Evaluation of impact of artificial reefs on artisanal fisheries: need for complementary approaches

Koeck, Barbara; Pastor, Jérémy; Larenie, Laetitia; Astruch, Patrick; Saragoni, Gilles; Jarraya, Marion; Lenfant, Philippe

Abstracts

In a general context of fisheries decline due to overfishing and to other phenomena such as climate change, it appears to be crucial to implement a sustainable management of natural resources by finding a balance between conservation and exploitation purposes. Artificial reefs (ARs) have recently become one of the existing management tools, often in combination with fishing quotas or marine protected areas. To evaluate the effectiveness of the studied ARs, different methods have been used: (i) visual census by SCUBA diving (AR scale), (ii) fisheries landings survey (local scale) and (iii) external fish tagging (regional scale). Underwater visual census (UVC) showed a significantly higher species richness and density in ARs than in the control site. Abundance, biomass and LPUE data (Landings Per Unit Effort) issued from artisanal fisheries landings survey were not significantly different around the AR system from other fishing grounds of the French Catalan coast. The tagging experiments on Diplodus sargus suggested that the connectivity of demersal fish populations must be taken into account to evaluate the influence area of ARs and thus their indirect impacts on artisanal fisheries. The present study highlights the interest of combining methods covering different spatial scales in order to evaluate direct and indirect impacts of ARs on artisanal fisheries. Methods for the evaluation of AR efficiency are discussed.

Artificial reef; Artisanal fisheries; SCUBA visual census; Landings survey; Visual tagging

Dentro do atual contexto de redução nos estoques de peixes ligados à sobrepesca, e também à outros fenômenos tais como as mudanças climáticas, é indispensável implementar um plano de gestão durável para os recursos pesqueiros, conciliando sua exploração e conservação. Os recifes artificiais (RAs) tem surgido nos dias atuais como uma importante ferramenta de gestão, freqüentemente combinada à cotas de pesca ou áreas marinhas protegidas. Com a finalidade de avaliar a eficiência dos recifes artificiais, utilizou-se os seguintes métodos: i) censo visual direto através de mergulho autônomo com escafandro (na escala dos recifes artificiais); ii) monitoramento dos desembarques da pesca artesanal (na escala espacial local); e iii) marcações externas (em escala regional). As contagens realizadas através de mergulho mostraram que densidade e riqueza são significativamente mais elevadas nos recifes artificiais do que na área controle. A abundância, biomassa e os DPUE (Desembarques por unidade de esforço) provenientes do monitoramento dos desembarques da pesca artesanal, não foram significativamente diferentes entre as zonas de pesca do entorno dos recifes artificiais e as outras zonas de pesca da costa catalã francesa. Os resultados dos experimentos de marcação do sargo, Diplodus sargus, sugerem que a conectividade das populações de peixes demersais devem ser consideradas para avaliação das zonas de influência dos recifes artificiais e de seus impactos indiretos sobre a pesca artesanal. O presente estudo evidencia a oportunidade em combinar métodos que cubram diferentes escalas espaciais, a fim de avaliar os impactos diretos e indiretos dos RAs sobre a pesca artesanal. Os métodos para avaliar a eficiência dos recifes artificiais são também discutidos.

Recifes artificiais; Pesca artesanal; Censo visual por mergulho autônomo; Monitoramento de desembarques; Marcação visual

