Auto- and heterotrophic nanoplankton and filamentous bacteria of Guanabara Bay (RJ, Brazil): estimates of cell/filament numbers versus carbon content

Santos, Viviane Severiano; Villac, Maria Célia; Tenenbaum, Denise Rivera; Paranhos, Rodolfo

Abstracts

Variations of nanoplankton (2-20 µm) and filamentous bacteria (diameter: 0.5-2.0 µm) of Guanabara Bay (RJ, Brazil) are presented, considering cell density and carbon content of auto- and heterotrophs. Our goal is to contribute to future modeling of local trophic dynamics. Subsurface water samples were taken weekly during the year 2000 at two sites: Urca (close to the entrance, more saline, eutrophic) and Ramos (inner area, less saline, hypertrophic). Microscopic analysis was done by epifluorescence and cell density was converted to biomass through cell biovolume. Total nanoplankton was about 10(8) cells.l-1 in most samples (>57%), and total filamentous bacteria densities varied from 10(5) to 10(8) fil.l-1. Autotroph density was one order of magnitude higher at Ramos, both for nanoplankton (Md: 10(8)cells.l-1 at Ramos and 10(7)cells.l-1 at Urca) and for filamentous bacteria (Md: 10(6) fil.l-1 at Ramos and 10(5) fil.l-1 at Urca). The same was observed for autotrophic biomass (Md: 10³µgC.l-1 at Ramos and 10¹µgC.l-1 at Urca for nanoplankton; Md: 28µgC.l-1 at Ramos and 1.4µgC.l-1 at Urca for filamentous bacteria). The relative contribution of autotrophs increased after conversion to biomass. Seasonal variation was conspicuous for filamentous bacteria at both sites and for nanoplankton only at Ramos, with maximum autotrophic abundances during the rainy period (spring-summer).

Estuary; Guanabara Bay; Nanoplankton; Filamentous bacteria; Autotrophs; Heterotrophs; Biomass; Cell density

Variações do nanoplâncton (2-20µm) e bactérias filamentosas (diâmetro: 0.5-2.0 µm) da Baía de Guanabara (RJ, Brasil) são apresentadas, considerando densidade celular e biomassa de autótrofos e heterótrofos. A meta deste trabalho é contribuir para uma futura modelagem da dinâmica trófica neste sistema. Amostras subsuperficiais de água foram coletadas semanalmente durante um ano em dois pontos: Urca (próximo à entrada, mais salino, eutrófico) e Ramos (no interior, menos salino, hipertrófico). Foi feita análise por microscopia de epifluorescência, com densidade celular convertida para biomassa através do biovolume celular. A concentração do nanoplâncton total foi alta (10(8)cel.l-1) na maioria das amostras (>57%) e das bactérias filamentosas variou de 10(5) a 10(8)fil.l-1. A densidade de autótrofos em Ramos foi uma ordem de grandeza superior tanto para o nanoplâncton (Md: 10(8)cel.l-1 em Ramos e 10(7)cel.l-1 na Urca) quanto para as bactérias filamentosas (Md: 10(6)fil.l-1 em Ramos e 10(5)fil.l-1 na Urca). A biomassa autotrófica do nanoplâncton (Md: 10³µgC.l-1 em Ramos e 10¹µgC.l-1 na Urca) e das bactérias filamentosas (Md: 28µgC.l-1 em Ramos e 1,4µgC.l-1 na Urca) seguiu o mesmo padrão. A contribuição relativa de autótrofos aumentou após a conversão para biomassa. Uma tendência temporal foi evidenciada para as bactérias filamentosas em ambos os pontos e, para o nanoplâncton autotrófico, em Ramos, com valores máximos no período chuvoso (primavera-verão).

