Diatom associations in shelf waters off Paraná State, Southern Brazil: annual variation in relation to environmental factors

Fernandes, Luciano Felício; Brandini, Frederico Pereira

Abstracts

The seasonal variation of diatoms in the inshore waters off Paraná State, Southern Brazil was investigated to analyse their temporal dynamics and to detect the main environmental constraints of the planktonic community. Biomass peaks occurred from May to August and from December to March. Among the microplanktonic diatoms, Cerataulina pelagica, Chaetoceros spp., Dactyliosolen fragilissimus, Guinardia striata, Lauderia annulata, Leptocylindrus spp., Pseudo-nitzschia cf. delicatissima, P. australis, Rhizosolenia spp., Skeletonema costatum and Thalassionema nitzschioides were dominant species. Nanoplanktonic diatoms were dominated by Naviculaceae, Nitzschia spp., Thalassiosira spp. and Chaetoceros cf. tenuissimus. Concentrations of most of the species decreased during and just after the blooms of Phaeocystis pouchetii in September and of Coscinodiscus wailesii in April. Based on cluster analysis and interpretations of the environmental parameters monitored, six diatom associations were discerned. Four main environmental factors were attributed as the determinants for the grouping: (a) the stronger influence of the tropical oligotrophic waters of the Brazil Current in spring/summer, (b) the alternation between dry and rainy (nutrient-richer) seasons, (c) the influence of subantarctic waters mixed with coastal ones in fall/winter, bringing cold species and promoting the growth of autochthonous species, and (d) the blooms of nanoplanktonic (Phaeocystis) and microplanktonic (C. wailesii) species.

Bacillariophyta; diatoms; phytoplankton; Southern Brazil; Southwestern Atlantic

A variação sazonal das diatomáceas em águas neríticas do estado do Paraná, Sul do Brasil, foi investigada para analisar sua dinâmica temporal e detectar as principais forçantes ambientais da comunidade planctônica. Picos de biomassa ocorreram de Maio a Agosto e de Dezembro a Março. As espécies dominantes foram Cerataulina pelagica, Chaetoceros spp., Dactyliosolen fragilissimus, Guinardia striata, Lauderia annulata, Leptocylindrus spp., Pseudo-nitzschia cf. delicatissima, P. australis, Rhizosolenia spp., Skeletonema costatum e Thalassionema nitzschioides. Representantes de Naviculaceae, Nitzschia spp., Thalassiosira spp. e Chaetoceros cf. tenuissimus dominaram as diatomáceas nanoplanctônicas. As concentrações da maioria das espécies decresceram durante e logo após as florações de Phaeocystis pouchetii em Setembro, e de Coscinodiscus wailesii em Abril. Com base na análise de cluster e interpretações dos parâmetros ambientais monitorados, seis associações de diatomáceas foram discernidas. Quatro fatores ambientais principais foram atribuídos como determinantes para o grupamento: (a) influência mais forte de águas oligotróficas da Corrente do Brasil na Primavera/Verão, (b) alternância entre as estações chuvosa (rica em nutrientes) e seca, (c) influência de águas subantárticas enriquecidas misturadas às costeiras no Outono e Inverno, trazendo espécies de águas frias, além de promover o crescimento de autóctones, e (d) florações de espécies nanoplanctônicas (Phaeocystis) e microplanctônicas (C. wailesii).

