Overview on artificial reefs in Europe

Fabi, Gianna; Spagnolo, Alessandra; Bellan-Santini, Denise; Charbonnel, Eric; Çiçek, Burak Ali; García, Juan J. Goutayer; Jensen, Antony C.; Kallianiotis, Argiris; Santos, Miguel Neves dos

Abstracts

Artificial reefs in Europe have been developed over the last 40 yrs. Most of these reefs have been placed in the Mediterranean Sea, but there is an increasing interest on the part of northern European countries. Fish stock enhancement and fishery management are the main purposes of reef construction in the Mediterranean Sea and on the Atlantic coast of the Iberian Peninsula, while nature conservation/restoration, research, and recreation have been the main purposes served in the other European regions to date. Artificial reef deployment falls under some general regulations concerning the protection of the sea against pollution due to the dumping of unsuitable materials. Specific Regional Plans relating to the use of artificial reefs in the marine environment and Guidelines for reef construction have been derived from these general regulations. In spite of recent developments, national and/or regional programs for the deployment of artificial reefs and/or their inclusion in overall management plans for integrated management of coastal zones are in force only in the majority of Mediterranean countries, while only a few projects have, to date, been undertaken in the other European Regions. Moreover, there is a noteworthy lack of plans, in many countries, for the management of the reefs after their deployment.

Artificial reefs; Management; Baltic; Mediterranean; NW Atlantic; Black Sea

Os recifes artificiais, na Europa, foram desenvolvidos nos últimos 40 anos. A maioria desses recifes foram instalados no Mar Mediterrâneo, mas despertam um interesse crescente por parte dos paises do norte europeu. O incentivo aos estoques pesqueiros e o manejo da pesca são os principais objetivos da construção de recifes no Mar Mediterrâneo e na costa Atlântica da Península Ibérica, enquanto a preservação / recuperação da natureza, a pesquisa e a recreação tem sido os principais objetivos das demais regiões européias até hoje. A implantação de recifes artificiais está submetida a algumas regulamentações básicas quanto à proteção dos oceanos com relação à poluição devido ao despejo de materiais. Projetos Regionais específicos relativos ao uso de recifes artificiais no ambiente marinho e Instruções para a construção de recifes são decorrentes dessa Regulamentação Geral. Apesar de avanços recentes, programas regionais e/ou nacionais sobre a instalação de recifes artificiais e/ou a sua inclusão nos planos gerais de planejamento para a gestão integral das zonas costeiras tem mais destaque somente em grande parte dos paises do Mediterrâneo, enquanto que, poucos projetos até hoje tem sido realizados nas outras Regiões Européias. Além disso, em muitos países, há uma notável falta de projetos para o manejo dos recifes, depois de instalados.

Recifes artificiais; Manejo; Mar Báltico; Mar Mediterrâneo; Atlântico Noroeste; Mar Negro

