Analysis of mangrove forest succession, using sediment cores: a case study in the Cananéia -Iguape coastal system, São Paulo Brazil

Cunha-Lignon, Marília; Mahiques, Michel M.; Schaeffer-Novelli, Yara; Rodrigues, Marcelo; Klein, Daniel A.; Goya, Samara C.; Menghini, Ricardo P.; Tolentino, Clodoaldo C.; Cintrón-Molero, Gilberto; Dahdouh-Guebas, Farid

Abstracts

Sediment cores are an essential tool for the analysis of the dynamics of mangrove succession. Coring was used to correlate changes in depositional environments and lateral sedimentary facies with discrete stages of forest succession at the Cananéia-Iguape Coastal System in southeastern Brazil. A local level successional pattern was examined based on four core series T1) a sediment bank; T2) a smooth cordgrass Spartina alterniflora bank; T3) an active mangrove progradation fringe dominated by Laguncularia racemosa, and; T4) a mature mangrove forest dominated by Avicennia schaueriana. Cores were macroscopically described in terms of color, texture, sedimentary structure and organic components. The base of all cores exhibited a similar pattern suggesting common vertical progressive changes in depositional conditions and subsequent successional colonization pattern throughout the forest. The progradation zone is an exposed bank, colonized by S. alterniflora. L. racemosa, replaces S. alterniflora as progradation takes place. As the substrate consolidates A. schaueriana replaces L. racemosa and attains the greatest structural development in the mature forest. Cores collected within the A. schaueriana dominated stand contained S. alterniflora fragments near the base, confirming that a smooth cordgrass habitat characterized the establishment and early seral stages. Cores provide a reliable approach to describe local-level successional sequences in dynamic settings subject to drivers operating on multiple temporal and spatial scales where spatial heterogeneity can lead to multiple equilibria and where similar successional end-points may be reached through convergent paths.

Sediment cores; Mangrove; Zonation; Succession; Cananéia-Iguape Coastal System; Brazil

Testemunhos de sondagem apresentam-se como importantes ferramentas para análise da dinâmica sucessional de bosques de mangue. A sucessão dos bosques de mangue, no litoral sul do Estado de São Paulo (Brasil), foi determinada com base em quatro testemunhos de sondagem: T1) banco de sedimento; T2) banco de gramínea Spartina alterniflora; T3) bosque de mangue em progradação, dominado por Laguncularia racemosa; e T4) bosque de mangue maduro, dominado por Avicennia schaueriana. Os testemunhos foram descritos macroscopicamente em função de cor, textura, estruturas sedimentares e componentes orgânicos. A base de todos os testemunhos apresentou padrão semelhante, sugerindo colonização similar por bosques de mangue , em toda sua extensão. Áreas em progradação apresentam banco de sedimento exposto, colonizado por S. alterniflora. Faixa de L. racemosa substitui a gramínea, com a progradação. À maior consolidação do sedimento, passam a dominar outras espécies típicas de mangue, como observado no bosque maduro, onde A. schaueriana alcança grande desenvolvimento estrutural. No testemunho coletado na área colonizada pelo bosque maduro dominado por A. shaueriana, há fragmentos de S. alterniflora próximo à base, confirmando o papel da gramínea como espécie pioneira. Os testemunhos analisados refletem a zonação e a sucessão dos bosques de mangue da região.

Testemunhos; Manguezal; Zonação; Sucessão; Sistema Costeiro Cananéia-Iguape; Brasil