Bacillariophyta; diatomáceas; fitoplâncton; taxonomia; ecologia; Sul do Brasil

Boltovskoy, e. 1981. Masas de água en el Atlantico Sudoccidental. In: Boltovskoy, D. ed. Atlas del Zooplancton del Atlântico Sudoccidental y metodos de trabajo con el zooplancton marino. Mar del Plata, Publ esp INIDEP. p. 227-238.
Brandini, F. P. 1985. Seasonal succession of the phytoplankton in the bay of Paranaguá (Paraná state - Brazil). Rev. brasil. Biol., 45(4):687-694.
Brandini, F. P. 1985a. Ecological studies in the bay of Paranaguá. I. Horizontal distribution and seasonal dynamics of the phytoplankton. Bolm. Inst. oceanogr. São Paulo, 33(2):139-147.
Brandini, F. P. 1990. Hydrography and characteristics of the phytoplankton in shelf and oceanic waters off southeastern Brazil during winter (july/august-1982) and summer (February/March-1984). Hydrobiol., 196(2):111-148.
Brandini, F. P. 1990a. Produção primária e características fotossintéticas do fitoplâncton na região Sueste do Brasil. Bolm. Inst. oceanogr., S Paulo, 38(2):147-159.
Brandini, F. P. & Fernandes, L. F. 1996. Microalgae of the continental shelf of Paraná State, southern Brazil: review of studies. Bolm. Inst. oceanogr., S. Paulo, 44(1):69-80.
Brandini, F. P.; Lopes, R. M.; Gutseit, K. S.; Spach, H. L. & Sassi, R. 1997. Planctonologia na plataforma continental do Brasil. Diagnose e revisão bibliográfica. Brasília, Ministério do Meio Ambiente/CIRM/FEMAR. 196p.
Campos, E. J. D.; Lorenzzetti, J. A.; Stevenson, M. R.; Stech, J. L. & Souza, R. B. 1996. Penetration of waters from the Brazil-Malvinas Confluence region along the South American continental shelf up to 23ºS. An. Acad. Bras. Ci., 68 (Suppl. 1):49-58.
Ciotti, A. M.; Odebrecht, C.; Fillmann, G. & Möller Jr, O. 1995. Freshwater outflow and Subtropical Convergence influence on phytoplankton biomass on the southern Brazilian continental shelf. Continent. Shelf Res., 15(14):1737-1756.
Digby, P. G. N. & Kempton, R. A. 1987. Multivariate analysis of ecological communities. London, Chapman and Hall. 450p.
Doering, E. G. 1989. On the contribution of the benthos to pelagic production. J. Mar. Res., 47(2):371-383.
Emílsson, I. 1960. The shelf and coastal waters off the Southern Brazil. Bolm. Inst. oceanogr., S Paulo, 11(único):101-112.
Ernissee, J. J. & Abbott, W. H. 1975. Binding of mineral grains by a species of Thalassiosira Nova Hedwigia, Beih., 53:241-252.
Fernandes, L.F. & Brandini, F.P. 1999. Microplankton communities in Southwestern Atlantic Ocean: biomass and distribution in November 1992. Rev. bras. oceanogr., 47(2):189-205.
Fernandes, L. F.; Zehnder-Alves, L. & Bassfeld, J. C. 2001. The recently established diatom Coscinodiscus wailesii (Coscinodiscales, Bacillariophyta) in Brazilian waters. I. Remarks on morphology and distribution. Phycological Res., 49:89-96.
Flint, R. W. & Kamiakowski, D. 1984. Benthic nutrient regeneration in South Texas coastal waters. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci., 18(2):221-230.
Harris, G. P. 1986. Phytoplankton ecology: structure, function and fluctuation. New York, Chapman and Hall. 384p.
Hasle, G. R. 1978. Using the inverted microscopy. In: Sournia, A., ed. Phytoplankton manual. Monogr. Oceanogr. Methodol, U.N. 6:191-196.
Hasle, G. R. & Fryxell, G. A. 1970. Diatoms: cleaning and mounting for light and electron microscopy. Trans. Am. Microsc. Soc., 89:469-474.
Holmes, R. W. 1970. The Secchi disk in turbid coastal waters. Limnol. Oceanogr., 15:688-694.