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AGARDY, T. An environmentalists perspective on responsible fisheries: the need for holistic approaches. in: Responsible fisheries in the marine ecosystem. Rome and Wallingford: FAO and CAB International, 2003. p. 65-85
ALDEBERT, Y. Demersal resources of the Gulf of Lions (NW Mediterranean). Impact of exploitation on fish diversity. Vie Et Milieu-Life Environ., v. 47, n. 4, p. 275-284, 1997.
ALEVIZON, W. S.; GORHAM, J. C. Effects of artificial reef deployment on nearby resident fishes. Bull. mar. Sci , v. 44, n. 2, p. 646-661, 1989.
ANGEL, D. L.; KATZ, T.; EDEN, N.; SPANIER, E.; BLACK, K. D. Damage control in the coastal zone: Improving water quality by harvesting aquaculture-derived nutrients. In: Strategic management of marine ecosystems Netherlands: Springer, 2005. p. 77-87.
ANTSULEVICH, A. E. Artificial reefs project for improvement of water quality and environmental enhancement of Neva Bay (St.-Petersburg County Region). Bull. marine Sci , v. 55, n. 2-3, p. 1189-1192, 1994.
ARENA, P. T.; JORDAN, L. K. B.; SPIELER, R. E. Fish assemblages on sunken vessels and natural reefs in southeast Florida, USA. Hydrobiologia, v. 580, n. 1, p. 157-171, 2007.
ASHWORTH, J. S.; ORMOND, R. F. G. Effects of fishing pressure and trophic group on abundance and spillover across boundaries of a no-take zone. Biol. Conserv., v. 121, n. 3, p. 333-344, 2005.
BAINE, M.; SIDE, J. Habitat modification and manipulation as a management tool. Revs. Fish Biol. Fish., v. 13, n. 2, p. 187-199, 2003.
BARNABÉ, G.; CHARBONNEL, E.; MARINARO, J.-Y.;ODY, D.; FRANCOUR, P. Artificial reefs in France: analysis, assessments and prospects. In: Artificial reefs in European seas Dordrecht, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2000. p. 167-184
BAYLE-SEMPERE, J. T.; RAMOS-ESPLA, A. A.; CHARTON, J. A. G. Intra-annual variability of an artificial reef fish assemblage in the marine reserve of Tabarca (Alicante, Spain, Sw Mediterranean). Bull. mar. Sci., v. 55, n. 2-3, p. 824-835, 1994.
BOHNSACK, J. A.; HARPER, D. E.; MCCLELLAN, D. B.; HULSBECK, M. Effects of reef size on colonization and assemblage structure of fishes at artificial reefs off Southeastern Florida, U.S.A. Bull. mar. Sci., v. 55, n. 2-3, p. 796-823, 1994.
BOMBACE, G.; FABI, G.; FIORENTINI, L.; SPERANZA, S. Analysis of the efficacy of artificial reefs located in five different areas of the Adriatic Sea. Bull. mar. Sci., v. 55, n. 2-3, p. 559-580, 1994.
BROTTO, D. S.; KROHLING, W.; BRUM, S.;ZALMON, I. R. Usage patterns of an artificial reef by the fish community on the northern coast of Rio de Janeiro. Braz. J. coast. Res., v. 3, n. 39, p. 1276-1280, 2006.
CASTILLA, J. C. Roles of experimental marine ecology in coastal management and conservation. J. expl. mar. Biol. Ecol., v. 250, n. 1-2, p. 3-21, 2000.
CHARBONNEL, E.; SERRE, C.; RUITTON, S.; HARMELIN, J.-G.; JENSEN, A. Effects of increased habitat complexity on fish assemblages associated with large artificial reef units (French Mediterranean coast). ICES J. mar. Sci., v. 59, suppl., p. 208-213, 2002.
CHOU, W.-R.; TEW, K. S.; FANG, L.-S. Long-term monitoring of the demersal fish community in a steel-slag disposal area in the coastal waters of Kaohsiung, Taiwan. ICES J. mar. Sci., v. 59, suppl., p. 238-242, 2002.
CLARK, S.; EDWARDS, A. J. Use of artificial reef structures to rehabilitate reef flats degraded by coral mining in the Maldives. Bull. mar. Sci., v. 55, n. 2-3, p. 724-744, 1994.
CLARKE, K. R.; WARWICK, R. M. Change in marine communities: an approach to statistical analysis and interpretation. Plymouth: Plymouth Marine Laboratory, 2001.172 p.
CLAUDET, J.; PELLETIER, D. Marine protected areas and artificial reefs: A review of the interactions between management and scientific studies. Aquat. Living Resour., v. 17, n. 2, p. 129-138, 2004.
CLAUDET, J.; PELLETIER, D.; JOUVENEL, J. Y.; BACHET, F.; GALZIN, R. Assessing the effects of marine protected area (MPA) on a reef fish assemblage in a northwestern Mediterranean marine reserve: Identifying community-based indicators. Biol. Conserv., v. 130, n. 3, p. 349-369, 2006.