AMARAL, P. G.; LEDRU, M. P.; BRANCO, F. R. ; GIANNINI, P. C. F. Late Holocene development of a mangrove ecosystem in southeastern Brazil (Itanhaém, State of São Paulo). Palaeogeogr., Palaeoclimatol., Palaeoecol., v. 241, p. 608-620, 2006.
BALL, M. C. Patterns of secondary sucession in a mangrove forest of Southern Florida. Oecologia, v. 44, p. 226-235, 1980.
BALTZER, F. Mapping of mangroves in the study of sedimentological processes and the concept of swamp structure. In: WALSH, G. E. ; SNEDAKER, S. C.; TEAS, H. J. (Ed.). PROC. INT. SYMP. BIOL. AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGROVES. V eds Pp 499-560. Int Food Agr. Sci., Univ. Florida Gainsville, 1974.
BEHLING, H.; COSTA, M. L. Holocene vegetational and coastal environmental changes from the Lago Crispim record in northeastern Pará State, eastern Amazonia. Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol., v. 114, p. 145-155, 2001.
BEHLING, H.; COHEN, M. C. L.; LARA, R. J. Studies on Holocene mangrove ecosystem dynamics of the Bragança Peninsula in north-eastern Pará, Brazil. Palaeogeogr., Palaeoclimatol., Palaeoecol., v. 167, p. 225-242, 2001.
BIRD, E. C. F.; BARSON, M. M. Measurement of physiographic changes on mangrove-fringed estuaries and coastlines. Mar. Res. Indonesia, v. 18, p. 73-80, 1977.
CHAPMAN, V. J. The 1939 Cambridge University Expedition to Jamaica. II. A study of the environment of Avicennia nitida Jacq. in Jamaica. J. Linnean Soc. Bot. v. 52, p. 448-486, 1944.
COHEN, M. C .L.; BEHLING, H.; LARA, R. J. Amazonian mangrove dynamics during the last millennium: the relative sea-level and the Little Ice Age. Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol., v. 136:, p. 93-108, 2005.
CONNELL, J. H.; SLATYER, R.O. Mechanisms of succession in natural communities and their role in community stability and organization. Am. Nat, v. 111, p. 1119-1144, 1977.
CUNHA-LIGNON, M. Ecologia de manguezais:. Desenvolvimento espaço temporal no sistema Costeiro Cananéia-Iguape, São Paulo, Brasil. 2005. 178 p. Tese (Doutorado), Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto Oceanográfico, São Paulo. 2005.
CUNHA-LIGNON, M.; COELHO-JR., C.; ALMEIDA, R.; MENGHINI, R.; CORREA, F.; SCHAEFFERNOVELLI, Y.; CINTRÓN-MOLERO, G.; DAHDOUHGUEBAS, F. Mangrove forests and sedimentary processes on the south coast of São Paulo State (Brazil). J. coast. Res., Special issue, v. 56, p. 405-409, 2009.
CUNHA-LIGNON, M. ; SCHAEFFER-NOVELLI, Y. Análise digital de fotografias aéreas em bosques de mangue em (Mar de Cananéia, Estado de São Paulo). Rev. Gerenciam. cost. Integr., Publicação Especial sobre o Ecossistema Manguezal. In press.
DAHDOUH-GUEBAS, F.; KOEDAM, N. Long-term retrospection on mangrove development using transdisciplinary approaches: a review. Aquat. Bot., v. 89, n. 2, p. 80-92, 2008.
DAVIS, J. H. The ecology and geologic role of mangroves in Florida Carnegie Institute Washington Publication, n. 517, p. 303-412, 1940.
DI NITTO, D., F.; DAHDOUH-GUEBAS, J. G.; KAIRO, H.; DECLEIR ; KOEDAM, N. Digital terrain modelling to investigate the effects of sea level rise on mangrove propagule establishment. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., v. 356, p. 175-188, 2008.
DIAS-BRITO, D.; ZANINETTI, L. Étude géobotanique comparative de trois mangroves du littoral brésilien: Acupe (Bahia), Guaratiba (RJ) et Iguape (São Paulo). Notes Lab. Paléontol., Université de Genève, fasc. 4, n 6, p. 57-65, 1979.
ELLISON, J. C. Long-term retrospection on mangrove development using sediment cores and pollen analysis: a review. Aquat. Bot. , v. 89, p. 93-104, 2008.
ENOS, P.; PERKINS, R. D. Evolution of Florida Bay from island stratigraphy. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., Part I, v. 90, p. 59-83, Jan., 1979. Doc nº .90112.
FROMARD, F.; PUIG, H.; MOUGIN, E.; MARTY, E.; BETOULLE, J. L.; CADAMURO, L. Structure, above-ground biomass and dynamics of mangrove ecosystems: new data from French Guiana. Oecologia, v. 115, p. 39-53, 1998.
HERZ, R. Os manguezais do Brasil São Paulo: IOUSPCIRM, 1991. 233 p.
INMAN, D. L.; NORDSTROM. F. K. On the tectonic and morphologic classification of coasts. J. Geol, v.79:p.1-21, 1971.
