Chemical composition and release in situ due to injury of the invasive coral tubastraea (Cnidaria, Scleractinia)

Lages, Bruno G.; Fleury, Beatriz G.; Rezende, Cláudia M.; Pinto, Angelo C.; Creed, Joel C.

Abstracts

Defensive chemistry may be used against consumers and competitors by invasive species as a strategy for colonization and perpetuation in a new area. There are relatively few studies of negative chemical interactions between scleratinian corals. This study characterizes the secondary metabolites in the invasive corals Tubastraea tagusensis and T. coccinea and relates these to an in situ experiment using a submersible apparatus with Sep-Paks® cartridges to trap substances released by T. tagusensis directly from the sea-water. Colonies of Tubastraea spp were collected in Ilha Grande Bay, RJ, extracted with methanol (MeOH), and the extracts washed with hexane, dichloromethane (DCM) and methanol, and analyzed by GC/MS. Methyl stearate and methyl palmitate were the major components of the hexane and hexane:MeOH fractions, while cholesterol was the most abundant in the DCM and DCM:MeOH fractions from Tubastraea spp. The organic material retained in Sep-Paks® cartridges was tentatively identified as hydrocarbons. There was a significant difference between treatments and controls for 1-hexadecene, n-hexadecane and n-eicosane contents. The production of defensive substances by the invasive corals may be a threat to the benthic communities of the region, which include endemic species.

Injury; secondary metabolites; Tubastraea coccinea; Tubastraea tagusensis; submersible apparatus

Substâncias químicas de defesa contra consumidores e competidores podem ser usadas por espécies invasoras marinhas como estratégia de colonização e perpetuação em novo ambiente. Entretanto, há poucos estudos experimentais que demonstrem as possíveis interações negativas entre corais escleractínios. Este trabalho tem como objetivo caracterizar os metabólitos secundários dos corais invasores Tubastraea tagusensis e T. coccinea; avaliar através da técnica de amostragem in situ quais são as substâncias de T. tagusensis liberadas na água do mar, com o auxílio de aparelho subaquático com colunas Sep-Paks®. Colônias dos corais invasores Tubastraea spp foram coletadas na Baía de Ilha Grande, RJ, e extraídas com MeOH. Os extratos foram submetidos à eluições com hexano, DCM e MeOH, e analisados por CG-EM. Estearato de metila e palmitato de metila foram as substâncias majoritárias das frações hexânicas e hexano: DCM, enquanto o colesterol foi a substância mais abundante das frações DCM e DCM:MeOH de Tubastraea spp. O material orgânico retido nas colunas Sep-Paks® foi identificado como hidrocarbonetos. Diferenças significativas entre controle e tratamento foram relacionadas a diferentes quantidades de 1-hexadeceno, n-hexadecano e n-eicosano. A produção de substâncias de defesas em Tubastraea spp permite especular sobre a ameaça que estes corais invasores representam para as comunidades bentônicas da Ilha Grande.

lesão artificial; metabólitos secundários; Tubastraea coccinea; Tubastraea tagusensis; aparelho submersível

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Publication Dates

Publication in this collection
14 Feb 2011
Date of issue
2010

History

Accepted
23 Aug 2010
Reviewed
25 May 2010
Received
04 June 2009

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

[1] BAIRD, A. H.; PRATCHETT, M. S.; GIBSON, D. J.; KOZIUMI, N.; MARQUIS, C. P. Variable palatability of coral eggs to a planktivorous fish. Mar. Freshw. Res., v. 6, p. 865-868, 2001 .

[2] BENSON, A. A.; MUSCATINE, L. Wax in coral mucus: Energy transfer from corals to reef fishes. Limmol. Oceanogr., v. 19, p. 810-814, 1974.

[3] BLUNT, J. W.; COPP, B. R.; HU, W.; MUNRO, M. H. G.; NORTHCOTE, P. T.; PRINSEP, M. R. Marine natural products. Nat. Prod. Rep , v. 24, p. 31-86, 2007.

[4] BLUNT, J. W.; COPP, B. R.; HU, W.; MUNRO, M. H. G.; NORTHCOTE, P. T.; PRINSEP, M. R. Marine natural products. Nat. Prod. Rep., v. 25, p. 35-94, 2008.

[5] BLUNT, J. W.; COPP, B. R.; HU, W.; MUNRO, M. H. G.; NORTHCOTE, P. T.; PRINSEP, M. R. Marine natural products. Nat. Prod. Rep., v. 26, p. 170-244, 2009.

[6] BUDZIKIEWICZ, H.; DJERASSI, C.; WILLIAMS, D.H. Interpretation of mass spectra of compounds San Francisco: Holden-Day, 1964.