Estuário; Baía de Guanabara; Nanoplâncton; Bactérias filamentosas; Autótrofos; Heterótrofos; Biomassa; Densidade celular

Aminot, A. 1983. Mesure de la salinité. In: Aminot, A. & Chaussieupied, M. eds. Manuel des analysis chemiques au millieu marin. Brest: CNEXO-BNDO. p. 95-106.
Barth, R. 1972. Observações em nano- e ultraplâncton na baía de Guanabara. Publções. Inst. Pesq. marin, Brasil, .68:1-10.
Booth, B. C. 1987. The use of autofluorescence for analysing oceanic phytoplankton communities. Bot. Mar., 30: 101-108.
Booth, B. C. 1995. Estimacion de la biomassa del plancton autotrofico usando microscopia. In: Alveal, K., Ferrario, M.E.Oliveira, E.C. & Sar, E. eds. Manual de métodos ficológicos. Concepción: Universidad de Concepción. p. 187-198.
Brandini, F. P. 1982. Variação nictemeral de alguns fatores ecológicos na região de Cananéia (SP); Diel variations of some ecological factors in Cananéia region (SP). Arq. Biol. Tecnol., 25(3/4):313-327.
Brandini, F. P. 1985. Seasonal succession of the phytoplankton in the bay of Paranaguá (Paraná State - Brazil). Rev. Bras. Biol., 45(4):687-694.
Brandini, F. P. & Thamm, C. A. C. 1994. Variações diárias e sazonais do fitoplâncton e parâmetros ambientais na baía de Paranaguá. Nerítica, 8(1-2):55-72.
Cloern, J. E. & Cheng, R. T. 1981. Simulation model of Skeletonema costatum population dynamics in Northern San Francisco bay, California. Estuar. coast. Shelf Sci., 12:83-100.
Davis, P. G. & Sieburth, McN. 1982. Differentiation of phototrophic and heterotrophic nanoplankton populations in marine waters by epifluorescence microscopy. Ann. Inst. océanogr., 58(S):249-260.
Edler, L. 1979. Recommendations for marine biological studies in the Baltic Sea - Phytoplankton and chlorophyll. Baltic mar. Biologists, 5: 1-39.
Faria, J. G. & Cunha, A. M. 1917. O microplancton da Baía do Rio de Janeiro e suas imediações. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz, 9(1):68-93.
Fogg, G. E. 1975. Algal cultures and phytoplankton ecology. Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press. 175p.
Gaines, G. & Elbrächter, M. 1987. Heterotrophic nutrition. In: Taylor, F.J.R., ed. Biology of Dinoflagellates. Oxford: Blackwell. p. 224-268.
Grasshoff, K. A.; Ehrhardt, M. & Kremiling, K. 1999. Methods of seawater analysis. 3. ed., Weinhein: Verlag-Chemie. 407p.
Han, M.; Furuya, K. & Nemoto, T. 1992. Species-specific productivity of Skeletonema costatum (Bacillariophyceae) in the inner part of Tokyo bay. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 79:267-273.
Jiménez, F.; Rodrigues, J. & Baptista, B. 1987. Relations between chlorophyll, phytoplankton cell abundance and biovolume during a winter bloom in Mediterranean coastal waters. J. expl mar. Biol. Ecol., 5: 161-173.
Kjerfve, B.; Ribeiro, C. H. A.; Dias, G. T. M.; Filippo, A. M. & Quaresma, V. S. 1997. Oceanographic characteristics of an impacted coastal bay: Baía de Guanabara, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Cont. Shelf Res., 17: 1609-1643.
Lavrado, H. P.; Carvalho, V.; Mayr, L. M. & Paranhos, R. 1991. Evolution (1980-1990) of ammonia and dissolved oxygen in Guanabara bay, RJ, Brazil. In: Magoon, O. T.; Converse, H. V.; Tippie, V.; Tobin, L. T. & Clarck, D. eds. Coastal Zone'91. California: American Society of Civil Engineers. p. 3234-3245.
MacIsaac, E. A. & Stockner, J. G. 1993. Enumeration of phototrophic picoplankton by autofluorescence microscopy. In: Kemp, P.F., Sherr, B. F., Sherr, E. B., & Cole, J. J., eds. Handbook of methods in aquatic microbial ecology. Boca Raton: Lewis Publishers. p. 187-197.
Marshall, H. G.; Burchardt, L. & Lacouture, R. 2005. A review of a phytoplankton composition within Chesapeake Bay and its tidal estuaries. J. Plankt. Res., 27(11):1083-1102.
Martinussen, I. & Thingstad, T. F. 1991. A simple double staining technique for simultaneous quantification of auto- and heterotrophic nano- and picoplankton. Mar. microb.. Food Webs, 5(1):5-11.