Hubold, G. 1980. Hydrography and plankton off Southern Brazil and Rio de la Plata: august-november 1977. Atlantica, 4:1-21.
Hubold, G. 1980a. Second report on Hydrography and plankton off Southern Brazil and Rio de la Plata: autumn cruise: april-june 1978. Atlantica, 4:23-42.
Krebs, C. J. 1989. Ecological methodology. New York, Harper Collins Publ. 850p.
Lancelot, c.; Billen, g. & Barth, h. 1991. The dynamics of Phaeocystis blooms in nutrient enriched coastal zones. Water Pollut., Res. Rep., 23:1-116.
Lange, C.B. 1985. Spatial and seasonal variations of diatom assemblages off the argentinan coast (South Western Atlantic). Oceanol. Acta, 8:361-369.
Lopes, R. M.; Vale, R. & Brandini, F. P. 1998. Composição, abundância e distribuição espacial do zooplâncton no complexo estuarino de Paranaguá durante o inverno de 1993 e o verão de 1994. Rev. bras. oceanogr. 46(2):195-211.
Margalef, R. 1978. Life-forms of phytoplankton as survival alternatives in unstable environments. Oceanol. Acta, 1:493-509.
Moreira-Filho, H.; Valente-Moreira, I. M.; Souza-Mosimann, R. M. & Cunha, J.A. 1990. Avaliação florística e ecológica das diatomáceas (Chrysophyta-Bacillariophyceae) marinhas e estuarinas nos estados do Paraná, Santa Catarina e Rio Grande do Sul. Est. Biologia (PUC), 25:5-48.
Rick, H. J. & Dürselen, C. D. 1995. Importance and abundance of the recently established species Coscinodiscus wailesii Gran et Angst in the German Bight. Helgolander Meeresunters., 49: 355-74.
Riegmann, R.; Noordeloos, A. A. M. & Cadée, G. C. 1992. Phaeocystis blooms and eutrophication of the coastal zones of the North Sea. Mar. Biol., 112(3):479-484.
Roy, S.; Harris, R. P. & Pulet, S. A. 1989. Inneficient feeding by Calanus helgolandicus and Temora longicornis on Coscinodiscus wailesii: quantitative estimation using chlorophyll-type pigment and effects on dissolved free amino acids. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 52:145-53.
Smayda, T. 1980. Phytoplankton species succession. In: Morris, I. ed. The physiological ecology of phytoplankton. Studies in ecology 7. Oxford Blackwell Scient. Publ. p. 493-570.
Smetacek, V. S. 1985. Role of sinking in diatom life-history cycles: ecological, evolutionary and geological significance. Mar. Biol., 84:239-251.
Smetacek, V. S. 1988. Plankton characteristics. In: Postma, H. & Zijlstra, J. J. eds. Ecosystems of the world, Continental shelves, v. 27 Amsterdan, Elsevier. p. 93-130.
Strickland, J. D. H. & Parsons, T. R. 1972. A pratical handbook of seawater analysis. Bull. Fish. Res. Bd. Can., 122:1-172.
Throndsen, J. 1978. Preservation and storage. In: Sournia, A., ed. Phytoplankton manual. Monogr oceanogr. Methodol., V.N., 6: 69-74.
Valentin, J. L.; Lins da Silva, N. M.; Monteiro-Ribas, W. M.; Mureb, M. A.; Bastos, C. T. B. T.; Tenembaum, D. R.; André, D. L.; Jacob, S. A. & Pessotti, E. 1986. Le plancton dans l'upwelling de Cabo Frio (Brésil): microrépartition spatio-temporale à une station fixe. Ann. Inst. océanogr., Paris, Nouv. Serv., 62:117-135.
Venrick, E.L. 1978. How many cells to count? In: Sournia, A. ed. Phytoplankton manual. Monogr. oceanogr. Methodol., V.N., 6:167-180.
Werner, D. ed. 1977. The biology of diatoms. Ecolog. Monogr., 13. Los Angeles, University of California Press. 498p.
Zeitschel, B. 1980. Sediment-water interactions. In: Tenore, K. R. & Coull, B. C. eds. Marine benthic dynamics. South Carolina, University of South Carolina Press. p. 195-218.