LUGO, A. E.; SNEDAKER, S. C. The ecology of mangroves. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst , v. 5, p. 39-64, 1974.
MÉNDEZ LINARES, A. P.; LÓPEZ-PORTILLO, J.; HERNÁNDEZ-SANTANA, J. R.; Ortiz Pérez, M. A. The mangrove communities in the Arroyo Seco deltaic fan, Jalisco, Mexico, and their realation with the geomorphic and physical-geographic zonation. Catena, v.70, n. 2, p. 127-142, 2007.
MESQUITA, A. R. Sea-level variations along the Brazilian Coast: A short review. J coast. Res., v. 19, p. 21-31, 2003.
MESQUITA, A. R.. de ; HARARI, J. Tides and gauges of Cananéia and Ubatuba - Brasil (Lat 24º). Relat. Inst. Oceanogr., Univ. S. Paulo, n. 11, p. 1-14, 1983.
MORTON, R. A. Coastal geoindicators of environmental change in the humid tropics. Environ. Geol., v. 42, n. 7, p. 711-724, 2002.
OYAMA, M.; TAKEHARA, H. Revised standard soil color charts, 1987. 36 p. + anexos.
PEREIRA, S. Influência da variação relativa do nível do mar no manguezal de Guaratiba - Baía de Sepetiba - RJ 1998. 123 p. Tese ( Doutorado, Geociências). UFRG, 1998.
SAITO, R. T.; FIGUEIRA, R. C. L.; TESSLER, M. G.; CUNHA, I.I.L. ²¹⁰Pb and ¹³⁷Cs geochronologies in the Cananeia-Iguape Estuary (São Paulo, Brazil). J. radioanalyt. nucl. Chem.., v. 249, n. 1, p. 257-261, 2001a.
SAITO, R. T.; FIGUEIRA, R. C. L.; TESSLER, M. G. ; CUNHA, I. I. L. 2001b. Geochronology of sediments in the Cananeia-Iguape estuary and in the southern continental shelf of São Paulo State, Brazil. J. radioanalyt. nucl. Chemistry, v. 250, n. 1, p. 109-115, 2001b.
SEMENIUK, V. Mangrove distribution in northwestern Australia in relationship to regional and local freshwater seepage. Vegetatio , v. 53, p. 11 -31, 1983.
SILVA, J. F. Dados climatológicos de Cananéia e Ubatuba (Estado de São Paulo). Bolm. climatol. Inst. oceanogr., São Paulo, n. 6, p. 1-21, 1989.
SNEDAKER, S. C. Mangrove species zonation: why? In: SEN, D. N.; RAJPUROHIT, K. S.; W Junk (Ed.). Tasks for vegetation Science, v. 2. The Hague: W. Junk Publishers, 1982. p. 111-125.
SOUZA FILHO, P. W. M.; MARTINS, E. S. F.; COSTA, F. R. Using mangroves as a geological indicator of coastal changes in the Bragança macrotidal flat, Brazilian Amazon: a remote sensing data approach. Ocean coast. Mgmt, v. 49, p. 462-475, 2006.
TESSLER, M. G.; MAHIQUES, M. M. Erosional and depositional processes on the Southern Coast of the State of Sao Paulo: a case study of Cananeia-Iguape System. An. Acad. Bras. Ciênc., v. 70, n. 2, p. 267-275, 1998.
TESSLER, M. G.; SOUZA, L.A.P. Dinâmica sedimentar e feições sedimentares identificadas na superfície de fundo do sistema Cananéia-Iguape, SP. Rev. bras. oceanogr., v. 46, n. 1, p. 69-83, 1998.
TESSLER, M. G.; FURTADO, V. V. Dinâmica de sedimentação das feições de assoreamento da região lagunar Cananéia-Iguape, Estado de São Paulo. Bolm Inst. Oceanogr., São Paulo, v. 32, n. 2, p. 117-124, 1983.
THOM, B. G. Mangrove ecology and deltaic geomorphology, Tabasco, México. J. Ecol. ,v. 55, n. 2, p. 301-343, 1967.
THOM, B. G.; WRIGHT, L. D.; COLEMAN, J. M. Mangrove ecology and deltaic-estuarine geomorphology. Cambridge Gulf-Ord River, Western Australia. J. Ecol., v. 63, n. 1, p. 203-232, 1975.
TOMLINSON, P. B. The Botany of mangroves London: Cambridge University Press, 1986. 413 p.
VANN, J. H.. Landform Vegetation relationships in the Atrato delta. Ann. Ass. Amer. Geogr. , v. 49, p. 345360, 1959.
WALSH, G. E. Mangrove Mangroves: a review. In: REIMOLD, R. J. ; QUEEN, W. H. (Ed.). Ecology of Halophytes New York: Academic Press, 1974. 605 p.
WATSON, J. G., 1 Mangrove forests of the Malay Peninsula. Malayan Forest Rec No.6. Singapore: Fraser and Neave, Singapore, 1928.
WENTWORTH, C. K. A scale of grade and class terms of clastic sediments. J. Geol., v. 30, p. 377-392, 1922.
WEST, P. C. Mangrove swamps of the Pacific coast of Colombia. Ann. Ass. Amer. Geogr., v. 46, p. 98-121, 1956.
WOODROFFE, C. D. Mangrove sediments and egomorphology. In: ROBERTSON, A. I.; ALONGI, D. M. (Ed.). Tropical mangrove ecosystems, Chapter 2, p. 7-41. Washington DC.: American Geophysical Union, 1992. 329 p.