COLL, J.; MORANTA, J.; RENONES, O.; GARCIA-RUBIES, A.; MORENO, I. Influence of substrate and deployment time on fish assemblages on an artificial reef at Formentera Island (Balearic Islands, western Mediterranean). Hydrobiologia, v. 385, n. 1-3, p. 139-152, 1998.
COLLOCA, F.; CRESPI, V.; CERASI, S.; COPPOLA, S. R. Structure and evolution of the artisanal fishery in a southern Italian coastal area. Fish. Res., v. 69, n. 3, p. 359-369, 2004.
EKLUND, A. M. The importance of post-settlement predation and reef resources limitation on the structure of reef ûsh assemblages. Proceedings of the 8th International Coral Reef Symposium, v. 2, p. 1139-1142, 1997.
DUPONT, J. M. Artificial reefs as restoration tools: A case study on the West Florida Shelf. Coast. Mgmt., v. 36, n. 5, p. 495-507, 2008.
FABI, G.; FIORENTINI, L. Comparison between an artificial reef and a control site in the Adriatic Sea: Analysis of four years of monitoring. Bull. mar. Sci., v. 55, n. 2-3, p. 538-558, 1994.
FABI, G.; GRATI, F.;PULETTI, M.;SCARCELLA, G. Effects on fish community induced by installation of two gas platforms in the Adriatic Sea. Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., v. 273, n. 1, p. 187-197, 2004.
FAO State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2004 Rome: FAO, 2004.153 p.
GAO, Q. F.; SHIN, P. K. S.; XU, W. Z.; CHEUNG, S. G. Amelioration of marine farming impact on the benthic environment using artificial reefs as biofilters. Mar. Pollut. Bull., v. 57, n. 6-12, p. 652-661, 2008.
GODOY, E. A. S.; ALMEIDA, T. C. M.; ZALMON, I. R. Fish assemblages and environmental variables on an artificial reef north of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. ICES J. mar. Sci., v. 59, suppl., p. 138-143, 2002.
GRATWICKE, B.; SPEIGHT, M. R. The relationship between fish species richness, abundance and habitat complexity in a range of shallow tropical marine habitats. J. Fish Biol., v. 66, n. 3, p. 650-667, 2005.
GROBER-DUNSMORE, R.; FRAZER, T. K.; BEETS, J. P.; LINDBERG, W. J.; ZWICK, P.;FUNICELLI, N. A. Influence of landscape structure, on reef fish assemblages. Landscape Ecol., v. 23, suppl.1, p. 37-53, 2008.
GROSSMAN, G. D.; JONES, G. P.; SEAMAN, W. J. Do artificial reefs increase regional fish production? A review of existing data. Fisheries, v. 22, n. 4, p. 17-23, 1997.
HARMELIN, J. G. Mediterranean marine protected areas: some prominent traits and promising trends. Environ. Conserv., v. 27, n. 2, p. 104-105, 2000.
HARMELIN-VIVIEN, M.; HARMELIN, J. G.; CHAUVET, C.; DUVAL, C.; GALZIN, R.; LEJEUNE, P.; BARNABE, G.; BLANC, F.; CHAVALIER, R.;DUCLERC, J.; LASSERRE, G. Evaluation visuelle des peuplements et populations de poissons : problèmes et méthodes. Rev. Ecol. (Terre Vie), v. 40, n. 4, p. 467-539, 1985.
KJERFVE, B. Coastal lagoon processes London: Elsevier, 1994.598 p.
LAN, C. H.; LAN, K. T.; HSUI, C. Y. Application of fractals: create an artificial habitat with several small (SS) strategy in marine environment. Ecol. Engng., v. 32, n. 1, p. 44-51, 2008.
LAUCK, T.; CLARK, C. W.; MANGEL, M.; MUNRO, G. R. Implementing the precautionary principle in fisheries management through marine reserves. Ecol. Applicat., v. 8, n. 1, p. 72-S78, 1998.
LEIHONEN, P.; HANNINEN, J.; CHOJNACKI, J.;VUORINEN, I. Some prospects of nutrients removal with artificial reefs. Southampton In: THE FIRST EUROPEAN ARTIFICIAL REEF RESEARCH NETWORK CONFERENCE, 1996, Oceanographic Center, Southampton, England, UK. Proceedings of the First European Artificial Reef Research Network Conference, p. 85-96, 1996.
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LLEONART, J.; MAYNOU, F. Fish stock assessments in the Mediterranean: state of the art. Scientia Mar., v. 67, n. suppl.1, p. 37-49, 2003.
MACI, S.; BASSET, A. Composition, structural characteristics and temporal patterns of fish assemblages in non-tidal Mediterranean lagoons: A case study. Estuar. coast. Shelf Sci. , v. 83, n. 4, p. 602-612, 2009.
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Publication Dates

