Stakeholder analysis in the portuguese artificial reef context: winners and losers

Ramos, Jorge; Santos, Miguel N.; Whitmarsh, David; Monteiro, Carlos Costa

Abstracts

In this stakeholder analysis related to the artificial reef (AR) program located in the Algarve (Southern Portugal mainland) 21 different stakeholder clusters were identified. Stakeholders were classified as primary, secondary and external. It was found that stakeholder interaction with the structures can be of private, public or cooperative interest. In the analysis there were also identified and mapped the impact of the program on stakeholders and their power to influence the ARs' outcomes. Stakeholders' interactions with the ARs were studied, along with their likely attitudes and behavior towards the man-made structures. Finally, all stakeholder clusters were classified according to their expected degree of involvement throughout the different AR stages. The purpose of this stakeholder analysis was to find out winners and losers connected with the reef deployment. It was found that most stakeholder clusters were affected positively, but also four clusters affected negatively. However, it is believed that those that may be affected negatively do not pose a serious threat to the expected AR development along its lifetime.

Stakeholder analysis; Artificial reefs; Project impact; Algarve (Portugal)

Nesta análise de intervenientes relativa ao programa de recifes artificiais (RAs) localizado na costa do Algarve (Sul de Portugal continental) foram identificados 21 grupos de atores distintos. Os intervenientes foram classificados em 3 grupos: primários, secundários e externos. Verificou-se que o interesse dos intervenientes face às estruturas recifais (interação) pode ser do tipo privado, público ou cooperativo. Na análise foram identificados os impactos do projeto sobre os intervenientes e o poder destes para influenciar os resultados do programa recifal. Foram definidas quais as interações e possíveis atitudes e comportamento dos intervenientes em relação aos RAs. Finalmente, todos os grupos de intervenientes foram classificados de acordo com o grau de envolvimento esperado ao longo das diferentes fases do programa recifal. O propósito desta análise de intervenientes foi identificar ganhadores e perdedores relacionados com a criação dos recifes artificiais. Verificou-se que a maioria dos grupos de intervenientes pode ser afetado positivamente, mas existem quatro grupos supostamente afetados negativamente. Contudo, acredita-se que estes últimos não constituem um risco sério ao desenvolvimento do programa recifal no decurso do seu tempo de vida.

Análise de grupos de intervenientes; Impacto do projeto; Recifes artificiais; Algarve (Portugal)