Publication Dates

Publication in this collection
16 Jan 2009
Date of issue
Mar 2004

History

Accepted
06 Oct 2003
Reviewed
15 Sept 2003
Received
07 May 2003

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

[1] Boltovskoy, e. 1981. Masas de água en el Atlantico Sudoccidental. In: Boltovskoy, D. ed. Atlas del Zooplancton del Atlântico Sudoccidental y metodos de trabajo con el zooplancton marino. Mar del Plata, Publ esp INIDEP. p. 227-238.

[2] Brandini, F. P. 1985. Seasonal succession of the phytoplankton in the bay of Paranaguá (Paraná state - Brazil). Rev. brasil. Biol., 45(4):687-694.

[3] Brandini, F. P. 1985a. Ecological studies in the bay of Paranaguá. I. Horizontal distribution and seasonal dynamics of the phytoplankton. Bolm. Inst. oceanogr. São Paulo, 33(2):139-147.

[4] Brandini, F. P. 1990. Hydrography and characteristics of the phytoplankton in shelf and oceanic waters off southeastern Brazil during winter (july/august-1982) and summer (February/March-1984). Hydrobiol., 196(2):111-148.

[5] Brandini, F. P. 1990a. Produção primária e características fotossintéticas do fitoplâncton na região Sueste do Brasil. Bolm. Inst. oceanogr., S Paulo, 38(2):147-159.

[6] Brandini, F. P. & Fernandes, L. F. 1996. Microalgae of the continental shelf of Paraná State, southern Brazil: review of studies. Bolm. Inst. oceanogr., S. Paulo, 44(1):69-80.

[7] Brandini, F. P.; Lopes, R. M.; Gutseit, K. S.; Spach, H. L. & Sassi, R. 1997. Planctonologia na plataforma continental do Brasil. Diagnose e revisão bibliográfica. Brasília, Ministério do Meio Ambiente/CIRM/FEMAR. 196p.

[8] Campos, E. J. D.; Lorenzzetti, J. A.; Stevenson, M. R.; Stech, J. L. & Souza, R. B. 1996. Penetration of waters from the Brazil-Malvinas Confluence region along the South American continental shelf up to 23ºS. An. Acad. Bras. Ci., 68 (Suppl. 1):49-58.

[9] Ciotti, A. M.; Odebrecht, C.; Fillmann, G. & Möller Jr, O. 1995. Freshwater outflow and Subtropical Convergence influence on phytoplankton biomass on the southern Brazilian continental shelf. Continent. Shelf Res., 15(14):1737-1756.

[10] Digby, P. G. N. & Kempton, R. A. 1987. Multivariate analysis of ecological communities. London, Chapman and Hall. 450p.

[11] Doering, E. G. 1989. On the contribution of the benthos to pelagic production. J. Mar. Res., 47(2):371-383.

[12] Emílsson, I. 1960. The shelf and coastal waters off the Southern Brazil. Bolm. Inst. oceanogr., S Paulo, 11(único):101-112.

[13] Ernissee, J. J. & Abbott, W. H. 1975. Binding of mineral grains by a species of Thalassiosira Nova Hedwigia, Beih., 53:241-252.

[14] Fernandes, L.F. & Brandini, F.P. 1999. Microplankton communities in Southwestern Atlantic Ocean: biomass and distribution in November 1992. Rev. bras. oceanogr., 47(2):189-205.

[15] Fernandes, L. F.; Zehnder-Alves, L. & Bassfeld, J. C. 2001. The recently established diatom Coscinodiscus wailesii (Coscinodiscales, Bacillariophyta) in Brazilian waters. I. Remarks on morphology and distribution. Phycological Res., 49:89-96.

[16] Flint, R. W. & Kamiakowski, D. 1984. Benthic nutrient regeneration in South Texas coastal waters. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci., 18(2):221-230.

[17] Harris, G. P. 1986. Phytoplankton ecology: structure, function and fluctuation. New York, Chapman and Hall. 384p.

[18] Hasle, G. R. 1978. Using the inverted microscopy. In: Sournia, A., ed. Phytoplankton manual. Monogr. Oceanogr. Methodol, U.N. 6:191-196.

[19] Hasle, G. R. & Fryxell, G. A. 1970. Diatoms: cleaning and mounting for light and electron microscopy. Trans. Am. Microsc. Soc., 89:469-474.

[20] Holmes, R. W. 1970. The Secchi disk in turbid coastal waters. Limnol. Oceanogr., 15:688-694.

[21] Hubold, G. 1980. Hydrography and plankton off Southern Brazil and Rio de la Plata: august-november 1977. Atlantica, 4:1-21.