Publication in this collection
11 Oct 2011
Date of issue
2011

History

Received
02 Feb 2010
Accepted
15 Mar 2011
Reviewed
26 Feb 2011

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

[1] ABECASIS, D.; BENTES, L.; ERZINI, K. Home range, residency and movements of Diplodus sargus and Diplodus vulgaris in a coastal lagoon: Connectivity between nursery and adult habitats. Estuar. coast. Shelf Sci, v. 85, n. 4, p. 525-529, 2009.

[2] AGARDY, T. An environmentalists perspective on responsible fisheries: the need for holistic approaches. in: Responsible fisheries in the marine ecosystem. Rome and Wallingford: FAO and CAB International, 2003. p. 65-85

[3] ALDEBERT, Y. Demersal resources of the Gulf of Lions (NW Mediterranean). Impact of exploitation on fish diversity. Vie Et Milieu-Life Environ., v. 47, n. 4, p. 275-284, 1997.

[4] ALEVIZON, W. S.; GORHAM, J. C. Effects of artificial reef deployment on nearby resident fishes. Bull. mar. Sci , v. 44, n. 2, p. 646-661, 1989.

[5] ANGEL, D. L.; KATZ, T.; EDEN, N.; SPANIER, E.; BLACK, K. D. Damage control in the coastal zone: Improving water quality by harvesting aquaculture-derived nutrients. In: Strategic management of marine ecosystems Netherlands: Springer, 2005. p. 77-87.

[6] ANTSULEVICH, A. E. Artificial reefs project for improvement of water quality and environmental enhancement of Neva Bay (St.-Petersburg County Region). Bull. marine Sci , v. 55, n. 2-3, p. 1189-1192, 1994.

[7] ARENA, P. T.; JORDAN, L. K. B.; SPIELER, R. E. Fish assemblages on sunken vessels and natural reefs in southeast Florida, USA. Hydrobiologia, v. 580, n. 1, p. 157-171, 2007.

[8] ASHWORTH, J. S.; ORMOND, R. F. G. Effects of fishing pressure and trophic group on abundance and spillover across boundaries of a no-take zone. Biol. Conserv., v. 121, n. 3, p. 333-344, 2005.

[9] BAINE, M.; SIDE, J. Habitat modification and manipulation as a management tool. Revs. Fish Biol. Fish., v. 13, n. 2, p. 187-199, 2003.

[10] BARNABÉ, G.; CHARBONNEL, E.; MARINARO, J.-Y.;ODY, D.; FRANCOUR, P. Artificial reefs in France: analysis, assessments and prospects. In: Artificial reefs in European seas Dordrecht, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2000. p. 167-184

[11] BAYLE-SEMPERE, J. T.; RAMOS-ESPLA, A. A.; CHARTON, J. A. G. Intra-annual variability of an artificial reef fish assemblage in the marine reserve of Tabarca (Alicante, Spain, Sw Mediterranean). Bull. mar. Sci., v. 55, n. 2-3, p. 824-835, 1994.

[12] BOHNSACK, J. A.; HARPER, D. E.; MCCLELLAN, D. B.; HULSBECK, M. Effects of reef size on colonization and assemblage structure of fishes at artificial reefs off Southeastern Florida, U.S.A. Bull. mar. Sci., v. 55, n. 2-3, p. 796-823, 1994.

[13] BOMBACE, G.; FABI, G.; FIORENTINI, L.; SPERANZA, S. Analysis of the efficacy of artificial reefs located in five different areas of the Adriatic Sea. Bull. mar. Sci., v. 55, n. 2-3, p. 559-580, 1994.

[14] BROTTO, D. S.; KROHLING, W.; BRUM, S.;ZALMON, I. R. Usage patterns of an artificial reef by the fish community on the northern coast of Rio de Janeiro. Braz. J. coast. Res., v. 3, n. 39, p. 1276-1280, 2006.

[15] CASTILLA, J. C. Roles of experimental marine ecology in coastal management and conservation. J. expl. mar. Biol. Ecol., v. 250, n. 1-2, p. 3-21, 2000.