BAINE, M. The North Sea rigs-to-reefs debate. ICES J. mar. Sci., v. 59, n. S, p. S277-S280, 2002.
BORTONE, S. A. A Perspective of Artificial Reef Research: The Past, Present, and Future. B. mar. Sci., v. 78, n. 1, p. 1-8, 2006.
BOURNE, L.; WALKER, D. H. T. Visualising and mapping stakeholder influence. Mgmt Decis., v. 43, n. 5, p. 649-660, 2005.
BRUGHA, R.; VARVASOVSZKY, Z. Stakeholder analysis: a review. Health Policy Plann., v. 15, n. 3, p. 239-246, 2000.
BUYSSE, K.; VERBEKE, A. Proactive environmental strategies: a stakeholder management perspective. Strateg. Mgmt J., v. 24, n. 5, p. 453-470, 2003.
CLARKSON, M. B. E. A Stakeholder Framework for Analyzing and Evaluating Corporate Social Performance. Acad. Mgmt Rev., v. 29, p. 92-117, 1995.
DE BAKKER, F. G. A.; DEN HOND, F. Introducing the politics of stakeholder influence: A review essay. Bus. Soc.,v. 47, n. 1, p. 8-20, 2008.
DONALDSON, T.; PRESTON, L. The stakeholder theory of the modern corporation: Concepts, evidence and implications. Acad. Mgmt Rev., v. 20, p. 65-91, 1995.
DE LOPEZ, T. T. Stakeholder Management for Conservation Projects: A Case Study of Ream National Park, Cambodia. Environ. Mgmt, v. 28, n. 1, p. 47-60, 2001.
ERWIN, P. Attitudes and persuasion Hove: Psychology Press, 2001. 168 p.
FREEMAN, R. E. Strategic management: A stakeholder approach. Boston: Pitman Publishing, 1984. 276 p.
FREEMAN, E.; REED, D. Stockholders and Stakeholders. In: DE WIT, B.; MEYER, R. Strategy: Process, content, context. 2nd ed. London: International Thomson Business Press, 1998.
GRIMBLE, R.; WELLARD, K. Stakeholder methodologies in natural resource management: a review of principles, contexts, experiences and opportunities. Socio-economic methods in renewable natural resources research. Agr. Syst., v. 55, n. 2, p. 173-193, 1997.
HARVEY, B.; SCHAEFER, A. Managing relationships with environmental stakeholders: A study of U.K. water and electricity utilities. J. Bus. Ethics, v. 30, p 243-260, 2001.
HOMMES, S.; HULSCHER, S. J. M. H.; MULDER, J. P. M.; OTTER, H. S.; BRESSERS, J. T. A. Role of perceptions and knowledge in the impact assessment for the extension of Mainport Rotterdam. Mar. Policy, v. 33, n. 1, p. 146-155, 2009.
JENKINS, G. P. Evaluation of stakeholder impacts in cost-benefit analysis. Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal, v. 17, n. 2, p. 87-86, 1999.
JENSEN, A. Artificial reefs of Europe: perspective and future. ICES J. mar. Sci., v. 59, n. S, p. S3-S13, 2002.
JONES, T. M.; WICKS, A. C. Convergent stakeholder theory. Acad. Mgmt Rev., v. 24, n. 2, p. 206-221, 1999.
KONTOGIANNI, A.; SKOURTOS, M. S.; LANGFORD, I. H.; BATEMAN, I. J.; GEORGIOU, S. Integrating stakeholder analysis in non-market valuation of environmental assets. Ecol. Econ., v. 37, p. 123-138, 2001.
LIM, G.; AHN, H.; LEE, H. Formulating strategies for stakeholder management: a case-based reasoning approach. Expert Syst. Appl., v. 28, p. 831-840, 2005.
MACARTHUR, J. Stakeholder analysis in project planning: Origins, applications and refinements of the method. Project Appraisal, v. 12, n. 4, p. 251-265, 1997.
MARKWICK, M. C. Golf tourism development, stakeholders, differing discourses and alternative agendas: the case of Malta. Tourism Mgmt, v. 21, p. 515-524, 2000.
MEFFE, G. K.; NIELSEN, L. A.; KNIGHT, R. L.; SCHENBORN, D. A. Ecosystem management: adaptive, community-based conservation. Washington, DC: Island Press, 2002. 313 p.
MILON, J. W.; HOLLAND, S. M.; WHITMARSH, D. Social and economic Evaluation methods. Chapter 6. In: SEAMAN, W. (Ed.). Artificial reef evaluation with application to natural marine habitats. Chapter 6. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2000. p. 165-194.
MITCHELL, R. K.; AGLE, B. R.; WOOD, D. J. Toward a theory of stakeholder identification and salience: Defining the principle of who and what really counts. Acad. Mgmt Rev., v. 22, p. 853-886, 1997.
