Chemometry use in the evaluation of the sanya bay water quality

Dong, Jun-De; Zhang, Yan-Ying; Shao Wang, You; Wu, Mei-Lin; Zhang, Si; Cai, Chuang-Hua

Abstracts

In this study, chemometric method is employed to identify anthropogenic effects on the water quality in Sanya Bay, South China Sea, and its marine and natural characteristics. Principal component analysis has extracted the four latent factors, thus explaining 85.52% of the total variance. Cluster analysis and principal component analysis have identified three different patterns of water quality based on anthropogenic effects and marine characteristics: Cluster I located in the outer and middle parts of the bay, Cluster II close to downtown Sanya, Cluster III located in the Sanya River estuary. In terms of the temporal pattern, principal component analysis and cluster analysis have distinguished the dry season from November to the following April, and the rainy season from May to October. The temporal pattern is related to climate and natural characteristics. The similarity index between variables and scores of samples can further distinguish the contribution of the variables to the samples. Both the polluting sources external to the Sanya River and the water from the South China Sea exercise an important influence on the water quality in Sanya Bay. These results may be valuable for socioeconomic development and human health in the Sanya Bay area.

Chemometric method; Sanya Bay, Hainan, China; Water quality; Nutrient; temporal and spatial variations

No presente estudo foi realizada a identificação dos efeitos antropogênicos e das características naturais marinhas das águas da Baía de Sanya, situada ao sul do Mar da China, através de método quimiométrico. A análise de componentes principais (PCA) aplicada aos dados extraiu quatro eixos que explicaram 85,52% da variância total dos dados. Através das análises de Agrupamento e PCA foram identificados três padrões diferentes de qualidade das águas, baseados nos efeitos antropogênicos e nas características marinhas: Grupo I, localizado nas partes externa e mediana da baía; Grupo II, próximo do centro urbano de Sanya; Grupo III, localizado no estuário do Rio Sanya. Quanto ao padrão temporal, as referidas análises distinguiram uma estação seca, de novembro a abril, e uma estação chuvosa, de maio a outubro, relacionadas ao clima e características naturais. Foi visto que tanto a fonte poluidora externa, representada pelo Rio Sanya, quanto as águas do Mar do Sul da China influenciam a qualidade das águas da Baía de Sanya. Esses resultados podem ser relevantes quando considerados sob o ponto de vista do desenvolvimento socioeconômico e de saúde humana dessa região.

Método quimiométrico; Efeito antropogênico; Baía de Sanya; Qualidade da água; Variação espacial; Variação temporal