Publication Dates

Publication in this collection
16 Sept 2009
Date of issue
Sept 2009

History

Accepted
23 Apr 2009
Received
12 June 2008
Reviewed
07 Dec 2008

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

[1] AMARAL, P. G.; LEDRU, M. P.; BRANCO, F. R. ; GIANNINI, P. C. F. Late Holocene development of a mangrove ecosystem in southeastern Brazil (Itanhaém, State of São Paulo). Palaeogeogr., Palaeoclimatol., Palaeoecol., v. 241, p. 608-620, 2006.

[2] BALL, M. C. Patterns of secondary sucession in a mangrove forest of Southern Florida. Oecologia, v. 44, p. 226-235, 1980.

[3] BALTZER, F. Mapping of mangroves in the study of sedimentological processes and the concept of swamp structure. In: WALSH, G. E. ; SNEDAKER, S. C.; TEAS, H. J. (Ed.). PROC. INT. SYMP. BIOL. AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGROVES. V eds Pp 499-560. Int Food Agr. Sci., Univ. Florida Gainsville, 1974.

[4] BEHLING, H.; COSTA, M. L. Holocene vegetational and coastal environmental changes from the Lago Crispim record in northeastern Pará State, eastern Amazonia. Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol., v. 114, p. 145-155, 2001.

[5] BEHLING, H.; COHEN, M. C. L.; LARA, R. J. Studies on Holocene mangrove ecosystem dynamics of the Bragança Peninsula in north-eastern Pará, Brazil. Palaeogeogr., Palaeoclimatol., Palaeoecol., v. 167, p. 225-242, 2001.

[6] BIRD, E. C. F.; BARSON, M. M. Measurement of physiographic changes on mangrove-fringed estuaries and coastlines. Mar. Res. Indonesia, v. 18, p. 73-80, 1977.

[7] CHAPMAN, V. J. The 1939 Cambridge University Expedition to Jamaica. II. A study of the environment of Avicennia nitida Jacq. in Jamaica. J. Linnean Soc. Bot. v. 52, p. 448-486, 1944.

[8] COHEN, M. C .L.; BEHLING, H.; LARA, R. J. Amazonian mangrove dynamics during the last millennium: the relative sea-level and the Little Ice Age. Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol., v. 136:, p. 93-108, 2005.

[9] CONNELL, J. H.; SLATYER, R.O. Mechanisms of succession in natural communities and their role in community stability and organization. Am. Nat, v. 111, p. 1119-1144, 1977.

[10] CUNHA-LIGNON, M. Ecologia de manguezais:. Desenvolvimento espaço temporal no sistema Costeiro Cananéia-Iguape, São Paulo, Brasil. 2005. 178 p. Tese (Doutorado), Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto Oceanográfico, São Paulo. 2005.

