Multibeam investigation of an artificial reef settlement in the Adriatic sea (Italy) 33 years after its deployment

Manoukian, Sarine; Fabi, Gianna; Naar, David F.

Abstracts

Artificial reefs (ARs) are becoming a popular biological and management component in shallow water environments characterized by soft seabed, representing both important marine habitats and tools to manage coastal fisheries and resources. Because of the unstable nature of sediments, they require a detailed and systematic investigation that acoustic systems can provide. An AR into the marine environment acts as an open system with exchange of material and energy, altering the physical and biological characteristics of the surrounding area. The AR stability will depend on the balance of scour, settlement, and burial resulting from ocean conditions over time. The acoustic systems are efficient tools in monitoring the environmental evolution around ARs, whereas water turbidity can limit visual dive and ROV inspections. High-frequency multibeam echosounder offers the potential of detecting fine-scale distribution of reef units, providing an unprecedented level of resolution, coverage, and spatial definition. In 2008 the EM3002 multibeam was used to investigate the first scientifically-planned AR in Italy deployed during 1974-75. After 33 years the AR is almost in perfect condition. A considerable scouring around the structures and some vertical/horizontal movements of the single units have occurred. Moreover a deepening of the whole area hosting the AR was observed.

Artificial reef; Multibeam; Acoustic image; Scouring; Deepening

Os recifes artificiais (ARs) estão se tornando um componente biológico e de manejo de ambientes de áreas rasas com substratos característicos não rígidos, representando habitats marinhos importantes e ainda constituindo uma ferramenta para o manejo da pesca e dos recursos costeiros. Devido à natureza instável dos sedimentos, exigem um estudo detalhado e sistemático que os sistemas acústicos podem disponibilizar. Um RA atua no ambiente marinho como um sistema aberto com troca de materiais e energia, alterando as características físicas e biológicas das áreas que o cerca. A estabilidade do RA dependerá do equilíbrio entre a escavação, o assentamento e aterramento resultantes das ações do oceano no decorrer do tempo. Os sistemas acústicos são ferramentas eficientes no monitoramento da evolução ambiental ao redor dos ARs, uma vez que a turbidez da água pode limitar o mergulho visual e as inspeções ROV. A ecosonda multifeixe de alta frequência oferece meios para identificar com precisão a distribuição das unidades recifais, com nível de resolução, cobertura e definição especial. Em 2008, a sonda multifeixe EM3002 foi usada para estudar a primeira implantação cientificamente planejada de RA na Itália, durante 1974-75. Após 33 anos, o RA está praticamente em perfeitas condições. Foram observadas a ocorrência de escavação considerável ao redor das estruturas , alguns movimentos vertical/horizontal das unidades isoladas e ainda o aprofundamento de toda a area que abriga o RA.