MONTEIRO, C. C.; SANTOS, M. N. Portuguese artificial reefs. In: JENSEN, A. C.; COLLINS, K. J.; LOCKWOOD, A. P. M. (Eds.), Artificial reefs in European Seas Southampton, U.K.: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2000. p. 249-261.
MURRAY-WEBSTER, R.; SIMON) P. Making sense of stakeholder mapping. PM World Today, v. 8, n. 11, p. 1-5, 2006.
OLANDER, S.; LANDIN, A. Evaluation of stakeholder influence in the implementation of construction projects. Int. J. Proj. Mgmt, v. 23, pp. 321-8, 2005.
PICKERING, H.; WHITMARSH, D.; JENSEN, A. Artificial reefs as a tool to aid rehabilitation of coastal ecosystems: investigating the potential. Mar. Pollut. Bull., v. 37, n. 8-12, p. 505-514, 1998.
POLONSKY, M. J. A stakeholder theory approach to designing environmental marketing strategy. J Bus. Ind. Mark., v. 10, n. 3, p. 29-46, 1995.
PRELL, C.; HUBACEK, K.; REED, M. Stakeholder analysis and social network analysis in natural resource management. Soc. Natur. Resour., v. 22, 501-518, 2009.
RAMIREZ, R. Stakeholder analysis and conflict management. In: BUCKLES, D. (Ed.). Cultivating Peace: Conflict and collaboration in natural resource management. Ottawa and Washington, DC: International Development Research Centre and the World Bank Institute, 1999. p. 101-126
RAMOS, J.; SANTOS, M. N.; WHITMARSH, D.; MONTEIRO C. C. The usefulness of the analytic hierarchy process for understanding reef diving choices: a case study. B. mar. Sci., v. 78, n. 1, p. 213-219, 2006.
RAMOS, J.; SANTOS, M. N.; WHITMARSH, D.; MONTEIRO C. C. Stakeholder perceptions regarding the environmental and socio-economic impacts of the Algarve artificial reefs. Hydrobiologia, v. 580, p. 181-191, 2007.
SAVAGE, G. T.; NIX, T. W.; WHITEHEAD, C. J.; BLAIR, J. D. Strategies for assessing and managing organizational stakeholders. Acad. Mgmt Exec., v. 5, n. 2, p. 61-75, 1991.
SCHROEDER, D. M.; LOVE, M. S. Ecological and political issues surrounding decommissioning of offshore oil facilities in the Southern California Bight. Ocean coast. Mgmt, v. 47, p. 21"48, 2004.
SEAMAN JR, W.; JENSEN, A. C. Purposes and practices of artificial reef evaluation. Chapter 1. In: SEAMAN, W. (Ed.). Artificial reef evaluation with application to natural marine habitats. Boca Raton, Fla: CRC Press, 2000. p. 1-19.
SEAMAN JR, W; BUCKLEY, R. M.; POLOVINA, J. J. Advances in knowledge and priorities for research, technology and management related to artificial aquatic habitat. B. mar. Sci., v. 44, n. 2, p. 527-532, 1989.
SUTTON, S.; BUSHNELL, S. Socio-economic aspects of artificial reefs: Considerations for the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. Ocean coast. Mgmt, v. 50, n. 10, p. 829-846, 2007.
TEH, L.; CHEUNG, W. W. L.; CORNISH A., CHU C.; SUMAILA, U. R. A survey of alternative livelihood options for Hong Kong's fishers. Int. J. soc. Econ., v. 35, n. 5, p. 380-395, 2008.
VAN DE FLIERT, E.; BRAUN, A.R. Conceptualizing integrative, farmer participatory research for sustainable agriculture: From opportunities to impact. Agric. Human Values, v. 19, n. 1, p. 25-38, 2002.
VARVASOVSZKY, Z.; BRUGHA, R. How to do (or not to do). a stakeholder analysis. Health Policy Plann., v. 15, n. 3, p. 338-345, 2000.
WARD, S.; CHAPMAN, C. Stakeholders and uncertainty management in projects. Constr. Mgmt Econ., n. 26, v. 6, p. 563-577, 2008.
WHITMARSH, D.; SANTOS, M. N.; RAMOS, J.; MONTEIRO C. C. Marine habitat modification through artificial reefs off the Algarve (southern Portugal): An economic analysis of the fisheries and the prospects for management. Ocean coast. Mgmt, v. 51, p. 463-468, 2008.
WIJNBERG, N. M. Normative Stakeholder Theory and Aristotle: The Link between Ethics and Politics'. J. Bus. Ethics, v. 25, p. 329-342, 2000.