ALBERTO, W. D.; DEL PILAR, D. M.; VALERIA, A. M.; FABIANA, P. S.; CECILIA, H. A.; DE LOS ANGELES, B.M. Pattern recognition techniques for the evaluation of spatial and temporal variations in water quality. A case study: Suquia River basin (Cordoba-Argentina). Wat Res, v. 35, p. 2881-2894, 2001.
BONSDORFF, E.; RONNBERG, C.; AARNIO, K. Some ecological properties in relation to eutrophication in the Baltic Sea. Hydrobiologia, v. 475, p. 371-377, 2002.
CHAU, K. W.; MUTTIL, N. Data mining and multivariate statistical analysis for ecological system in coastal waters. J. Hydroinformatics, v. 9, p. 305-317, 2007.
CHEN, C. C.; SHIAH, F. K.; CHUNG, S. W.; LIU, K. K. Winter phytoplankton blooms in the shallow mixed layer of the South China Sea enhanced by upwelling. J. mar. Systems, v. 59, p. 97-110, 2006.
CLOERN, J. E. Phytoplankton bloom dynamics in coastal ecosystems: A review with some general lessons from sustained investigation of San Francisco Bay, California. Revs Geophys,v. 34, p. 127-168, 1996.
CONLEY, D. J. Biogeochemical nutrient cycles and nutrient management strategies. Hydrobiologia, v. 410, p. 87-96, 1999.
FARNHAM, I. M.; SINGH, A. K.; STETZENBACH, K. J.; JOHANNESSON, K. H. Treatment of nondetects in multivariate analysis of groundwater geochemistry data. In: INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ENVIRONMENTRICS AND CHEMOMETRICS, 4., 2000, Las Vegas, Nevada.
GONG, F.; WANG, B.T.; FUNG, Y.S.; CHAU, F. T. ( Chemometric characterization of the quality of the atmospheric environment in Hong Kong. Atmos Environ,v. 39, p. 6388-6397, 2005.
HAN, W. Y. Marine Chemistry in South China Sea, Beijing: Science Publishing House, 1998.
HE, X. Q.; WEN, W. Y.; HE, Q. X. Evaluate on the water quality of the Sanya Bay waters. Res. Dev. South China Sea, v. 2, p. 18-21, 2000.
HUANG, L. M.; TAN, Y. H; SONG, X. Y.; HUANG, X. P.; WANG, H.K.; ZHANG, S.; DONG, J.D.; CHEN, R.Y. The status of the ecological environment and a proposed protection strategy in Sanya Bay, Hainan Island, China. Mar. Pollut. Bull.,v. 47, p. 180-186, 2003.
KOTTI, M. E.; VLESSIDIS, A. G.; THANASOULIAS, N. C.; EVMIRIDIS, N. P. Assessment of river water quality in Northwestern Greece. Wat. Resour. Mgm, v. 19, p. 77-94, 2005.
KUPPUSAMY, M. R.; GIRIDHAR, V. V. Factor analysis of water quality characteristics including trace metal speciation in the coastal environmental system of Chennai Ennore. Environ. int, v. 32, p. 174-179, 2006.
LIANG, W. D.; JAN, J .C.; TANG, T. Y. Climatological wind and upper ocean heat content in the South China Sea. Acta Oceanogr. taiwan., v. 38, p. 91-114, 2000.
LIU, S. M.; ZHANG, J.; CHEN, H. T.; ZHANG, G. S. Factors influencing nutrient dynamics in the eutrophic Jiaozhou Bay, North China. Prog. Oceanogr, v. 66, p. 66-85, 2005.
MEE, L. D. (1992). The Black Sea in a crisis: a need for concentrated international action. Ambio, v. 21, p. 278-286, 1992.
NIXON, S. W Coastal marine eutrophication: A definition,social causes, and future concerns. In: INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON NUTRIENT DYNAMICS IN COASTAL AND ESTUARINE ENVIRONMENTS, 1995, Helsingor, Denmark.
PARK, G. S.; PARK, S. Y. Long-term trends and temporal heterogeneity of water quality in tidally mixed estuarine waters. Mar. Pollut. Bull, v. 40, p. 1201-1209, 2000.
QIU, Y. W.; WANG, Z. D.; ZHU, L. S. Variation trend of nutrient and chlorophyll contents and their effects on ecological environment in Daya Bay. J. Oceanogr Taiwan Strait, v. 24, p. 131-139, 2005.
