A comparison of methods for estimating fish assemblages associated with estuarine artificial reefs

Lowry, Michael; Folpp, Heath; Gregson, Marcus; Mckenzie, Rob

Abstracts

Monitoring strategies which adequately represent the entire community associated with artificial structures will enable more informed decisions regarding the broader effects of artificial structures and their role in the management of fisheries resources. Despite the widespread application of a range of in situ visual monitoring methodologies used in the assessment of artificial structures, the relative biases associated with each method have not been critically examined and remain poorly understood. Estimates of fish abundance on six estuarine artificial reefs carried out by divers using underwater visual census techniques (UVC) were compared with estimates of relative abundance determined by baited remote underwater video (BRUV). It was found that when combined, both methods provided a more comprehensive description of the species associated with estuarine artificial reefs. However, the difference in the number of species detected and the frequency of detection varied between methods. Results indicated that the differences in rates of detection between UVC and BRUV methodologies were primarily related to the ecological niche and behaviour of the species in question. UVC provided better estimates of the rare or cryptic reef associated species. BRUV sampled a smaller proportion of species overall but did identify key recreational species such as Acanthopagrus australis, Pagrus auratus and Rhabdosargus sarba with increased frequency. Correlation of abundance indices for species classified as "permanent" identified interspecific interactions that may act as a source of bias associated with BRUV observations.

Artificial reef; Baited underwater video; Visual census; Survey bias

O monitoramento biológico da comunidade associada a substratos artificiais permite a tomada de decisões corretas em relação ao uso e o papel dos novos habitats no manejo de recursos pesqueiros. Apesar da enorme aplicação das técnicas de censo visual no estudo da ictiofauna em recifes artificiais, os erros relativos de cada metodologia ainda não foram analisados. Estimativas de abundância de peixes obtidas através de censos visuais subaquáticos (CVS) em seis recifes artificias assentados em ambientes estuarinos, foram comparadas com a abundância relativa estimada através de técnicas de monitoramento remoto com vídeo subaquático (MRVS) e isca para atração dos animais. Os resultados combinados de ambas as técnicas descreveram melhor as espécies associadas aos recifes artificiais de regiões estuarinas. Entretanto, a diferença no número de espécies identificadas e a freqüência de detecção entre ambas as técnicas foram devidas principalmente aos nichos ocupados e ao comportamento específico de cada espécie. A técnica de CVS estimou melhores as espécies raras e crípticas associadas aos recifes. A técnica de MRVS estimou uma proporção menor de espécies, mas foi capaz de identificar mais frequentemente e com mais precisão as espécies recreacionais tais como Acanthopagrus australis, Pagrus auratus e Rhabdosargus sarba. Índices de correlação de abundância de espécies "permanentes" revelaram interações específicas que podem representar uma fonte de erro associada às observações com vídeo remoto.