[16] CHARBONNEL, E.; SERRE, C.; RUITTON, S.; HARMELIN, J.-G.; JENSEN, A. Effects of increased habitat complexity on fish assemblages associated with large artificial reef units (French Mediterranean coast). ICES J. mar. Sci., v. 59, suppl., p. 208-213, 2002.

[17] CHOU, W.-R.; TEW, K. S.; FANG, L.-S. Long-term monitoring of the demersal fish community in a steel-slag disposal area in the coastal waters of Kaohsiung, Taiwan. ICES J. mar. Sci., v. 59, suppl., p. 238-242, 2002.

[18] CLARK, S.; EDWARDS, A. J. Use of artificial reef structures to rehabilitate reef flats degraded by coral mining in the Maldives. Bull. mar. Sci., v. 55, n. 2-3, p. 724-744, 1994.

[19] CLARKE, K. R.; WARWICK, R. M. Change in marine communities: an approach to statistical analysis and interpretation. Plymouth: Plymouth Marine Laboratory, 2001.172 p.

[20] CLAUDET, J.; PELLETIER, D. Marine protected areas and artificial reefs: A review of the interactions between management and scientific studies. Aquat. Living Resour., v. 17, n. 2, p. 129-138, 2004.

[21] CLAUDET, J.; PELLETIER, D.; JOUVENEL, J. Y.; BACHET, F.; GALZIN, R. Assessing the effects of marine protected area (MPA) on a reef fish assemblage in a northwestern Mediterranean marine reserve: Identifying community-based indicators. Biol. Conserv., v. 130, n. 3, p. 349-369, 2006.

[22] COLL, J.; MORANTA, J.; RENONES, O.; GARCIA-RUBIES, A.; MORENO, I. Influence of substrate and deployment time on fish assemblages on an artificial reef at Formentera Island (Balearic Islands, western Mediterranean). Hydrobiologia, v. 385, n. 1-3, p. 139-152, 1998.

[23] COLLOCA, F.; CRESPI, V.; CERASI, S.; COPPOLA, S. R. Structure and evolution of the artisanal fishery in a southern Italian coastal area. Fish. Res., v. 69, n. 3, p. 359-369, 2004.

[24] EKLUND, A. M. The importance of post-settlement predation and reef resources limitation on the structure of reef ûsh assemblages. Proceedings of the 8th International Coral Reef Symposium, v. 2, p. 1139-1142, 1997.

[25] DUPONT, J. M. Artificial reefs as restoration tools: A case study on the West Florida Shelf. Coast. Mgmt., v. 36, n. 5, p. 495-507, 2008.

[26] FABI, G.; FIORENTINI, L. Comparison between an artificial reef and a control site in the Adriatic Sea: Analysis of four years of monitoring. Bull. mar. Sci., v. 55, n. 2-3, p. 538-558, 1994.

[27] FABI, G.; GRATI, F.;PULETTI, M.;SCARCELLA, G. Effects on fish community induced by installation of two gas platforms in the Adriatic Sea. Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., v. 273, n. 1, p. 187-197, 2004.

[28] FAO State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2004 Rome: FAO, 2004.153 p.

[29] GAO, Q. F.; SHIN, P. K. S.; XU, W. Z.; CHEUNG, S. G. Amelioration of marine farming impact on the benthic environment using artificial reefs as biofilters. Mar. Pollut. Bull., v. 57, n. 6-12, p. 652-661, 2008.

[30] GODOY, E. A. S.; ALMEIDA, T. C. M.; ZALMON, I. R. Fish assemblages and environmental variables on an artificial reef north of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. ICES J. mar. Sci., v. 59, suppl., p. 138-143, 2002.

[31] GRATWICKE, B.; SPEIGHT, M. R. The relationship between fish species richness, abundance and habitat complexity in a range of shallow tropical marine habitats. J. Fish Biol., v. 66, n. 3, p. 650-667, 2005.

[32] GROBER-DUNSMORE, R.; FRAZER, T. K.; BEETS, J. P.; LINDBERG, W. J.; ZWICK, P.;FUNICELLI, N. A. Influence of landscape structure, on reef fish assemblages. Landscape Ecol., v. 23, suppl.1, p. 37-53, 2008.

[33] GROSSMAN, G. D.; JONES, G. P.; SEAMAN, W. J. Do artificial reefs increase regional fish production? A review of existing data. Fisheries, v. 22, n. 4, p. 17-23, 1997.