Recifes artificiais; Multifeixes; Imagem acústica; Escavação; Aprofundamento

BEAMAN, R. J.; HARRIS, P. T. Bioregionalization of the George V Shelf, East Antarctica. Cont. Shelf Res, v. 25, p. 1657 - 1691, 2005.
BERMAN, G.; NAAR, D. F.; HINE, A. C.; BROOKS, G.; TEBBENS, S. F.; DONAHUE, B. T.; WILSON, R. Geologic structure and hydrodynamics of Egmont Channel: An anomalous inlet at the mouth of Tampa Bay, Florida. J. coast. Res, v. 21, n. 2, p. 331 - 357, 2005.
BROWN, C. J.; HARPER, C. Application of multibeam: mapping and monitoring of the Loch Linnhe artificial reef complex. Sea Technol, v. 47, n. 6, p. 31 - 36, 2006.
COCHRANE, G. R.; LAFFERTY, K.D. Use of acoustic classification of side scan sonar data for mapping benthic habitat in the Northern Channel Islands, California. Continent. Shelf Res, v. 22, p. 683 - 690, 2002.
EASTWOOD, P. D.; SOUISSI, S.; ROGERS, S. I.; COGGAN, R. A.; BROWN, C. J. Mapping seabed assemblages using comparative top-down and bottom-up classification approaches. Can. J. Fish. aquat. Sci, v. 63, p. 1536 - 1548, 2006.
FARMER, A.; PALMSTEN, M.; NAAR, D. F. EM 3000 multibeam coastal surveys of hard bottom ledges and an artificial reef system west of Tampa Bay, Florida, Eos Trans. AGU, v. 80, n. 46, p. 520 - 521, 1999.
FOSTER-SMITH, R. L.; BROWN, C. J.; MEADOWS, W. J.; WHITE, W. H.; LIMPENNY, D. S. Mapping seabed biotopes at two spatial scales in the eastern English Channel. J. mar. biol. Ass U.K, v. 84, p. 489 - 500, 2004.
FREITAS, R.; RODRIGUES, A. M.; QUINTINO, V. Benthic biotopes remote sensing using acoustics. J. expl mar. Biol. Ecol, v. 285 - 286, p. 339 - 353, 2003.
FREITAS, R.; RODRIGUES, A. M.; MORRIS, E.; PEREZ-LLORENS, J. L.; QUINTINO, V. Single-beam acoustic ground discrimination of shallow water habitats: 50 kHz or 200 kHz frequency survey? Estuar. coast. Shelf Sci, v. 78, p. 613 - 622, 2008.
GROVE, R. S.; SONU, C. J.; NAKAMURA, M. Design and engineering of manufactured habitats for fisheries enhancement. In: SEAMAN, W. JR; SPRAGUE, L.M. (Ed.). Artificial habitats for marine and freshwater fisheries San Diego: Academic Press, 1991. p. 109 - 152.
HARRIS, L. E. Artificial reefs for ecosystem restoration and coastal erosion protection with aquaculture and recreational amenities. AQUIFER STORAGE RECOVERY CONFERENCE, 6., 2006, Orlando. Proceedings…2006. p. 1 - 12.
HATTON, K. A.; SMITH, H. D.; FOSTER, D. L. The scour and burial of submerged mines, Eos Trans. AGU, v. 84, n. 52, p. 18 - 19, 2004.
INMAN, D. L.; JENKINS, S. A. Scour and burial of objects in shallow water. In: SCHWARTZ, M. (Ed.). Encyclopedia of coastal science Dordrecht: Springer-Verlag, 2005. p. 825 - 830.
JENKINS, S. A.; INMAN, D. L.; RICHARDSON, M. D.; WEVER, T. F.; WASYL J. Scour and burial mechanics of objects in the nearshore. IEEE Jl Ocean. Engng, v. 32, n. 1, p. 78 - 90, 2007.
JORDAN, A.; LAWLER, M.; HALLEY, V.; BARRETT, N. Seabed habitat mapping in the Kent Group of islands and its role in marine protected area planning. Aquat. Conserv, v. 15, p. 51 - 70, 2005.
KENNY, A. J.; CATO, I.; DESPREZ, M.; FADER, G.; SCHUTTENHELM, R. T. E.; SIDE, J. An overview of seabed-mapping technologies in the context of marine habitat classification. ICES J. mar. Sci, v. 60, p. 411 - 418, 2003.
KOSTYLEV, V. E.; TODD, B. J.; GORDON, B. J.; FADER, G. B. J.; COURTNEY, R. C.; CAMERON, G. D. M.; PICKRILL, R. A. Benthic habitat mapping on the Scotian Shelf based on multibeam bathymetry, surficial geology and sea floor photographs. Mar. Ecol Prog. Ser, v. 219, p. 121 - 137, 2001.