Recifes artificiais; Vídeo submarino; Censo visual; Vício amostral

ARENA, P.; JORDAN, L.; SPIELER, R. Fish assemblages on sunken vessels and natural reefs in southeast Florida, USA.Hydrobiologia, v. 580, p.157-171, 2007.
BAILEY, D.; PRIEDE, I. Predicting fish behaviour in response to abyssal food falls. Mar. Biol., v. 141, p. 831-840, 2002.
BORTONE, S. A. A perspective of artificial reef research: the past, present, and future. Bull. mar. Sci., v. 78, p. 1-8, 2006.
BORTONE, S. A.; SAMOILYS, M. A.; FRANCOUR, P. Fish and macroinvertebrate evaluation. In: SEAMAN JR, W. (Ed.). Artificial reef evaluation with application to natural marine habitats. Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press , 2000.
CAPPO, M.; HARVEY, E.; MALCOLM, H.; SPEARE, P. Potential of video techniques to monitor diversity, abundance and size of fish in studies of Marine Protected Areas. In: BEUMER, J. P.; GRANT, A.; SMITH, D. C. (Ed.). Aquatic Protected Areas - what works best and how do we know? WORLD CONGRESS ON AQUATIC PROTECTED AREAS, 2003, Cairns, Australia.
CAPPO, M.; SPEARE, P.; DEATH, G. Comparison of baited remote underwater video stations (BRUVS) and prawn (shrimp) trawls for assessments of fish biodiversity in inter-reefal areas of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. J. expl marine Biology and Ecology, v. 302, p. 123-152, 2004.
CAPPO, M.; HARVEY, E. S.; SHORTIS, M. R. Counting and measuring fish with baited video techniques - an overview. In: LYLE, J. M.; FURLANI, D. M.; BUXTON, C. D. (Ed.) . AFSB CONFERENCE AND WORKSHOP "CUTTING-EDGE TECHNOLOGIES IN FISH AND FISHERIES SCIENCE", 2006, Hobart, Tasmania… Workshop Proceedings … Australian Society for Fish Biology, 2006.
CHOU, W.-R.; TEW, K. S.; FANG, L.-S. Long-term monitoring of the demersal fish community in a steel-slag disposal area in the coastal waters of Kaohsiung, Taiwan. ICES J. mar. Sci., v. 59, p. 238-242, 2002.
CLARKE, K. R. Non parametric multivariate analysis of changes in community structure. Aust. J. Ecol., v. 18, p. 117-143, 1993.
CLARKE, K. R.; WARWICK, R. M. Changes in marine communities: An approach to statistical analysis and interpretation, Plymouth: Primer-E, 2001.
CLAUDET, J.; PELLETIER, D. Marine protected areas and artificial reefs: A review of the interactions between management and scientific studies. Aquat. Living Resour., v. 17, p. 129-138, 2004.
COLLINS, M. A.; YAU, C.; GUILFOYLE, F.; BAGLEY, P.; EVERSON, I.; PRIEDE, I. G.; AGNEW, D. Assessment of stone crab (Lithodidae) density on the South Georgia slope using baited video cameras. ICES J. mar. Sci., v. 59, p. 370, 2002.
CONNELL, S. D.; KINGSFORD, M. J. Spatial, temporal and habitat-related variation in the abundance of large predatory fish at One Tree Reef, Australia. Coral Reefs, v. 17, p. 49-57, 1998.
ERICSON, G.; CAPPO, M. BRUVS Tape Reading Interface 2.1 ed. Townsville, QLD, Australia: Australian Institute of Marine Science, 2006.
FARNSWORTH, K. D.; THYGESEN, U. H.; DITLEVSEN, S.; KING, N. J. How to estimate scavenger fish abundance using baited camera data. Mar. Ecol. Progr. Ser., v. 350, p. 223, 2007.
FRANCOUR, P.; LIRET, C.; HARVEY, E. Comparison of fish abundance estimates made by remote underwater video and visual census. Naturalista Siciliano, v. 23, p. 155-168, 1999.
GANNON, J. E.; DANEHY, R. J.; ANDERSON, J. W.; MERRITT, G.; BADER, A. P. The ecology of natural shoals in Lake Ontario and their importance to artificial reef development In: D'ITRI, F. M. (Ed.). Artificial reefs: Marine and freshwater applications. Chelsea: Lewis Publishers, 1985.
HARVEY, E. S.; CAPPO, M.; BUTLER, J. J.; HALL, N.; KENDRICK, G. A. Bait attraction affects the performance of remote underwater video stations in assessment of demersal fish community structure. Mar. Ecol. Progr. Ser., v. 350, p.245-254, 2007.
JENNINGS, S.; POLUNIN, N. V. C. Biased underwater visual census biomass estimates for target-species in tropical reef fisheries. J.Fish Biol., v. 47, p. 733-736, 1995.
KELCH, D. O.; SNYDER, F. L.; REUTTER, J. M. Artificial reefs in Lake Erie: biological impacts of habitat alteration. In: BENAKA, L. R. (Ed.). Fish habitat - essential fish habitat and rehabilitation. AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM, 1999, Bethesda.
KULBICKI, M. How the acquired behaviour of commercial reef fishes may influence the results obtained from visual censuses. J. expl mar. Biol. Ecol., v. 222, p. 11-30, 1998.
LANGLOIS, T.; CHABANET, P.; PELLETIER, D.; HARVEY, E. Baited underwater video for assessing reef fish populations in marine reserves. Fish. Newsl. South Pacific Commission, v. 118, p.53, 2006.