Mayr, L. M.;Tenenbaum, D. R.; Villac, M. C.; Paranhos, R.; Nogueira, C. R.; Bonecker, S. L. & Bonecker, A. C. T. 1989. Hydrobiological characterization in Guanabara bay. In:
Montagnes, D. J. S.; Berges, J. A.; Harrison, P. J. & Taylor, F. J. R. 1994. Estimating carbon, nitrogen, protein, and chlorophyll a from volume in marine phytoplankton. Limnol. Oceanogr., 39: 1044-1060.
Mullin, M. M.; Sloan, P. R. & Eppley, R. W. 1966. Relationship between carbon content, cell volume, and area in phytoplankton. Limnol. Oceanogr., 11:307-311.
Murrel, M. C. & Lores, E. M. 2004. Phytoplankton and zooplankton seasonal dynamics in a subtropical estuary: importance of cyanobacteria. J. Plankt Res., 26(3):371-382.
Paranhos, R.; Pereira, A. P. & Mayr, L. M. 1998. Diel variability of water quality in a tropical polluted bay. Environ. Monit. Assessment, 50: 131-141.
Paranhos, R.; Andrade, L.; Mendonça-Hagler, L. C. & Pfeiffer, W. C. 2001. Coupling bacterial abundance with production in a polluted tropical coastal bay. In: Faria, B.M., Farjalla, V.F. & Esteves, F. A. eds. Aquatic Microbial Ecology. Series Oecologia Brasiliensis, v. IX., Rio de Janeiro. PPGE-UFRJ, p.117-132.
Paranhos, R.; Nascimento, S. M. & Mayr, L. M. 1995. On the faecal pollution in Guanabara bay, Brazil. Fresenius Environ. Bull., 4:352-357.
Parsons, T. R.; Maita, Y. & Lalli, C. M. 1984. A manual of chemical and biological methods for seawater analysis. Oxford: Pergamon Press. 173p.
Reynolds, C. S. 1988. Functional morphology and the adaptive strategies of freshwater phytoplankton. In: Sandgreen, C. D. ed. Growth and reproduction strategies of freshwater phytoplankton. Cambridge: University Press, p. 288-433.
Rezende, K. R. V. & Brandini, F. P. 1997. Variação sazonal do fitoplâncton na zona de arrebentação da Praia de Pontal do Sul (Paranaguá - Paraná). Nerítica, 11:49-62.
Sevrin-Reyssac, J.; Machado, M. C.; Schutze, M. L. M.; Bibas, S. G.; Lima, I. C. de; Lima, C. A. & Esteves, C. P. 1979. Biomasse et production du phytoplancton de la baie de Guanabara (État de Rio de Janeiro, Brésil) et du sector océanique adjacent. Variations de mai à juillet 1978. Bull.Mus. natn Hist. Nat., 1(B4):329-354.
Sherr, E. B. & Sherr, B. F. 1993. Preservation and storage of samples for enumeration of heterotrophic protists. In: Kemp, P. F.; Sherr, B. F.; Sherr, E. B.; Cole, J. J. eds. Handbook of methods in aquatic microbial ecology. Boca Raton: Lewis Publishers, p. 207-212.
Smayda, T. J. 1978. From phytoplankters to biomass. In: Sournia, A., ed. Phytoplankton Manual. Paris: UNESCO. p. 273-279.
Soares, Z. O.; Franca, L. B. P. & Utichitel, S. 1981. Fitoplâncton e fatores abióticos na Baía de Guanabara, Rio de Janeiro — subsídios para o controle de poluição. Cad. FEEMA, ser. Congressos, Rio de Janeiro, 09/81. 30p.
Tenenbaum, D. R.; Villac, M. C.; Gomes, E. A. T.; Cupelo, A.C. & Santos, V. S. 2001. A new "sight" on microbial plankton ecology: coastal x oceanic system in Brazil. In: Faria, B. M.; Farjalla, V. F. & Esteves, F. A. eds. Aquatic microbial ecology in Brazil. Series Oecologia Brasiliensis, v. IX. PPGE-UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro. p. 133-152.
Valentin, J. L.; Tenenbaum, D. R.; Bonecker, A. C. T.; Bonecker, S. L. C.; Nogueira, C. R.; Paranhos, R. & Villac, M. C. 1999. Caractéristiques hydrobiologiques de la baie de Guanabara (Rio de Janeiro, Brésil). J. Rech. océanogr., 24: 33-41.
Villac, M. C.; Mayr, L. M.; Tenenbaum, D. R. & Paranhos, R. 1991. Sampling strategies proposed to monitor Guanabara bay, RJ, Brasil. In: Magoon, O. T.; Converse, H. V.; Tippie, V.; Tobin, L. T. & Clarck, D, eds. Coastal Zone'91. New York: American Society of Civil Engineers. p. 1168-1182.
Wilde, E. W. & Fliermans, C. B. 1979. Fluorescence microscopy for algal studies. Trans. Am. microsc. Soc., 98(1):96-102.

