodophyta, Corallinales) in the North Atlantic and North Pacific. In: Garbary D. J. & South G. R. eds. Evolutionary biogeography of the marine algae of the North Atlantic. Berlin, Springer-Verlag. p.107-129.

[33] Steneck, R. S. & Paine, R. T. 1986. Ecological and taxonomic studies of shallow-water encrusting Corallinaceae (Rhodophyta) of the northerly northeastern Pacific. Phycologia, 25:221-240.

[34] Steneck, R. S. 1997. Crustose corallines, other algal functional groups, herbivores and sediments: complex interactions along reef productivity gradients. In: Lessios, H. A. & Macintyre, I.G. eds. Proceedings of the 8^th International Coral Reef Symposium v.1, p.695-709.

[35] Underwood, A. J. 1997. Experiments in ecology. Their logical design and interpretation using analysis of variance. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. 504p.

[36] Vadas, R. L.; Johnson, S. & Norton, T. A. 1992. Recruitment and mortality of early post-settlement stages of benthic algae. Br. Phycol. J., 27(3):331-351.

[37] Wahl, M. 1989. Marine epibiosis. 1. Fouling and antifouling: some basics aspects. Mar. Ecol. Progr. Ser., 58:175-189.

[38] Williams, S. L. & Carpenter, R. C. 1990. Photosynthesis/photon flux density relationships among components of coral reef algal turfs. J. Phycol., 26(1):36-40.

[39] Woelkerling, W. J. 1988. The coralline red algae: an analysis of the genera and subfamilies of nongeliculate Corallinaceae. Oxford, Oxford Univ. Press. 268p.

Brasil

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Are anti-fouling effects in coralline algae species specific?

Abstracts

Publication Dates

History