LEGENDRE, P.; LEGENDRE, L. Numerical ecology. 2nd English ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science , 1998.
LINCOLN SMITH, M. P. Improving multispecies rocky reef fish censuses by counting different groups of species using different procedures. Environ. Biol. Fishes, v. 26, p. 29-37, 1989.
LIPEJ, L.; BONACA, M. O.; SISKO, M. Coastal fish diversity in three marine protected areas and one unprotected area in the Gulf of Trieste (Northern Adriatic). Mar. Ecol., v. 24, p. 259-273, 2003.
MACNEIL, M. A.; GRAHAM, N. A. J.; CONROY, M. J.; FONNESBECK, C. J.; POLUNIN, N. V. C.; RUSHTON, S. P.; CHABANET, P.; MCCLANAHAN, T. R. Detection heterogeneity in underwater visual-census data. J. Fish Biol., v. 73, p. 1748-1763, 2008.
NAKAMURA, M. Evolution of artificial fishing reef concepts in Japan. Bull. mar. Sci., v. 37, p. 271-278, 1985.
PICKERING, H.; WHITMARSH, D. Artificial reefs and fisheries exploitation: a review of the "attraction versus production" debate, the influence of design and its significance for policy. Fish. Res., v. 31, p. 39-59, 1997.
PRIEDE, I. G.; MERRETT, N. R. Estimation of abundance of abyssal demersal fishes; a comparison of data from trawls and baited cameras. J. Fish Biol., v. 49, p. 207-216, 1996.
PRIEDE, I. G.; MERRETT, N. R. The relationship between numbers of fish attracted to baited cameras and population density: studies on demersal grenadiers Coryphaenoides (Nematonurus) armatus in the abyssal NE Atlantic Ocean. Fish. Res., v.36, p. 133-137, 1998.
RANDALL, J. E. An analysis of the fish populations of artificial and natural reefs in the Virgin Islands. Carib. J. Sci. , v. 3, p. 31-47, 1963.
RELINI, G.; RELINI, M.; PALANDRI, G.; MERELLO, S.; BECCORNIA, E. History, ecology and trends for artificial reefs of the Ligurian sea, Italy. Hydrobiologia, v. 580, p.193-217, 2007.
SALE, P. F. Assemblages of fish on patch reefs - predictable or unpredictable? Environ. Biol. Fishes, v. 5, p.243-249, 1980.
SALE, P. F. Visual census of fishes: how well do we see what is there. In: INTERNATIONAL CORAL REEF SYMPOSIUM., 8., 1997. Proceedings…, 1997.
SAMOILYS, M. A.; CARLOS, G. Determining methods of underwater visual census for estimating the abundance of coral reef fishes. Environ. Biol. Fishes, v. 57, p. 289-304, 2000.
SMITH, M. P. L. Effects of observer swimming speed on sample counts of temperate rocky reef fish assemblages. Mar. Ecol. Progr. Ser., v. 43, p. 223-231, 1988.
STARCK, W. A. A list of fishes of Alligator Reef, Florida with comments on the nature of the Florida reef fish fauna. Undersea Biol., v. 1, p. 4-40, 1968.
STOBART, B.; GARCIA-CHARTON, J. A.; ESPEJO, C.; ROCHEL, E.; GONI, R.; RENONES, O.; HERRERO, A.; CRECHRIOU, R.; POLTI, S.; MARCOS, C.; PLANES, S.; PEREZ-RUZAFA, A. A baited underwater video technique to assess shallow-water Mediterranean fish assemblages: Methodological evaluation. J. expl mar. Biol. Ecol., v. 345, 2007.
TESSIER, E.; CHABANET, P.; POTHIN, K.; SORIA, M.; LASSERRE, G. Visual censuses of tropical fish aggregations on artificial reefs: slate versus video recording techniques. J. expl mar. Biol. Ecol., v. 315, 17-30, 2005.
THOMPSON, A. A.; MAPSTONE, B. D. Observer effects and training in underwater visual surveys of reef fishes. Mar.Ecol. Progr. Ser., v. 154, 53-63, 1997.
THRESHER, R. E.; GUNN, J. S. Comparative analysis of visual census techniques for highly mobile, reef-associated piscivores (Carangidae). Environ. Biol. Fishes, v. 17, p. 93-116, 1986.
WANTIEZ, L.; THOLLOT, P. Colonization of the F/V Calédonie Toho 2 wreck by a reef-fish assemblage near Nouméa (New Calédonia). Atoll Res. Bull, v. 485, p. 19, 2000.
WATSON, D.; HARVEY, E.; ANDERSON, M.; KENDRICK, G. A comparison of temperate reef fish assemblages recorded by three underwater stereo-video techniques. Mar. Biol., v. 148, p. 415-425, 2005.
WILDING, T. A.; SAYER, M. D. J. Evaluating artificial reef performance: approaches to pre- and post-deployment research. ICES J. mar. Sci., v. 59, S222-230, 2002.
WILLIS, T. J.; MILLAR, R. B.; BABCOCK, R. C. Detection of spatial variability in relative density of fishes: Comparison of visual census, angling, and baited underwater video. Mar. Ecol. Progr. Ser., v. 198, p. 249-260, 2000.
WILLIS, T. J.; MILLAR, R. B.; BABCOCK, R. C. Protection of exploited fish in temperate regions: high density and biomass of snapper Pagrus auratus (Sparidae) in northern New Zealand marine reserves. J. appl. Ecol., v. 40, p. 214-227, 2003.