QU, W. C.; KELDERMAN, P. Heavy metal contents in the Delft canal sediments and suspended solids of the River Rhine: multivariate analysis for source tracing. Chemosphere, 45, p. 919-925, 2001.
SHEN, Z. L. Historical changes in nutrient structure and its influences on phytoplantkon composition in Jiaozhou Bay. Estuar. coast. Shelf Sci., v. 52, p. 211-224., 2001.
SHEN, Z.L.; QUN, L.; WIN, W.; YUN, Y. Nutrient structure of seawater and ecological responses in Jiaozhou Bay, China. Estuar. coast Shelf Sci, v. 69, p. 299-307, 2006.
SIMEONOV, V., STRATIS, J. A., SAMARA, C., ZACHARIADIS, G., VOUTSA, D., ANTHEMIDIS, A., SOFONIOU, M.; KOUIMTZIS, T. Assessment of the surface water quality in Northern Greece. Wat. Res., v. 37, p. 4119-4124, 2003.
SINGH, K. P.; MALIK, A.; MOHAN, D.; SINHA, S. Multivariate statistical techniques for the evaluation of spatial and temporal variations in water quality of Gomti River (India) - a case study. Wat. Res, v. 38, p. 3980-3992, 2004.
VEGA, M.; PARDO, R.; BARRADO, E.; DEBAN, L. Assessment of seasonal and polluting effects on the quality of river water by exploratory data analysis. Wat Res, v. 32, p. 3581-3592, 1998.
WANG, H. K.; DONG, J. D.; WANG, Y. S.; CHEN, G. H.; ZHANG, Y. Y. Variations of nutrient contents and their transportation estimate at Sanya Bay. J. tropic. Oceanogr., v. 25, p. 90-95, 2005.
WANG, Y. S.; LOU, Z. P., SUN, C. C., WU, M. L.; HAN, S. H. Multivariate statistical analysis of water quality and phytoplankton characteristics in Daya Bay, China, from 1999 to 2002. Oceanologia, v. 48, p. 193-211, 2006.
WU, M. L.; WANG, Y. S. Using chemometrics to evaluate anthropogenic effects in Daya Bay, China. Estuar. coast. Shelf Sci, v. 72, p. 732-742, 2007.
WU, M. L.; WANG, Y. S.; SUN, C. C.; WANG, H.; DONG, J. D. Using chemometrics to identify water quality in Daya Bay,China. Oceanologia, v. 52, p. 217-232, 2009a.
WU, M. L.; WANG, Y. S.; SUN, C. C.; WANG, H. L.; DONG, J. D.; HAN, S. H. Identification of anthropogenic effects and seasonality on water quality in Daya Bay, South China Sea. J. environ. Mgmt, v. 90, p. 3082-3090, 2009b.
YEUNG, I. M. H. Multivariate analysis of the Hong Kong Victoria Harbour water quality data. Environ. Monitor Assessment, v. 59, p. 331-342, 1999.
YIN, K. D.; QIAN, P.Y.; WU, M. C. S.; CHEN, J. C.; HUANG, L. M.; SONG, X.Y.; JIAN, W. J. Shift from P to N limitation of phytoplankton growth across the Pearl River estuarine plume during summer. Mar EcolProgr Ser., v. 221, p. 17-28, 2001.
YUNG, Y. K.; WONG, C. K.; YAU, K.; QIAN, P. Y. Long-term changes in water quality and phytoplankton characteristics in Port Shelter, Hong Kong, from 1988-1998. Mar. Pollut. Bull, v. 42, p. 981-992, 2001.
ZHAO, S. J.; JIAO, N. Z.; SHEN, Z. L.; WU, Y. L. Causes and consequences of changes in nutrient structure in the Jiaozhou Bay. J. integr. Plant Biol, v. 47, p. 396-410, 2005.
ZHOU, F.; GUO, H.C.; LIU, Y.; JIANG, Y. M. Chemometrics data analysis of marine water quality and source identification in Southern Hong Kong. Mar. Pollut. Bull., v. 54, p. 745-756, 2007a.
ZHOU, F.; LIU, Y.; GUO, H. C. Application of multivariate statistical methods to water quality assessment of the watercourses in northwestern new territories, hong kong. Environ. Monitor. Assessment, v. 132, p. 1-13, 2007b.
ZHOU, W. H.; LI, T.; CAI, C. H.; HUANG, L. M.; WANG, H. K.; XU, J. R., DONG, J. D.; ZHANG, S. Spatial and temporal dynamics of phytoplankton and bacterioplankton biomass in Sanya Bay, northern South China Sea. J. environ. Sciences-China, v. 21, p. 595-603, 2009.