Publication Dates

Publication in this collection
06 Nov 2007
Date of issue
June 2007

History

Accepted
23 Feb 2007
Reviewed
12 Sept 2006
Received
09 June 2006

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

[1] Aminot, A. 1983. Mesure de la salinité. In: Aminot, A. & Chaussieupied, M. eds. Manuel des analysis chemiques au millieu marin. Brest: CNEXO-BNDO. p. 95-106.

[2] Barth, R. 1972. Observações em nano- e ultraplâncton na baía de Guanabara. Publções. Inst. Pesq. marin, Brasil, .68:1-10.

[3] Booth, B. C. 1987. The use of autofluorescence for analysing oceanic phytoplankton communities. Bot. Mar., 30: 101-108.

[4] Booth, B. C. 1995. Estimacion de la biomassa del plancton autotrofico usando microscopia. In: Alveal, K., Ferrario, M.E.Oliveira, E.C. & Sar, E. eds. Manual de métodos ficológicos. Concepción: Universidad de Concepción. p. 187-198.

[5] Brandini, F. P. 1982. Variação nictemeral de alguns fatores ecológicos na região de Cananéia (SP); Diel variations of some ecological factors in Cananéia region (SP). Arq. Biol. Tecnol., 25(3/4):313-327.

[6] Brandini, F. P. 1985. Seasonal succession of the phytoplankton in the bay of Paranaguá (Paraná State - Brazil). Rev. Bras. Biol., 45(4):687-694.

[7] Brandini, F. P. & Thamm, C. A. C. 1994. Variações diárias e sazonais do fitoplâncton e parâmetros ambientais na baía de Paranaguá. Nerítica, 8(1-2):55-72.

[8] Cloern, J. E. & Cheng, R. T. 1981. Simulation model of Skeletonema costatum population dynamics in Northern San Francisco bay, California. Estuar. coast. Shelf Sci., 12:83-100.

[9] Davis, P. G. & Sieburth, McN. 1982. Differentiation of phototrophic and heterotrophic nanoplankton populations in marine waters by epifluorescence microscopy. Ann. Inst. océanogr., 58(S):249-260.

[10] Edler, L. 1979. Recommendations for marine biological studies in the Baltic Sea - Phytoplankton and chlorophyll. Baltic mar. Biologists, 5: 1-39.