Publication Dates

Publication in this collection
11 Oct 2011
Date of issue
2011

History

Received
24 May 2010
Accepted
15 June 2011
Reviewed
12 Apr 2011

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

[1] ARENA, P.; JORDAN, L.; SPIELER, R. Fish assemblages on sunken vessels and natural reefs in southeast Florida, USA.Hydrobiologia, v. 580, p.157-171, 2007.

[2] BAILEY, D.; PRIEDE, I. Predicting fish behaviour in response to abyssal food falls. Mar. Biol., v. 141, p. 831-840, 2002.

[3] BORTONE, S. A. A perspective of artificial reef research: the past, present, and future. Bull. mar. Sci., v. 78, p. 1-8, 2006.

[4] BORTONE, S. A.; SAMOILYS, M. A.; FRANCOUR, P. Fish and macroinvertebrate evaluation. In: SEAMAN JR, W. (Ed.). Artificial reef evaluation with application to natural marine habitats. Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press , 2000.

[5] CAPPO, M.; HARVEY, E.; MALCOLM, H.; SPEARE, P. Potential of video techniques to monitor diversity, abundance and size of fish in studies of Marine Protected Areas. In: BEUMER, J. P.; GRANT, A.; SMITH, D. C. (Ed.). Aquatic Protected Areas - what works best and how do we know? WORLD CONGRESS ON AQUATIC PROTECTED AREAS, 2003, Cairns, Australia.

[6] CAPPO, M.; SPEARE, P.; DEATH, G. Comparison of baited remote underwater video stations (BRUVS) and prawn (shrimp) trawls for assessments of fish biodiversity in inter-reefal areas of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. J. expl marine Biology and Ecology, v. 302, p. 123-152, 2004.

[7] CAPPO, M.; HARVEY, E. S.; SHORTIS, M. R. Counting and measuring fish with baited video techniques - an overview. In: LYLE, J. M.; FURLANI, D. M.; BUXTON, C. D. (Ed.) . AFSB CONFERENCE AND WORKSHOP "CUTTING-EDGE TECHNOLOGIES IN FISH AND FISHERIES SCIENCE", 2006, Hobart, Tasmania… Workshop Proceedings … Australian Society for Fish Biology, 2006.

[8] CHOU, W.-R.; TEW, K. S.; FANG, L.-S. Long-term monitoring of the demersal fish community in a steel-slag disposal area in the coastal waters of Kaohsiung, Taiwan. ICES J. mar. Sci., v. 59, p. 238-242, 2002.

[9] CLARKE, K. R. Non parametric multivariate analysis of changes in community structure. Aust. J. Ecol., v. 18, p. 117-143, 1993.

[10] CLARKE, K. R.; WARWICK, R. M. Changes in marine communities: An approach to statistical analysis and interpretation, Plymouth: Primer-E, 2001.

[11] CLAUDET, J.; PELLETIER, D. Marine protected areas and artificial reefs: A review of the interactions between management and scientific studies. Aquat. Living Resour., v. 17, p. 129-138, 2004.