MANOUKIAN, S.; FABI, G.; SPAGNOLO, A. Use of multibeam echosounder to detect terrain changes around two artificial reefs (Western Adriatic sea, Italy). COMMISSIONINTERNATIONAL POUR L'ETUDE SCIENTIFIQUE DE LA MER MEDITERRANEE CONGRESS, 37., 2004, Barcelona. Proceedings… v. 37. 2004. p. 52.
MAYER, L. A.; RAYMOND, R.; GLANG, G.; RICHARDSON, M. D.; TRAYKOVSKI, P.; TREMBANIS, A. C. High-Resolution Mapping of Mines and Ripples at the Martha's Vineyard Coastal Observatory. IEEE Jl. Ocean. Engng, v. 32, n. 1, p. 133 - 149, 2007.
NAAR, D. F.; BERMAN, G.; DONAHUE, B.; DEWITT, N.; FARMER, A.; JARRETT, B.; PALMSTEN, M.; REYNOLDS, B. J.; WILDER, D. Preliminary Results from a EM 3000 multibeam class survey along the west coast of the Florida carbonate platform. Eos Trans. AGU, v. 80, n. 46, p. 519 - 520, 1999.
OSPAR COMMISSION. Assessment of construction or placement of artificial reefs London: 2009. Biodiversity Series, publ. no. 438/2009. 27 p.
PICKRILL, R. A.; TODD B. J. The multiple roles of acoustic mapping in integrated ocean management, Canadian Atlantic continental margin. Ocean coast. Mgmt, v. 46, p. 601 - 614, 2003.
QUINN, R. The role of scour in shipwreck site formation processes and the preservation of wreck-associated scour signatures in the sedimentary. J. Arch. Sci, v. 33, n. 10, p. 1419 - 1432, 2006.
RAMBABU, M.; NARASIMHA RAO, S.; SUNDAR, V. A simplified instrumentation for measuring scour in silty clay around a vertical pile. Appl. Ocean Res, v. 24, p. 355 - 360, 2002.
RAMBABU, M.; NARASIMHA RAO, S; SUNDAR, V. Current-induced scour around a vertical pile in cohesive soil. Ocean Engng, v. 30, p. 893 - 920; 2003.
SALA, A.; FABI, G.; MANOUKIAN, S. Multibeam sonar for mapping and stationary hydroacoustic system for monitoring changes in fish biomass at an artificial reef (Northern Adriatic Sea). Sci. Mar, v. 71, n. 2, p. 347 - 354, 2007.
SEAMAN, W. Jr.; JENSEN, A. C. Purposes and practices of artificial reef evaluation. In: SEAMAN, W. JR (Ed.). Artificial reef evaluation New York: CRC Press, 2000. p. 1 - 19.
SHYUE, S-W. Preliminary study on the distribution of artificial reefs by using multibeam echo sounder. OCEANS '98 IEEE/OES CONFERENCE, 1998, Nice. Proceedings …1998. p. 1144 - 1148.
SHYUE, S-W.; YANG, K-C. Investigating terrain changes around artificial reefs by using a multi-beam echosounder. ICES J. mar. Sci, v. 59, p. 338 - 342, 2002.
STAUBLE, D. K. The use of shoreline change mapping in coastal engineering project assessment. J. coast. Res, v. 38, p. 178 - 206, 2003.
STAUBLE, D. K.; TABAR, J. R. The Use of Submerged Narrow-Crested Breakwaters for Shoreline Erosion Control. J. coast. Res, v. 19, p. 684 - 722, 2003.
VIJAYA KUMAR, A.; NEELAMANI, S.; NARASIMHA RAO, S. Wave pressure and uplift forces on and scour around submarine pipeline in clayey soil. Ocean Engng, v. 30, p. 271 - 295, 2003.
WOLFSON, M. L.; NAAR, D. F.; HOWD, P. A.; LOCKER, S. D.; DONAHUE, B. T.; FRIEDRICHS, C. T.; TREMBANIS, A. C.; RICHARDSON, M. D.; WEVER, T. F. Multibeam observations of mine burial near Clearwater, Florida, including comparisons to predictions of wave-induced burial. IEEE Jl Oceanic Engng, v. 32, n. 1, p. 103 - 118, 2007.
YU, S-C.; URA, T. Visual inspection of underwater structures by autonomous underwater vehicles based on positioning using artificial objects placed on them. ISOPE PACIFIC/ASIA OFFSHORE MECHANICS SYMPOSIUM, 5., 2002, Daejeon. Proceedings …, 2002. p. 49 - 56.