[11] Faria, J. G. & Cunha, A. M. 1917. O microplancton da Baía do Rio de Janeiro e suas imediações. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz, 9(1):68-93.

[12] Fogg, G. E. 1975. Algal cultures and phytoplankton ecology. Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press. 175p.

[13] Gaines, G. & Elbrächter, M. 1987. Heterotrophic nutrition. In: Taylor, F.J.R., ed. Biology of Dinoflagellates. Oxford: Blackwell. p. 224-268.

[14] Grasshoff, K. A.; Ehrhardt, M. & Kremiling, K. 1999. Methods of seawater analysis. 3. ed., Weinhein: Verlag-Chemie. 407p.

[15] Han, M.; Furuya, K. & Nemoto, T. 1992. Species-specific productivity of Skeletonema costatum (Bacillariophyceae) in the inner part of Tokyo bay. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 79:267-273.

[16] Jiménez, F.; Rodrigues, J. & Baptista, B. 1987. Relations between chlorophyll, phytoplankton cell abundance and biovolume during a winter bloom in Mediterranean coastal waters. J. expl mar. Biol. Ecol., 5: 161-173.

[17] Kjerfve, B.; Ribeiro, C. H. A.; Dias, G. T. M.; Filippo, A. M. & Quaresma, V. S. 1997. Oceanographic characteristics of an impacted coastal bay: Baía de Guanabara, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Cont. Shelf Res., 17: 1609-1643.

[18] Lavrado, H. P.; Carvalho, V.; Mayr, L. M. & Paranhos, R. 1991. Evolution (1980-1990) of ammonia and dissolved oxygen in Guanabara bay, RJ, Brazil. In: Magoon, O. T.; Converse, H. V.; Tippie, V.; Tobin, L. T. & Clarck, D. eds. Coastal Zone'91. California: American Society of Civil Engineers. p. 3234-3245.

[19] MacIsaac, E. A. & Stockner, J. G. 1993. Enumeration of phototrophic picoplankton by autofluorescence microscopy. In: Kemp, P.F., Sherr, B. F., Sherr, E. B., & Cole, J. J., eds. Handbook of methods in aquatic microbial ecology. Boca Raton: Lewis Publishers. p. 187-197.

[20] Marshall, H. G.; Burchardt, L. & Lacouture, R. 2005. A review of a phytoplankton composition within Chesapeake Bay and its tidal estuaries. J. Plankt. Res., 27(11):1083-1102.

[21] Martinussen, I. & Thingstad, T. F. 1991. A simple double staining technique for simultaneous quantification of auto- and heterotrophic nano- and picoplankton. Mar. microb.. Food Webs, 5(1):5-11.

[22] Mayr, L. M.;Tenenbaum, D. R.; Villac, M. C.; Paranhos, R.; Nogueira, C. R.; Bonecker, S. L. & Bonecker, A. C. T. 1989. Hydrobiological characterization in Guanabara bay. In:

[23] Montagnes, D. J. S.; Berges, J. A.; Harrison, P. J. & Taylor, F. J. R. 1994. Estimating carbon, nitrogen, protein, and chlorophyll a from volume in marine phytoplankton. Limnol. Oceanogr., 39: 1044-1060.

[24] Mullin, M. M.; Sloan, P. R. & Eppley, R. W. 1966. Relationship between carbon content, cell volume, and area in phytoplankton. Limnol. Oceanogr., 11:307-311.

[25] Murrel, M. C. & Lores, E. M. 2004. Phytoplankton and zooplankton seasonal dynamics in a subtropical estuary: importance of cyanobacteria. J. Plankt Res., 26(3):371-382.

[26] Paranhos, R.; Pereira, A. P. & Mayr, L. M. 1998. Diel variability of water quality in a tropical polluted bay. Environ. Monit. Assessment, 50: 131-141.