[12] COLLINS, M. A.; YAU, C.; GUILFOYLE, F.; BAGLEY, P.; EVERSON, I.; PRIEDE, I. G.; AGNEW, D. Assessment of stone crab (Lithodidae) density on the South Georgia slope using baited video cameras. ICES J. mar. Sci., v. 59, p. 370, 2002.

[13] CONNELL, S. D.; KINGSFORD, M. J. Spatial, temporal and habitat-related variation in the abundance of large predatory fish at One Tree Reef, Australia. Coral Reefs, v. 17, p. 49-57, 1998.

[14] ERICSON, G.; CAPPO, M. BRUVS Tape Reading Interface 2.1 ed. Townsville, QLD, Australia: Australian Institute of Marine Science, 2006.

[15] FARNSWORTH, K. D.; THYGESEN, U. H.; DITLEVSEN, S.; KING, N. J. How to estimate scavenger fish abundance using baited camera data. Mar. Ecol. Progr. Ser., v. 350, p. 223, 2007.

[16] FRANCOUR, P.; LIRET, C.; HARVEY, E. Comparison of fish abundance estimates made by remote underwater video and visual census. Naturalista Siciliano, v. 23, p. 155-168, 1999.

[17] GANNON, J. E.; DANEHY, R. J.; ANDERSON, J. W.; MERRITT, G.; BADER, A. P. The ecology of natural shoals in Lake Ontario and their importance to artificial reef development In: D'ITRI, F. M. (Ed.). Artificial reefs: Marine and freshwater applications. Chelsea: Lewis Publishers, 1985.

[18] HARVEY, E. S.; CAPPO, M.; BUTLER, J. J.; HALL, N.; KENDRICK, G. A. Bait attraction affects the performance of remote underwater video stations in assessment of demersal fish community structure. Mar. Ecol. Progr. Ser., v. 350, p.245-254, 2007.

[19] JENNINGS, S.; POLUNIN, N. V. C. Biased underwater visual census biomass estimates for target-species in tropical reef fisheries. J.Fish Biol., v. 47, p. 733-736, 1995.

[20] KELCH, D. O.; SNYDER, F. L.; REUTTER, J. M. Artificial reefs in Lake Erie: biological impacts of habitat alteration. In: BENAKA, L. R. (Ed.). Fish habitat - essential fish habitat and rehabilitation. AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM, 1999, Bethesda.

[21] KULBICKI, M. How the acquired behaviour of commercial reef fishes may influence the results obtained from visual censuses. J. expl mar. Biol. Ecol., v. 222, p. 11-30, 1998.

[22] LANGLOIS, T.; CHABANET, P.; PELLETIER, D.; HARVEY, E. Baited underwater video for assessing reef fish populations in marine reserves. Fish. Newsl. South Pacific Commission, v. 118, p.53, 2006.

[23] LEGENDRE, P.; LEGENDRE, L. Numerical ecology. 2nd English ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science , 1998.

[24] LINCOLN SMITH, M. P. Improving multispecies rocky reef fish censuses by counting different groups of species using different procedures. Environ. Biol. Fishes, v. 26, p. 29-37, 1989.

[25] LIPEJ, L.; BONACA, M. O.; SISKO, M. Coastal fish diversity in three marine protected areas and one unprotected area in the Gulf of Trieste (Northern Adriatic). Mar. Ecol., v. 24, p. 259-273, 2003.

[26] MACNEIL, M. A.; GRAHAM, N. A. J.; CONROY, M. J.; FONNESBECK, C. J.; POLUNIN, N. V. C.; RUSHTON, S. P.; CHABANET, P.; MCCLANAHAN, T. R. Detection heterogeneity in underwater visual-census data. J. Fish Biol., v. 73, p. 1748-1763, 2008.

[27] NAKAMURA, M. Evolution of artificial fishing reef concepts in Japan. Bull. mar. Sci., v. 37, p. 271-278, 1985.

[28] PICKERING, H.; WHITMARSH, D. Artificial reefs and fisheries exploitation: a review of the "attraction versus production" debate, the influence of design and its significance for policy. Fish. Res., v. 31, p. 39-59, 1997.

[29] PRIEDE, I. G.; MERRETT, N. R. Estimation of abundance of abyssal demersal fishes; a comparison of data from trawls and baited cameras. J. Fish Biol., v. 49, p. 207-216, 1996.