Publication Dates

Publication in this collection
11 Oct 2011
Date of issue
2011

History

Accepted
15 June 2011
Reviewed
28 Feb 2011
Received
24 May 2010

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

[1] BAINE, M. The North Sea rigs-to-reefs debate. ICES J. mar. Sci., v. 59, n. S, p. S277-S280, 2002.

[2] BORTONE, S. A. A Perspective of Artificial Reef Research: The Past, Present, and Future. B. mar. Sci., v. 78, n. 1, p. 1-8, 2006.

[3] BOURNE, L.; WALKER, D. H. T. Visualising and mapping stakeholder influence. Mgmt Decis., v. 43, n. 5, p. 649-660, 2005.

[4] BRUGHA, R.; VARVASOVSZKY, Z. Stakeholder analysis: a review. Health Policy Plann., v. 15, n. 3, p. 239-246, 2000.

[5] BUYSSE, K.; VERBEKE, A. Proactive environmental strategies: a stakeholder management perspective. Strateg. Mgmt J., v. 24, n. 5, p. 453-470, 2003.

[6] CLARKSON, M. B. E. A Stakeholder Framework for Analyzing and Evaluating Corporate Social Performance. Acad. Mgmt Rev., v. 29, p. 92-117, 1995.

[7] DE BAKKER, F. G. A.; DEN HOND, F. Introducing the politics of stakeholder influence: A review essay. Bus. Soc.,v. 47, n. 1, p. 8-20, 2008.

[8] DONALDSON, T.; PRESTON, L. The stakeholder theory of the modern corporation: Concepts, evidence and implications. Acad. Mgmt Rev., v. 20, p. 65-91, 1995.

[9] DE LOPEZ, T. T. Stakeholder Management for Conservation Projects: A Case Study of Ream National Park, Cambodia. Environ. Mgmt, v. 28, n. 1, p. 47-60, 2001.

[10] ERWIN, P. Attitudes and persuasion Hove: Psychology Press, 2001. 168 p.

[11] FREEMAN, R. E. Strategic management: A stakeholder approach. Boston: Pitman Publishing, 1984. 276 p.

[12] FREEMAN, E.; REED, D. Stockholders and Stakeholders. In: DE WIT, B.; MEYER, R. Strategy: Process, content, context. 2nd ed. London: International Thomson Business Press, 1998.

[13] GRIMBLE, R.; WELLARD, K. Stakeholder methodologies in natural resource management: a review of principles, contexts, experiences and opportunities. Socio-economic methods in renewable natural resources research. Agr. Syst., v. 55, n. 2, p. 173-193, 1997.

[14] HARVEY, B.; SCHAEFER, A. Managing relationships with environmental stakeholders: A study of U.K. water and electricity utilities. J. Bus. Ethics, v. 30, p 243-260, 2001.

[15] HOMMES, S.; HULSCHER, S. J. M. H.; MULDER, J. P. M.; OTTER, H. S.; BRESSERS, J. T. A. Role of perceptions and knowledge in the impact assessment for the extension of Mainport Rotterdam. Mar. Policy, v. 33, n. 1, p. 146-155, 2009.

[16] JENKINS, G. P. Evaluation of stakeholder impacts in cost-benefit analysis. Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal, v. 17, n. 2, p. 87-86, 1999.

[17] JENSEN, A. Artificial reefs of Europe: perspective and future. ICES J. mar. Sci., v. 59, n. S, p. S3-S13, 2002.

[18] JONES, T. M.; WICKS, A. C. Convergent stakeholder theory. Acad. Mgmt Rev., v. 24, n. 2, p. 206-221, 1999.

[19] KONTOGIANNI, A.; SKOURTOS, M. S.; LANGFORD, I. H.; BATEMAN, I. J.; GEORGIOU, S. Integrating stakeholder analysis in non-market valuation of environmental assets. Ecol. Econ., v. 37, p. 123-138, 2001.

[20] LIM, G.; AHN, H.; LEE, H. Formulating strategies for stakeholder management: a case-based reasoning approach. Expert Syst. Appl., v. 28, p. 831-840, 2005.

[21] MACARTHUR, J. Stakeholder analysis in project planning: Origins, applications and refinements of the method. Project Appraisal, v. 12, n. 4, p. 251-265, 1997.

[22] MARKWICK, M. C. Golf tourism development, stakeholders, differing discourses and alternative agendas: the case of Malta. Tourism Mgmt, v. 21, p. 515-524, 2000.

[23] MEFFE, G. K.; NIELSEN, L. A.; KNIGHT, R. L.; SCHENBORN, D. A. Ecosystem management: adaptive, community-based conservation. Washington, DC: Island Press, 2002. 313 p.

[24] MILON, J. W.; HOLLAND, S. M.; WHITMARSH, D. Social and economic Evaluation methods. Chapter 6. In: SEAMAN, W. (Ed.). Artificial reef evaluation with application to natural marine habitats. Chapter 6. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2000. p. 165-194.

[25] MITCHELL, R. K.; AGLE, B. R.; WOOD, D. J. Toward a theory of stakeholder identification and salience: Defining the principle of who and what really counts. Acad. Mgmt Rev., v. 22, p. 853-886, 1997.

[26] MONTEIRO, C. C.; SANTOS, M. N. Portuguese artificial reefs. In: JENSEN, A. C.; COLLINS, K. J.; LOCKWOOD, A. P. M. (Eds.), Artificial reefs in European Seas Southampton, U.K.: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2000. p. 249-261.

[27] MURRAY-WEBSTER, R.; SIMON) P. Making sense of stakeholder mapping. PM World Today, v. 8, n. 11, p. 1-5, 2006.