Publication Dates

Publication in this collection
11 Oct 2011
Date of issue
2011

History

Received
19 Oct 2010
Reviewed
14 Feb 2011
Accepted
15 June 2011

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

[1] BEAMAN, R. J.; HARRIS, P. T. Bioregionalization of the George V Shelf, East Antarctica. Cont. Shelf Res, v. 25, p. 1657 - 1691, 2005.

[2] BERMAN, G.; NAAR, D. F.; HINE, A. C.; BROOKS, G.; TEBBENS, S. F.; DONAHUE, B. T.; WILSON, R. Geologic structure and hydrodynamics of Egmont Channel: An anomalous inlet at the mouth of Tampa Bay, Florida. J. coast. Res, v. 21, n. 2, p. 331 - 357, 2005.

[3] BROWN, C. J.; HARPER, C. Application of multibeam: mapping and monitoring of the Loch Linnhe artificial reef complex. Sea Technol, v. 47, n. 6, p. 31 - 36, 2006.

[4] COCHRANE, G. R.; LAFFERTY, K.D. Use of acoustic classification of side scan sonar data for mapping benthic habitat in the Northern Channel Islands, California. Continent. Shelf Res, v. 22, p. 683 - 690, 2002.

[5] EASTWOOD, P. D.; SOUISSI, S.; ROGERS, S. I.; COGGAN, R. A.; BROWN, C. J. Mapping seabed assemblages using comparative top-down and bottom-up classification approaches. Can. J. Fish. aquat. Sci, v. 63, p. 1536 - 1548, 2006.

[6] FARMER, A.; PALMSTEN, M.; NAAR, D. F. EM 3000 multibeam coastal surveys of hard bottom ledges and an artificial reef system west of Tampa Bay, Florida, Eos Trans. AGU, v. 80, n. 46, p. 520 - 521, 1999.

[7] FOSTER-SMITH, R. L.; BROWN, C. J.; MEADOWS, W. J.; WHITE, W. H.; LIMPENNY, D. S. Mapping seabed biotopes at two spatial scales in the eastern English Channel. J. mar. biol. Ass U.K, v. 84, p. 489 - 500, 2004.

[8] FREITAS, R.; RODRIGUES, A. M.; QUINTINO, V. Benthic biotopes remote sensing using acoustics. J. expl mar. Biol. Ecol, v. 285 - 286, p. 339 - 353, 2003.

[9] FREITAS, R.; RODRIGUES, A. M.; MORRIS, E.; PEREZ-LLORENS, J. L.; QUINTINO, V. Single-beam acoustic ground discrimination of shallow water habitats: 50 kHz or 200 kHz frequency survey? Estuar. coast. Shelf Sci, v. 78, p. 613 - 622, 2008.

[10] GROVE, R. S.; SONU, C. J.; NAKAMURA, M. Design and engineering of manufactured habitats for fisheries enhancement. In: SEAMAN, W. JR; SPRAGUE, L.M. (Ed.). Artificial habitats for marine and freshwater fisheries San Diego: Academic Press, 1991. p. 109 - 152.

[11] HARRIS, L. E. Artificial reefs for ecosystem restoration and coastal erosion protection with aquaculture and recreational amenities. AQUIFER STORAGE RECOVERY CONFERENCE, 6., 2006, Orlando. Proceedings…2006. p. 1 - 12.

[12] HATTON, K. A.; SMITH, H. D.; FOSTER, D. L. The scour and burial of submerged mines, Eos Trans. AGU, v. 84, n. 52, p. 18 - 19, 2004.

[13] INMAN, D. L.; JENKINS, S. A. Scour and burial of objects in shallow water. In: SCHWARTZ, M. (Ed.). Encyclopedia of coastal science Dordrecht: Springer-Verlag, 2005. p. 825 - 830.

[14] JENKINS, S. A.; INMAN, D. L.; RICHARDSON, M. D.; WEVER, T. F.; WASYL J. Scour and burial mechanics of objects in the nearshore. IEEE Jl Ocean. Engng, v. 32, n. 1, p. 78 - 90, 2007.

[15] JORDAN, A.; LAWLER, M.; HALLEY, V.; BARRETT, N. Seabed habitat mapping in the Kent Group of islands and its role in marine protected area planning. Aquat. Conserv, v. 15, p. 51 - 70, 2005.

[16] KENNY, A. J.; CATO, I.; DESPREZ, M.; FADER, G.; SCHUTTENHELM, R. T. E.; SIDE, J. An overview of seabed-mapping technologies in the context of marine habitat classification. ICES J. mar. Sci, v. 60, p. 411 - 418, 2003.

[17] KOSTYLEV, V. E.; TODD, B. J.; GORDON, B. J.; FADER, G. B. J.; COURTNEY, R. C.; CAMERON, G. D. M.; PICKRILL, R. A. Benthic habitat mapping on the Scotian Shelf based on multibeam bathymetry, surficial geology and sea floor photographs. Mar. Ecol Prog. Ser, v. 219, p. 121 - 137, 2001.

[18] MANOUKIAN, S.; FABI, G.; SPAGNOLO, A. Use of multibeam echosounder to detect terrain changes around two artificial reefs (Western Adriatic sea, Italy). COMMISSIONINTERNATIONAL POUR L'ETUDE SCIENTIFIQUE DE LA MER MEDITERRANEE CONGRESS, 37., 2004, Barcelona. Proceedings… v. 37. 2004. p. 52.