Publication Dates

Publication in this collection
31 Jan 2011
Date of issue
Dec 2010

History

Received
26 Jan 2010
Reviewed
12 May 2010
Accepted
14 July 2010

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

[1] ALBERTO, W. D.; DEL PILAR, D. M.; VALERIA, A. M.; FABIANA, P. S.; CECILIA, H. A.; DE LOS ANGELES, B.M. Pattern recognition techniques for the evaluation of spatial and temporal variations in water quality. A case study: Suquia River basin (Cordoba-Argentina). Wat Res, v. 35, p. 2881-2894, 2001.

[2] BONSDORFF, E.; RONNBERG, C.; AARNIO, K. Some ecological properties in relation to eutrophication in the Baltic Sea. Hydrobiologia, v. 475, p. 371-377, 2002.

[3] CHAU, K. W.; MUTTIL, N. Data mining and multivariate statistical analysis for ecological system in coastal waters. J. Hydroinformatics, v. 9, p. 305-317, 2007.

[4] CHEN, C. C.; SHIAH, F. K.; CHUNG, S. W.; LIU, K. K. Winter phytoplankton blooms in the shallow mixed layer of the South China Sea enhanced by upwelling. J. mar. Systems, v. 59, p. 97-110, 2006.

[5] CLOERN, J. E. Phytoplankton bloom dynamics in coastal ecosystems: A review with some general lessons from sustained investigation of San Francisco Bay, California. Revs Geophys,v. 34, p. 127-168, 1996.

[6] CONLEY, D. J. Biogeochemical nutrient cycles and nutrient management strategies. Hydrobiologia, v. 410, p. 87-96, 1999.

[7] FARNHAM, I. M.; SINGH, A. K.; STETZENBACH, K. J.; JOHANNESSON, K. H. Treatment of nondetects in multivariate analysis of groundwater geochemistry data. In: INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ENVIRONMENTRICS AND CHEMOMETRICS, 4., 2000, Las Vegas, Nevada.

[8] GONG, F.; WANG, B.T.; FUNG, Y.S.; CHAU, F. T. ( Chemometric characterization of the quality of the atmospheric environment in Hong Kong. Atmos Environ,v. 39, p. 6388-6397, 2005.

[9] HAN, W. Y. Marine Chemistry in South China Sea, Beijing: Science Publishing House, 1998.

[10] HE, X. Q.; WEN, W. Y.; HE, Q. X. Evaluate on the water quality of the Sanya Bay waters. Res. Dev. South China Sea, v. 2, p. 18-21, 2000.

[11] HUANG, L. M.; TAN, Y. H; SONG, X. Y.; HUANG, X. P.; WANG, H.K.; ZHANG, S.; DONG, J.D.; CHEN, R.Y. The status of the ecological environment and a proposed protection strategy in Sanya Bay, Hainan Island, China. Mar. Pollut. Bull.,v. 47, p. 180-186, 2003.

[12] KOTTI, M. E.; VLESSIDIS, A. G.; THANASOULIAS, N. C.; EVMIRIDIS, N. P. Assessment of river water quality in Northwestern Greece. Wat. Resour. Mgm, v. 19, p. 77-94, 2005.

[13] KUPPUSAMY, M. R.; GIRIDHAR, V. V. Factor analysis of water quality characteristics including trace metal speciation in the coastal environmental system of Chennai Ennore. Environ. int, v. 32, p. 174-179, 2006.

[14] LIANG, W. D.; JAN, J .C.; TANG, T. Y. Climatological wind and upper ocean heat content in the South China Sea. Acta Oceanogr. taiwan., v. 38, p. 91-114, 2000.

[15] LIU, S. M.; ZHANG, J.; CHEN, H. T.; ZHANG, G. S. Factors influencing nutrient dynamics in the eutrophic Jiaozhou Bay, North China. Prog. Oceanogr, v. 66, p. 66-85, 2005.

[16] MEE, L. D. (1992). The Black Sea in a crisis: a need for concentrated international action. Ambio, v. 21, p. 278-286, 1992.

[17] NIXON, S. W Coastal marine eutrophication: A definition,social causes, and future concerns. In: INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON NUTRIENT DYNAMICS IN COASTAL AND ESTUARINE ENVIRONMENTS, 1995, Helsingor, Denmark.

[18] PARK, G. S.; PARK, S. Y. Long-term trends and temporal heterogeneity of water quality in tidally mixed estuarine waters. Mar. Pollut. Bull, v. 40, p. 1201-1209, 2000.

[19] QIU, Y. W.; WANG, Z. D.; ZHU, L. S. Variation trend of nutrient and chlorophyll contents and their effects on ecological environment in Daya Bay. J. Oceanogr Taiwan Strait, v. 24, p. 131-139, 2005.

[20] QU, W. C.; KELDERMAN, P. Heavy metal contents in the Delft canal sediments and suspended solids of the River Rhine: multivariate analysis for source tracing. Chemosphere, 45, p. 919-925, 2001.

[21] SHEN, Z. L. Historical changes in nutrient structure and its influences on phytoplantkon composition in Jiaozhou Bay. Estuar. coast. Shelf Sci., v. 52, p. 211-224., 2001.

[22] SHEN, Z.L.; QUN, L.; WIN, W.; YUN, Y. Nutrient structure of seawater and ecological responses in Jiaozhou Bay, China. Estuar. coast Shelf Sci, v. 69, p. 299-307, 2006.