[28] OLANDER, S.; LANDIN, A. Evaluation of stakeholder influence in the implementation of construction projects. Int. J. Proj. Mgmt, v. 23, pp. 321-8, 2005.

[29] PICKERING, H.; WHITMARSH, D.; JENSEN, A. Artificial reefs as a tool to aid rehabilitation of coastal ecosystems: investigating the potential. Mar. Pollut. Bull., v. 37, n. 8-12, p. 505-514, 1998.

[30] POLONSKY, M. J. A stakeholder theory approach to designing environmental marketing strategy. J Bus. Ind. Mark., v. 10, n. 3, p. 29-46, 1995.

[31] PRELL, C.; HUBACEK, K.; REED, M. Stakeholder analysis and social network analysis in natural resource management. Soc. Natur. Resour., v. 22, 501-518, 2009.

[32] RAMIREZ, R. Stakeholder analysis and conflict management. In: BUCKLES, D. (Ed.). Cultivating Peace: Conflict and collaboration in natural resource management. Ottawa and Washington, DC: International Development Research Centre and the World Bank Institute, 1999. p. 101-126

[33] RAMOS, J.; SANTOS, M. N.; WHITMARSH, D.; MONTEIRO C. C. The usefulness of the analytic hierarchy process for understanding reef diving choices: a case study. B. mar. Sci., v. 78, n. 1, p. 213-219, 2006.

[34] RAMOS, J.; SANTOS, M. N.; WHITMARSH, D.; MONTEIRO C. C. Stakeholder perceptions regarding the environmental and socio-economic impacts of the Algarve artificial reefs. Hydrobiologia, v. 580, p. 181-191, 2007.

[35] SAVAGE, G. T.; NIX, T. W.; WHITEHEAD, C. J.; BLAIR, J. D. Strategies for assessing and managing organizational stakeholders. Acad. Mgmt Exec., v. 5, n. 2, p. 61-75, 1991.

[36] SCHROEDER, D. M.; LOVE, M. S. Ecological and political issues surrounding decommissioning of offshore oil facilities in the Southern California Bight. Ocean coast. Mgmt, v. 47, p. 21"48, 2004.

[37] SEAMAN JR, W.; JENSEN, A. C. Purposes and practices of artificial reef evaluation. Chapter 1. In: SEAMAN, W. (Ed.). Artificial reef evaluation with application to natural marine habitats. Boca Raton, Fla: CRC Press, 2000. p. 1-19.

[38] SEAMAN JR, W; BUCKLEY, R. M.; POLOVINA, J. J. Advances in knowledge and priorities for research, technology and management related to artificial aquatic habitat. B. mar. Sci., v. 44, n. 2, p. 527-532, 1989.

[39] SUTTON, S.; BUSHNELL, S. Socio-economic aspects of artificial reefs: Considerations for the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. Ocean coast. Mgmt, v. 50, n. 10, p. 829-846, 2007.

[40] TEH, L.; CHEUNG, W. W. L.; CORNISH A., CHU C.; SUMAILA, U. R. A survey of alternative livelihood options for Hong Kong's fishers. Int. J. soc. Econ., v. 35, n. 5, p. 380-395, 2008.

[41] VAN DE FLIERT, E.; BRAUN, A.R. Conceptualizing integrative, farmer participatory research for sustainable agriculture: From opportunities to impact. Agric. Human Values, v. 19, n. 1, p. 25-38, 2002.

[42] VARVASOVSZKY, Z.; BRUGHA, R. How to do (or not to do). a stakeholder analysis. Health Policy Plann., v. 15, n. 3, p. 338-345, 2000.

[43] WARD, S.; CHAPMAN, C. Stakeholders and uncertainty management in projects. Constr. Mgmt Econ., n. 26, v. 6, p. 563-577, 2008.

[44] WHITMARSH, D.; SANTOS, M. N.; RAMOS, J.; MONTEIRO C. C. Marine habitat modification through artificial reefs off the Algarve (southern Portugal): An economic analysis of the fisheries and the prospects for management. Ocean coast. Mgmt, v. 51, p. 463-468, 2008.

[45] WIJNBERG, N. M. Normative Stakeholder Theory and Aristotle: The Link between Ethics and Politics'. J. Bus. Ethics, v. 25, p. 329-342, 2000.

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Stakeholder analysis in the portuguese artificial reef context: winners and losers

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