[11] CUNHA-LIGNON, M.; COELHO-JR., C.; ALMEIDA, R.; MENGHINI, R.; CORREA, F.; SCHAEFFERNOVELLI, Y.; CINTRÓN-MOLERO, G.; DAHDOUHGUEBAS, F. Mangrove forests and sedimentary processes on the south coast of São Paulo State (Brazil). J. coast. Res., Special issue, v. 56, p. 405-409, 2009.

[12] CUNHA-LIGNON, M. ; SCHAEFFER-NOVELLI, Y. Análise digital de fotografias aéreas em bosques de mangue em (Mar de Cananéia, Estado de São Paulo). Rev. Gerenciam. cost. Integr., Publicação Especial sobre o Ecossistema Manguezal. In press.

[13] DAHDOUH-GUEBAS, F.; KOEDAM, N. Long-term retrospection on mangrove development using transdisciplinary approaches: a review. Aquat. Bot., v. 89, n. 2, p. 80-92, 2008.

[14] DAVIS, J. H. The ecology and geologic role of mangroves in Florida Carnegie Institute Washington Publication, n. 517, p. 303-412, 1940.

[15] DI NITTO, D., F.; DAHDOUH-GUEBAS, J. G.; KAIRO, H.; DECLEIR ; KOEDAM, N. Digital terrain modelling to investigate the effects of sea level rise on mangrove propagule establishment. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., v. 356, p. 175-188, 2008.

[16] DIAS-BRITO, D.; ZANINETTI, L. Étude géobotanique comparative de trois mangroves du littoral brésilien: Acupe (Bahia), Guaratiba (RJ) et Iguape (São Paulo). Notes Lab. Paléontol., Université de Genève, fasc. 4, n 6, p. 57-65, 1979.

[17] ELLISON, J. C. Long-term retrospection on mangrove development using sediment cores and pollen analysis: a review. Aquat. Bot. , v. 89, p. 93-104, 2008.

[18] ENOS, P.; PERKINS, R. D. Evolution of Florida Bay from island stratigraphy. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., Part I, v. 90, p. 59-83, Jan., 1979. Doc nº .90112.

[19] FROMARD, F.; PUIG, H.; MOUGIN, E.; MARTY, E.; BETOULLE, J. L.; CADAMURO, L. Structure, above-ground biomass and dynamics of mangrove ecosystems: new data from French Guiana. Oecologia, v. 115, p. 39-53, 1998.

[20] HERZ, R. Os manguezais do Brasil São Paulo: IOUSPCIRM, 1991. 233 p.

[21] INMAN, D. L.; NORDSTROM. F. K. On the tectonic and morphologic classification of coasts. J. Geol, v.79:p.1-21, 1971.

[22] LUGO, A. E.; SNEDAKER, S. C. The ecology of mangroves. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst , v. 5, p. 39-64, 1974.

[23] MÉNDEZ LINARES, A. P.; LÓPEZ-PORTILLO, J.; HERNÁNDEZ-SANTANA, J. R.; Ortiz Pérez, M. A. The mangrove communities in the Arroyo Seco deltaic fan, Jalisco, Mexico, and their realation with the geomorphic and physical-geographic zonation. Catena, v.70, n. 2, p. 127-142, 2007.

[24] MESQUITA, A. R. Sea-level variations along the Brazilian Coast: A short review. J coast. Res., v. 19, p. 21-31, 2003.

[25] MESQUITA, A. R.. de ; HARARI, J. Tides and gauges of Cananéia and Ubatuba - Brasil (Lat 24º). Relat. Inst. Oceanogr., Univ. S. Paulo, n. 11, p. 1-14, 1983.

[26] MORTON, R. A. Coastal geoindicators of environmental change in the humid tropics. Environ. Geol., v. 42, n. 7, p. 711-724, 2002.

[27] OYAMA, M.; TAKEHARA, H. Revised standard soil color charts, 1987. 36 p. + anexos.

[28] PEREIRA, S. Influência da variação relativa do nível do mar no manguezal de Guaratiba - Baía de Sepetiba - RJ 1998. 123 p. Tese ( Doutorado, Geociências). UFRG, 1998.