[7] CASTRO, C. B.; PIRES, D. O. Brazilian coral reefs: what we already know and what is still missing. Bull. mar. Sci., v. 69, p. 357-371, 2001.

[8] CHANGYUN, W.; HAIYAN, L; CHANGLUN, S; YANAN, W; LIANG, L; HUASHI, G. Chemical defensive substances of soft corals and gorgonians. Acta Ecol. Sin., v. 28, p. 2320-2328, 2008.

[9] CHIANG, I.Z.; HUANG, W.Y.; WU, J.T. Allelochemicals of Botryococcus braunii (Chlorophyceae). J. Phycol., vol. 40, p. 474–480, 2004.

[10] CLARK, R. C., Jr.; BLUMER, M. Distribution of n-paraffins in marine organisms and sediment. Limnol. Ocean., v. 12, p. 79-87, 1967.

[11] COLL, J. C. The chemistry and chemical ecology of octocorals (Coelenterata, Anthozoa, Octocorallia). Chem. Rev, v. 92, p. 613-631, 1992.

[12] COLL, J. C.; BOWDEN, B. F.; TAPIOLAS, D. M.; DUNLAP., W. C. In situ isolation of allelochemicals released from soft corals (Coelenterata: Octocorallia): a totally submersible apparatus. J. expl mar. Biol. Ecol., v. 60, p. 293-299, 1982.

[13] CREED, J. C. Two invasive alien azooxanthellate corals, Tubastraea coccinea and Tubastraea tagusensis, dominate the native zooxanthellate Mussismilia hispida in Brazil. Coral Reefs, v. 25, 350, 2006.

[14] DE NYS, R.; COLL, J. C.; PRICE, I. R. Chemically mediated interactions between the red alga Plocamium hamatum (Rhodophyta) and the octocoral Sinularia cruciata (Alcyonacea). Mar. Biol., v. 108, p. 315-320, 1991.

[15] DE RUYTER VAN STEVENICK, ED.; VAN MULEKOM, L. L.; BREEMAN, A. M. Growth inhibition of Lobophora variegata (Lamouroux) Womersley by scleractinian corals. J. expl Mar. Biol. Ecol , v. 115, p. 169-178, 1988.

[16] EPIFANIO, R.A.; MAIA, L.F.; PAWLIK, J.; FENICAL, W. Antipredatory secosterols from Pseudopterogorgia americana Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., v. 329, p. 307-310, 2007.

[17] ESTES, J. A.; STEINBERG, P. D. Predation, herbivory and kelp evolution. Paleobiology, v. 14, p. 19-36, 1988.

[18] FAULKNER, D. J.; WALKER, R. P.; THOMPSON, J. Chemical ecology of a temperate sponge-dominated assemblage. In: INT. SYMP. MAR. NAT. PROD., 3., Brussels, Belgium, 1980. Contribution C-6, 1980.

[19] FERREIRA, C. E.L. Non-indigenous corals at marginal sites. Coral Reefs, v. 22, p. 498, 2003.

[20] FLEURY, B. G.; LAGES, B. G.; BARBOSA, J. P.; KAISER, C. R.; PINTO, A. C. New hemiketal steroid from the introduced soft coral Chromonephthea braziliensis is a chemical defense against predatory fishes. J. chem. Ecol , v. 34, p. 1-5, 2008.

[21] FLEURY, B. G., COLL, J.; SAMMARCO, P. Complementary (secondary) metabolites in a soft coral: sex-specific variability, inter-clonal variability, and competition. Mar. Ecol., v. 27, p. 204–218, 2006.

[22] FLEURY, B. G., COLL, J. C., SAMMARCO, P. W., TENTORI, E.; DUQUESNE, S. Complementary (secondary) metabolites in an octocoral competing with a scleractinian coral: effects of varying nutrient regimes. J. expl mar. Biol. Ecol , v. 303, p. 115-131, 2004.

[23] FUNG, F. M. Y.; TACHIBANA, S.; CHOU, L. M.; DING, J. L. Cytotoxic and anticancer agents in mucus of Galaxea fascicularis: Purification and characterization. J. mar. Biotechnol., v. 5, p. 50-57, 1997.

[24] FUSETANI, N.; ASANO, M.; MATSUNAGA, S.; HASHIMOTO, K. Bioactive marine metabolites-XV. Isolation of aplysinopsin from the scleractinian coral Tubastraea aurea as an inhibitor of development of fertilized sea urchin eggs. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., v. 85B, p. 845-846, 1986.

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Chemical composition and release in situ due to injury of the invasive coral tubastraea (Cnidaria, Scleractinia)

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