[27] Paranhos, R.; Andrade, L.; Mendonça-Hagler, L. C. & Pfeiffer, W. C. 2001. Coupling bacterial abundance with production in a polluted tropical coastal bay. In: Faria, B.M., Farjalla, V.F. & Esteves, F. A. eds. Aquatic Microbial Ecology. Series Oecologia Brasiliensis, v. IX., Rio de Janeiro. PPGE-UFRJ, p.117-132.

[28] Paranhos, R.; Nascimento, S. M. & Mayr, L. M. 1995. On the faecal pollution in Guanabara bay, Brazil. Fresenius Environ. Bull., 4:352-357.

[29] Parsons, T. R.; Maita, Y. & Lalli, C. M. 1984. A manual of chemical and biological methods for seawater analysis. Oxford: Pergamon Press. 173p.

[30] Reynolds, C. S. 1988. Functional morphology and the adaptive strategies of freshwater phytoplankton. In: Sandgreen, C. D. ed. Growth and reproduction strategies of freshwater phytoplankton. Cambridge: University Press, p. 288-433.

[31] Rezende, K. R. V. & Brandini, F. P. 1997. Variação sazonal do fitoplâncton na zona de arrebentação da Praia de Pontal do Sul (Paranaguá - Paraná). Nerítica, 11:49-62.

[32] Sevrin-Reyssac, J.; Machado, M. C.; Schutze, M. L. M.; Bibas, S. G.; Lima, I. C. de; Lima, C. A. & Esteves, C. P. 1979. Biomasse et production du phytoplancton de la baie de Guanabara (État de Rio de Janeiro, Brésil) et du sector océanique adjacent. Variations de mai à juillet 1978. Bull.Mus. natn Hist. Nat., 1(B4):329-354.

[33] Sherr, E. B. & Sherr, B. F. 1993. Preservation and storage of samples for enumeration of heterotrophic protists. In: Kemp, P. F.; Sherr, B. F.; Sherr, E. B.; Cole, J. J. eds. Handbook of methods in aquatic microbial ecology. Boca Raton: Lewis Publishers, p. 207-212.

[34] Smayda, T. J. 1978. From phytoplankters to biomass. In: Sournia, A., ed. Phytoplankton Manual. Paris: UNESCO. p. 273-279.

[35] Soares, Z. O.; Franca, L. B. P. & Utichitel, S. 1981. Fitoplâncton e fatores abióticos na Baía de Guanabara, Rio de Janeiro — subsídios para o controle de poluição. Cad. FEEMA, ser. Congressos, Rio de Janeiro, 09/81. 30p.

[36] Tenenbaum, D. R.; Villac, M. C.; Gomes, E. A. T.; Cupelo, A.C. & Santos, V. S. 2001. A new "sight" on microbial plankton ecology: coastal x oceanic system in Brazil. In: Faria, B. M.; Farjalla, V. F. & Esteves, F. A. eds. Aquatic microbial ecology in Brazil. Series Oecologia Brasiliensis, v. IX. PPGE-UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro. p. 133-152.

[37] Valentin, J. L.; Tenenbaum, D. R.; Bonecker, A. C. T.; Bonecker, S. L. C.; Nogueira, C. R.; Paranhos, R. & Villac, M. C. 1999. Caractéristiques hydrobiologiques de la baie de Guanabara (Rio de Janeiro, Brésil). J. Rech. océanogr., 24: 33-41.

[38] Villac, M. C.; Mayr, L. M.; Tenenbaum, D. R. & Paranhos, R. 1991. Sampling strategies proposed to monitor Guanabara bay, RJ, Brasil. In: Magoon, O. T.; Converse, H. V.; Tippie, V.; Tobin, L. T. & Clarck, D, eds. Coastal Zone'91. New York: American Society of Civil Engineers. p. 1168-1182.

[39] Wilde, E. W. & Fliermans, C. B. 1979. Fluorescence microscopy for algal studies. Trans. Am. microsc. Soc., 98(1):96-102.