[30] PRIEDE, I. G.; MERRETT, N. R. The relationship between numbers of fish attracted to baited cameras and population density: studies on demersal grenadiers Coryphaenoides (Nematonurus) armatus in the abyssal NE Atlantic Ocean. Fish. Res., v.36, p. 133-137, 1998.

[31] RANDALL, J. E. An analysis of the fish populations of artificial and natural reefs in the Virgin Islands. Carib. J. Sci. , v. 3, p. 31-47, 1963.

[32] RELINI, G.; RELINI, M.; PALANDRI, G.; MERELLO, S.; BECCORNIA, E. History, ecology and trends for artificial reefs of the Ligurian sea, Italy. Hydrobiologia, v. 580, p.193-217, 2007.

[33] SALE, P. F. Assemblages of fish on patch reefs - predictable or unpredictable? Environ. Biol. Fishes, v. 5, p.243-249, 1980.

[34] SALE, P. F. Visual census of fishes: how well do we see what is there. In: INTERNATIONAL CORAL REEF SYMPOSIUM., 8., 1997. Proceedings…, 1997.

[35] SAMOILYS, M. A.; CARLOS, G. Determining methods of underwater visual census for estimating the abundance of coral reef fishes. Environ. Biol. Fishes, v. 57, p. 289-304, 2000.

[36] SMITH, M. P. L. Effects of observer swimming speed on sample counts of temperate rocky reef fish assemblages. Mar. Ecol. Progr. Ser., v. 43, p. 223-231, 1988.

[37] STARCK, W. A. A list of fishes of Alligator Reef, Florida with comments on the nature of the Florida reef fish fauna. Undersea Biol., v. 1, p. 4-40, 1968.

[38] STOBART, B.; GARCIA-CHARTON, J. A.; ESPEJO, C.; ROCHEL, E.; GONI, R.; RENONES, O.; HERRERO, A.; CRECHRIOU, R.; POLTI, S.; MARCOS, C.; PLANES, S.; PEREZ-RUZAFA, A. A baited underwater video technique to assess shallow-water Mediterranean fish assemblages: Methodological evaluation. J. expl mar. Biol. Ecol., v. 345, 2007.

[39] TESSIER, E.; CHABANET, P.; POTHIN, K.; SORIA, M.; LASSERRE, G. Visual censuses of tropical fish aggregations on artificial reefs: slate versus video recording techniques. J. expl mar. Biol. Ecol., v. 315, 17-30, 2005.

[40] THOMPSON, A. A.; MAPSTONE, B. D. Observer effects and training in underwater visual surveys of reef fishes. Mar.Ecol. Progr. Ser., v. 154, 53-63, 1997.

[41] THRESHER, R. E.; GUNN, J. S. Comparative analysis of visual census techniques for highly mobile, reef-associated piscivores (Carangidae). Environ. Biol. Fishes, v. 17, p. 93-116, 1986.

[42] WANTIEZ, L.; THOLLOT, P. Colonization of the F/V Calédonie Toho 2 wreck by a reef-fish assemblage near Nouméa (New Calédonia). Atoll Res. Bull, v. 485, p. 19, 2000.

[43] WATSON, D.; HARVEY, E.; ANDERSON, M.; KENDRICK, G. A comparison of temperate reef fish assemblages recorded by three underwater stereo-video techniques. Mar. Biol., v. 148, p. 415-425, 2005.

[44] WILDING, T. A.; SAYER, M. D. J. Evaluating artificial reef performance: approaches to pre- and post-deployment research. ICES J. mar. Sci., v. 59, S222-230, 2002.

[45] WILLIS, T. J.; MILLAR, R. B.; BABCOCK, R. C. Detection of spatial variability in relative density of fishes: Comparison of visual census, angling, and baited underwater video. Mar. Ecol. Progr. Ser., v. 198, p. 249-260, 2000.

[46] WILLIS, T. J.; MILLAR, R. B.; BABCOCK, R. C. Protection of exploited fish in temperate regions: high density and biomass of snapper Pagrus auratus (Sparidae) in northern New Zealand marine reserves. J. appl. Ecol., v. 40, p. 214-227, 2003.

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A comparison of methods for estimating fish assemblages associated with estuarine artificial reefs

Abstracts

Publication Dates

History