[23] SIMEONOV, V., STRATIS, J. A., SAMARA, C., ZACHARIADIS, G., VOUTSA, D., ANTHEMIDIS, A., SOFONIOU, M.; KOUIMTZIS, T. Assessment of the surface water quality in Northern Greece. Wat. Res., v. 37, p. 4119-4124, 2003.

[24] SINGH, K. P.; MALIK, A.; MOHAN, D.; SINHA, S. Multivariate statistical techniques for the evaluation of spatial and temporal variations in water quality of Gomti River (India) - a case study. Wat. Res, v. 38, p. 3980-3992, 2004.

[25] VEGA, M.; PARDO, R.; BARRADO, E.; DEBAN, L. Assessment of seasonal and polluting effects on the quality of river water by exploratory data analysis. Wat Res, v. 32, p. 3581-3592, 1998.

[26] WANG, H. K.; DONG, J. D.; WANG, Y. S.; CHEN, G. H.; ZHANG, Y. Y. Variations of nutrient contents and their transportation estimate at Sanya Bay. J. tropic. Oceanogr., v. 25, p. 90-95, 2005.

[27] WANG, Y. S.; LOU, Z. P., SUN, C. C., WU, M. L.; HAN, S. H. Multivariate statistical analysis of water quality and phytoplankton characteristics in Daya Bay, China, from 1999 to 2002. Oceanologia, v. 48, p. 193-211, 2006.

[28] WU, M. L.; WANG, Y. S. Using chemometrics to evaluate anthropogenic effects in Daya Bay, China. Estuar. coast. Shelf Sci, v. 72, p. 732-742, 2007.

[29] WU, M. L.; WANG, Y. S.; SUN, C. C.; WANG, H.; DONG, J. D. Using chemometrics to identify water quality in Daya Bay,China. Oceanologia, v. 52, p. 217-232, 2009a.

[30] WU, M. L.; WANG, Y. S.; SUN, C. C.; WANG, H. L.; DONG, J. D.; HAN, S. H. Identification of anthropogenic effects and seasonality on water quality in Daya Bay, South China Sea. J. environ. Mgmt, v. 90, p. 3082-3090, 2009b.

[31] YEUNG, I. M. H. Multivariate analysis of the Hong Kong Victoria Harbour water quality data. Environ. Monitor Assessment, v. 59, p. 331-342, 1999.

[32] YIN, K. D.; QIAN, P.Y.; WU, M. C. S.; CHEN, J. C.; HUANG, L. M.; SONG, X.Y.; JIAN, W. J. Shift from P to N limitation of phytoplankton growth across the Pearl River estuarine plume during summer. Mar EcolProgr Ser., v. 221, p. 17-28, 2001.

[33] YUNG, Y. K.; WONG, C. K.; YAU, K.; QIAN, P. Y. Long-term changes in water quality and phytoplankton characteristics in Port Shelter, Hong Kong, from 1988-1998. Mar. Pollut. Bull, v. 42, p. 981-992, 2001.

[34] ZHAO, S. J.; JIAO, N. Z.; SHEN, Z. L.; WU, Y. L. Causes and consequences of changes in nutrient structure in the Jiaozhou Bay. J. integr. Plant Biol, v. 47, p. 396-410, 2005.

[35] ZHOU, F.; GUO, H.C.; LIU, Y.; JIANG, Y. M. Chemometrics data analysis of marine water quality and source identification in Southern Hong Kong. Mar. Pollut. Bull., v. 54, p. 745-756, 2007a.

[36] ZHOU, F.; LIU, Y.; GUO, H. C. Application of multivariate statistical methods to water quality assessment of the watercourses in northwestern new territories, hong kong. Environ. Monitor. Assessment, v. 132, p. 1-13, 2007b.

[37] ZHOU, W. H.; LI, T.; CAI, C. H.; HUANG, L. M.; WANG, H. K.; XU, J. R., DONG, J. D.; ZHANG, S. Spatial and temporal dynamics of phytoplankton and bacterioplankton biomass in Sanya Bay, northern South China Sea. J. environ. Sciences-China, v. 21, p. 595-603, 2009.

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Chemometry use in the evaluation of the sanya bay water quality

Abstracts

Publication Dates

History