[19] MAYER, L. A.; RAYMOND, R.; GLANG, G.; RICHARDSON, M. D.; TRAYKOVSKI, P.; TREMBANIS, A. C. High-Resolution Mapping of Mines and Ripples at the Martha's Vineyard Coastal Observatory. IEEE Jl. Ocean. Engng, v. 32, n. 1, p. 133 - 149, 2007.

[20] NAAR, D. F.; BERMAN, G.; DONAHUE, B.; DEWITT, N.; FARMER, A.; JARRETT, B.; PALMSTEN, M.; REYNOLDS, B. J.; WILDER, D. Preliminary Results from a EM 3000 multibeam class survey along the west coast of the Florida carbonate platform. Eos Trans. AGU, v. 80, n. 46, p. 519 - 520, 1999.

[21] OSPAR COMMISSION. Assessment of construction or placement of artificial reefs London: 2009. Biodiversity Series, publ. no. 438/2009. 27 p.

[22] PICKRILL, R. A.; TODD B. J. The multiple roles of acoustic mapping in integrated ocean management, Canadian Atlantic continental margin. Ocean coast. Mgmt, v. 46, p. 601 - 614, 2003.

[23] QUINN, R. The role of scour in shipwreck site formation processes and the preservation of wreck-associated scour signatures in the sedimentary. J. Arch. Sci, v. 33, n. 10, p. 1419 - 1432, 2006.

[24] RAMBABU, M.; NARASIMHA RAO, S.; SUNDAR, V. A simplified instrumentation for measuring scour in silty clay around a vertical pile. Appl. Ocean Res, v. 24, p. 355 - 360, 2002.

[25] RAMBABU, M.; NARASIMHA RAO, S; SUNDAR, V. Current-induced scour around a vertical pile in cohesive soil. Ocean Engng, v. 30, p. 893 - 920; 2003.

[26] SALA, A.; FABI, G.; MANOUKIAN, S. Multibeam sonar for mapping and stationary hydroacoustic system for monitoring changes in fish biomass at an artificial reef (Northern Adriatic Sea). Sci. Mar, v. 71, n. 2, p. 347 - 354, 2007.

[27] SEAMAN, W. Jr.; JENSEN, A. C. Purposes and practices of artificial reef evaluation. In: SEAMAN, W. JR (Ed.). Artificial reef evaluation New York: CRC Press, 2000. p. 1 - 19.

[28] SHYUE, S-W. Preliminary study on the distribution of artificial reefs by using multibeam echo sounder. OCEANS '98 IEEE/OES CONFERENCE, 1998, Nice. Proceedings …1998. p. 1144 - 1148.

[29] SHYUE, S-W.; YANG, K-C. Investigating terrain changes around artificial reefs by using a multi-beam echosounder. ICES J. mar. Sci, v. 59, p. 338 - 342, 2002.

[30] STAUBLE, D. K. The use of shoreline change mapping in coastal engineering project assessment. J. coast. Res, v. 38, p. 178 - 206, 2003.

[31] STAUBLE, D. K.; TABAR, J. R. The Use of Submerged Narrow-Crested Breakwaters for Shoreline Erosion Control. J. coast. Res, v. 19, p. 684 - 722, 2003.

[32] VIJAYA KUMAR, A.; NEELAMANI, S.; NARASIMHA RAO, S. Wave pressure and uplift forces on and scour around submarine pipeline in clayey soil. Ocean Engng, v. 30, p. 271 - 295, 2003.

[33] WOLFSON, M. L.; NAAR, D. F.; HOWD, P. A.; LOCKER, S. D.; DONAHUE, B. T.; FRIEDRICHS, C. T.; TREMBANIS, A. C.; RICHARDSON, M. D.; WEVER, T. F. Multibeam observations of mine burial near Clearwater, Florida, including comparisons to predictions of wave-induced burial. IEEE Jl Oceanic Engng, v. 32, n. 1, p. 103 - 118, 2007.

[34] YU, S-C.; URA, T. Visual inspection of underwater structures by autonomous underwater vehicles based on positioning using artificial objects placed on them. ISOPE PACIFIC/ASIA OFFSHORE MECHANICS SYMPOSIUM, 5., 2002, Daejeon. Proceedings …, 2002. p. 49 - 56.

Brasil

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Multibeam investigation of an artificial reef settlement in the Adriatic sea (Italy) 33 years after its deployment

Abstracts

Publication Dates

History