[22] Hubold, G. 1980a. Second report on Hydrography and plankton off Southern Brazil and Rio de la Plata: autumn cruise: april-june 1978. Atlantica, 4:23-42.

[23] Krebs, C. J. 1989. Ecological methodology. New York, Harper Collins Publ. 850p.

[24] Lancelot, c.; Billen, g. & Barth, h. 1991. The dynamics of Phaeocystis blooms in nutrient enriched coastal zones. Water Pollut., Res. Rep., 23:1-116.

[25] Lange, C.B. 1985. Spatial and seasonal variations of diatom assemblages off the argentinan coast (South Western Atlantic). Oceanol. Acta, 8:361-369.

[26] Lopes, R. M.; Vale, R. & Brandini, F. P. 1998. Composição, abundância e distribuição espacial do zooplâncton no complexo estuarino de Paranaguá durante o inverno de 1993 e o verão de 1994. Rev. bras. oceanogr. 46(2):195-211.

[27] Margalef, R. 1978. Life-forms of phytoplankton as survival alternatives in unstable environments. Oceanol. Acta, 1:493-509.

[28] Moreira-Filho, H.; Valente-Moreira, I. M.; Souza-Mosimann, R. M. & Cunha, J.A. 1990. Avaliação florística e ecológica das diatomáceas (Chrysophyta-Bacillariophyceae) marinhas e estuarinas nos estados do Paraná, Santa Catarina e Rio Grande do Sul. Est. Biologia (PUC), 25:5-48.

[29] Rick, H. J. & Dürselen, C. D. 1995. Importance and abundance of the recently established species Coscinodiscus wailesii Gran et Angst in the German Bight. Helgolander Meeresunters., 49: 355-74.

[30] Riegmann, R.; Noordeloos, A. A. M. & Cadée, G. C. 1992. Phaeocystis blooms and eutrophication of the coastal zones of the North Sea. Mar. Biol., 112(3):479-484.

[31] Roy, S.; Harris, R. P. & Pulet, S. A. 1989. Inneficient feeding by Calanus helgolandicus and Temora longicornis on Coscinodiscus wailesii: quantitative estimation using chlorophyll-type pigment and effects on dissolved free amino acids. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 52:145-53.

[32] Smayda, T. 1980. Phytoplankton species succession. In: Morris, I. ed. The physiological ecology of phytoplankton. Studies in ecology 7. Oxford Blackwell Scient. Publ. p. 493-570.

[33] Smetacek, V. S. 1985. Role of sinking in diatom life-history cycles: ecological, evolutionary and geological significance. Mar. Biol., 84:239-251.

[34] Smetacek, V. S. 1988. Plankton characteristics. In: Postma, H. & Zijlstra, J. J. eds. Ecosystems of the world, Continental shelves, v. 27 Amsterdan, Elsevier. p. 93-130.

[35] Strickland, J. D. H. & Parsons, T. R. 1972. A pratical handbook of seawater analysis. Bull. Fish. Res. Bd. Can., 122:1-172.

[36] Throndsen, J. 1978. Preservation and storage. In: Sournia, A., ed. Phytoplankton manual. Monogr oceanogr. Methodol., V.N., 6: 69-74.

[37] Valentin, J. L.; Lins da Silva, N. M.; Monteiro-Ribas, W. M.; Mureb, M. A.; Bastos, C. T. B. T.; Tenembaum, D. R.; André, D. L.; Jacob, S. A. & Pessotti, E. 1986. Le plancton dans l'upwelling de Cabo Frio (Brésil): microrépartition spatio-temporale à une station fixe. Ann. Inst. océanogr., Paris, Nouv. Serv., 62:117-135.

[38] Venrick, E.L. 1978. How many cells to count? In: Sournia, A. ed. Phytoplankton manual. Monogr. oceanogr. Methodol., V.N., 6:167-180.

[39] Werner, D. ed. 1977. The biology of diatoms. Ecolog. Monogr., 13. Los Angeles, University of California Press. 498p.

[40] Zeitschel, B. 1980. Sediment-water interactions. In: Tenore, K. R. & Coull, B. C. eds. Marine benthic dynamics. South Carolina, University of South Carolina Press. p. 195-218.