[34] HARMELIN, J. G. Mediterranean marine protected areas: some prominent traits and promising trends. Environ. Conserv., v. 27, n. 2, p. 104-105, 2000.

[35] HARMELIN-VIVIEN, M.; HARMELIN, J. G.; CHAUVET, C.; DUVAL, C.; GALZIN, R.; LEJEUNE, P.; BARNABE, G.; BLANC, F.; CHAVALIER, R.;DUCLERC, J.; LASSERRE, G. Evaluation visuelle des peuplements et populations de poissons : problèmes et méthodes. Rev. Ecol. (Terre Vie), v. 40, n. 4, p. 467-539, 1985.

[36] KJERFVE, B. Coastal lagoon processes London: Elsevier, 1994.598 p.

[37] LAN, C. H.; LAN, K. T.; HSUI, C. Y. Application of fractals: create an artificial habitat with several small (SS) strategy in marine environment. Ecol. Engng., v. 32, n. 1, p. 44-51, 2008.

[38] LAUCK, T.; CLARK, C. W.; MANGEL, M.; MUNRO, G. R. Implementing the precautionary principle in fisheries management through marine reserves. Ecol. Applicat., v. 8, n. 1, p. 72-S78, 1998.

[39] LEIHONEN, P.; HANNINEN, J.; CHOJNACKI, J.;VUORINEN, I. Some prospects of nutrients removal with artificial reefs. Southampton In: THE FIRST EUROPEAN ARTIFICIAL REEF RESEARCH NETWORK CONFERENCE, 1996, Oceanographic Center, Southampton, England, UK. Proceedings of the First European Artificial Reef Research Network Conference, p. 85-96, 1996.

[40] LEITAO, F.; SANTOS, M. N.; ERZINI, K.;MONTEIRO, C. C. Diplodus spp. assemblages on artificial reefs: importance for near shore fisheries. Fish. Mngmt. Ecol., v. 16, n. 2, p. 88-99, 2009.

[41] LLEONART, J.; MAYNOU, F. Fish stock assessments in the Mediterranean: state of the art. Scientia Mar., v. 67, n. suppl.1, p. 37-49, 2003.

[42] MACI, S.; BASSET, A. Composition, structural characteristics and temporal patterns of fish assemblages in non-tidal Mediterranean lagoons: A case study. Estuar. coast. Shelf Sci. , v. 83, n. 4, p. 602-612, 2009.

[43] MEIER, M. H.; BUCKLEY, R.; POLOVINA, J. J. A Debate on responsible artificial reef development. Bull. mar. Sci., v. 44, n. 2, p. 1051-1057, 1989.

[44] PASTOR, J.; ASTRUCH, P.; PRATS, E.; DALIAS, N.; LENFANT, P. First scuba diving observations of Pomadasys incisus (Haemulidae) from the French Catalan coast. Cybium, v. 32, n. 2, p. 185-186, 2008.

[45] PAULY, D. Beyond duplicity and ignorance in global fisheries. Scientia Mar., v. 73, n. 2, p. 215-224, 2009.

[46] PAULY, D.; WATSON, R. Counting the last fish. Scient. Am., v. 289, n. 1, p. 42-47, 2003.

[47] PICKERING, H.; WHITMARSH, D. Artificial reefs and fisheries exploitation: A review of the attraction versus production debate, the influence of design and its significance for policy. Fish. Res., v. 31, n. 1-2, p. 39-59, 1997.

[48] PICKERING, H.; WHITMARSH, D.; JENSEN, A. Artificial reefs as a tool to aid rehabilitation of coastal ecosystems: Investigating the potential. Mar. Pollut. Bull., v. 37, n. 8-12, p. 505-514, 1998.

[49] RAMOS, J.; SANTOS, M. N.; WHITMARSH, D.; MONTEIRO, C. C. Patterns of use in an artificial reef system: A case study in Portugal. Bull. mar. Sci., v. 78, n. 1, p. 203-211, 2006.

[50] REED, D. C.; SCHROETER, S. C.; HUANG, D.; ANDERSON, T. W.; AMBROSE, R. F. Quantitative assessment of different artificial reef designs in mitigating losses to kelp forest fishes. Bull. mar. Sci., v. 78, n. 1, p. 133-150, 2006.

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Evaluation of impact of artificial reefs on artisanal fisheries: need for complementary approaches

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