[29] SAITO, R. T.; FIGUEIRA, R. C. L.; TESSLER, M. G.; CUNHA, I.I.L. ²¹⁰Pb and ¹³⁷Cs geochronologies in the Cananeia-Iguape Estuary (São Paulo, Brazil). J. radioanalyt. nucl. Chem.., v. 249, n. 1, p. 257-261, 2001a.

[30] SAITO, R. T.; FIGUEIRA, R. C. L.; TESSLER, M. G. ; CUNHA, I. I. L. 2001b. Geochronology of sediments in the Cananeia-Iguape estuary and in the southern continental shelf of São Paulo State, Brazil. J. radioanalyt. nucl. Chemistry, v. 250, n. 1, p. 109-115, 2001b.

[31] SEMENIUK, V. Mangrove distribution in northwestern Australia in relationship to regional and local freshwater seepage. Vegetatio , v. 53, p. 11 -31, 1983.

[32] SILVA, J. F. Dados climatológicos de Cananéia e Ubatuba (Estado de São Paulo). Bolm. climatol. Inst. oceanogr., São Paulo, n. 6, p. 1-21, 1989.

[33] SNEDAKER, S. C. Mangrove species zonation: why? In: SEN, D. N.; RAJPUROHIT, K. S.; W Junk (Ed.). Tasks for vegetation Science, v. 2. The Hague: W. Junk Publishers, 1982. p. 111-125.

[34] SOUZA FILHO, P. W. M.; MARTINS, E. S. F.; COSTA, F. R. Using mangroves as a geological indicator of coastal changes in the Bragança macrotidal flat, Brazilian Amazon: a remote sensing data approach. Ocean coast. Mgmt, v. 49, p. 462-475, 2006.

[35] TESSLER, M. G.; MAHIQUES, M. M. Erosional and depositional processes on the Southern Coast of the State of Sao Paulo: a case study of Cananeia-Iguape System. An. Acad. Bras. Ciênc., v. 70, n. 2, p. 267-275, 1998.

[36] TESSLER, M. G.; SOUZA, L.A.P. Dinâmica sedimentar e feições sedimentares identificadas na superfície de fundo do sistema Cananéia-Iguape, SP. Rev. bras. oceanogr., v. 46, n. 1, p. 69-83, 1998.

[37] TESSLER, M. G.; FURTADO, V. V. Dinâmica de sedimentação das feições de assoreamento da região lagunar Cananéia-Iguape, Estado de São Paulo. Bolm Inst. Oceanogr., São Paulo, v. 32, n. 2, p. 117-124, 1983.

[38] THOM, B. G. Mangrove ecology and deltaic geomorphology, Tabasco, México. J. Ecol. ,v. 55, n. 2, p. 301-343, 1967.

[39] THOM, B. G.; WRIGHT, L. D.; COLEMAN, J. M. Mangrove ecology and deltaic-estuarine geomorphology. Cambridge Gulf-Ord River, Western Australia. J. Ecol., v. 63, n. 1, p. 203-232, 1975.

[40] TOMLINSON, P. B. The Botany of mangroves London: Cambridge University Press, 1986. 413 p.

[41] VANN, J. H.. Landform Vegetation relationships in the Atrato delta. Ann. Ass. Amer. Geogr. , v. 49, p. 345360, 1959.

[42] WALSH, G. E. Mangrove Mangroves: a review. In: REIMOLD, R. J. ; QUEEN, W. H. (Ed.). Ecology of Halophytes New York: Academic Press, 1974. 605 p.

[43] WATSON, J. G., 1 Mangrove forests of the Malay Peninsula. Malayan Forest Rec No.6. Singapore: Fraser and Neave, Singapore, 1928.

[44] WENTWORTH, C. K. A scale of grade and class terms of clastic sediments. J. Geol., v. 30, p. 377-392, 1922.

[45] WEST, P. C. Mangrove swamps of the Pacific coast of Colombia. Ann. Ass. Amer. Geogr., v. 46, p. 98-121, 1956.

[46] WOODROFFE, C. D. Mangrove sediments and egomorphology. In: ROBERTSON, A. I.; ALONGI, D. M. (Ed.). Tropical mangrove ecosystems, Chapter 2, p. 7-41. Washington DC.: American Geophysical Union, 1992. 329 p.