ALLEMAND, D.; DEBERNARDI, E.; SEAMAN, W. JR. Artificial reefs in the Principality of Monaco: protection and enhancement of coastal zones. In: JENSEN, A.C.; COLLINS, K.J.; LOCKWOOD, A.P.M. (Ed.). Artificial reefs in European Seas Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2000. p. 151-166.
ANTSULEVICH, A. E. Artificial reefs project for improvement of water quality and environmental enhancement of Neva Bay (St. Petersburg County Region). Bull. mar. Sci, v. 55, n. 2-3, p. 1189-1192, 1994.
ANTSULEVICH, A.; LAIHONEN, P.; VUORINEN, I. Employment of artificial reefs for environmental maintenance in the Gulf of Finland. In: JENSEN, A.C.; COLLINS, K. J.; LOCKWOOD, A. P. M. (Ed.). Artificial reefs in European Seas Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2000. p. 319-329.
BOMBACE, G.; FABI, G.; FIORENTINI, L. Artificial reefs in the Adriatic Sea. In: JENSEN, A. C.; COLLINS, K. J.; LOCKWOOD, A. P. M. (Ed.). Artificial reefs in European Seas Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2000. p. 31-63.
BORG, J. A.; MAGRO, M.; SCHEMBRI, P. J. Reef colonization study: photographic monitoring session March - May 2005. Interim report - Marine Ecology Research Group (MERG), Department of Biology, University of Malta, 2005. 9 p.
CHOJNACKI, J. C. Environmental effects of artificial reefs in the southern Baltic (Pomerian Bay). In: JENSEN, A.C.; COLLINS, K.J.; LOCKWOOD, A.P.M. (Ed.). Artificial reefs in European Seas Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2000. p. 307-318.
FABI, G. Le Barriere artificiali in Italia. In: Campo Sperimentale in mare: prime esperienze nel Veneto relative a elevazioni del fondale con materiale inerte. Padova: ARPAV, 2006. p. 20-34.
HARTVIG, C. Artificial reefs (Runde Reef) in South Norway - Test report for two Runde reefs, 2002-2006. Oslo: Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), 2007. 10 p.
JENSEN, A. Artificial reefs in Europe: perspective and future. ICES J. mar. Sci, v. 59, p. S3-S13, 2002.
JICA. The study on protection and rehabilitation of the southern Romanian Black Sea shore in Romania - Executive summary. 2007
KRUK-DOWGIALLO, L.; OPIOLA, R.; OSOWIECKI, A. Selected methods to mitigate environment threats along Poland's Baltic Sea coast. In: PAWLOWSKI, L.; DUDZINSKA, L.; PAWLOWSKI, A. (Ed.). Environment Engineering London: Taylor & Francis Group, 2006. p. 431-436.
LEEWIS, R.; HALLIE, F. An artificial reef experiment off the Dutch coast. In: JENSEN, A. C.; COLLINS, K. J.; LOCKWOOD, A. P. M. (Ed.). Artificial reefs in European Seas Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2000. p. 289-305.
NICKELS, H.; Lesemann, D. Artificial reefs Nienhagen - Baltic Sea. In: CHINESE - GERMAN JOINT SYMPOSIUM ON COASTAL AND OCEAN ENGINEERING, 3., 2006, Tainan. Proceedings.. 2006.
OSPAR COMMISSION. OSPAR Guidelines on artificial reefs in relation to living marine resources London: OSPAR 99/15/1-E, Annex 6, 1999.
OSPAR COMMISSION. Assessment of construction or placement of artificial reefs. London: Biodiversity Series, publ. no. 438/2009, 2009, 27 p.
RELINI, G. The Loano artificial reef. In: JENSEN, A.C.; COLLINS, K.J.; LOCKWOOD, A.P.M. (Ed.) .Artificial reefs in European Seas Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2000. p. 129-150.
RELINI, G.; FABI, G.; NEVES DOS SANTOS, M.; MORENO, I.; CHARBONNEL E. Fisheries and their management using artificial reefs in the Northwestern Mediterranean Sea and Southern Portugal. Am. Fish Soc. Symp. Proc., v. 49, n. 1, p. 891-898, 2008.
REVENGA, S.; FERNÁNDEZ, F.; GONZÁLEZ, J. L.; SANTAELLA E. Artificial reef in Spain: assessments and prospects. In: JENSEN, A. C.; COLLINS, K. J.; LOCKWOOD, A.P.M. (Ed.). Artificial reefs in European Seas Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2000. p. 185-194.
RIGGIO, S.; BADALAMENTI F.; D'ANNA, G. Artificial reefs in Sicily: an overview. In: JENSEN, A. C.; COLLINS, K. J.; LOCKWOOD, A. P. M. (Ed.). Artificial reefs in European Seas Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2000. p. 65-73.
SIMARD, F. Reflexions sur les récifs artificiels au Japon. Biol. Mar. Medit, v. II, n. 1, p. 99-109, 1995.
UNEP MAP. Guidelines for the placement at sea of matter for purpose other than the mere disposal (construction of artificial reefs). Athens: UNEP(DEC)/MED WG. 270/10, 2005.
ZAITSEV, YU. P.; ALEXANDROV, B. G.; BERLINSKY, N. A. The Black Sea - an oxygen-poor sea. In: KUNITZER, A. (Ed.). Europe's biodiversity - Biogeographical regions and seas. European Environmental Agency, 2002. p.23.

Publication Dates

Publication in this collection
11 Oct 2011
Date of issue
2011

History

Reviewed
19 Feb 2011
Received
20 Oct 2010
Accepted
15 June 2011

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

[1] ALLEMAND, D.; DEBERNARDI, E.; SEAMAN, W. JR. Artificial reefs in the Principality of Monaco: protection and enhancement of coastal zones. In: JENSEN, A.C.; COLLINS, K.J.; LOCKWOOD, A.P.M. (Ed.). Artificial reefs in European Seas Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2000. p. 151-166.

[2] ANTSULEVICH, A. E. Artificial reefs project for improvement of water quality and environmental enhancement of Neva Bay (St. Petersburg County Region). Bull. mar. Sci, v. 55, n. 2-3, p. 1189-1192, 1994.

[3] ANTSULEVICH, A.; LAIHONEN, P.; VUORINEN, I. Employment of artificial reefs for environmental maintenance in the Gulf of Finland. In: JENSEN, A.C.; COLLINS, K. J.; LOCKWOOD, A. P. M. (Ed.). Artificial reefs in European Seas Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2000. p. 319-329.

[4] BOMBACE, G.; FABI, G.; FIORENTINI, L. Artificial reefs in the Adriatic Sea. In: JENSEN, A. C.; COLLINS, K. J.; LOCKWOOD, A. P. M. (Ed.). Artificial reefs in European Seas Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2000. p. 31-63.

[5] BORG, J. A.; MAGRO, M.; SCHEMBRI, P. J. Reef colonization study: photographic monitoring session March - May 2005. Interim report - Marine Ecology Research Group (MERG), Department of Biology, University of Malta, 2005. 9 p.

[6] CHOJNACKI, J. C. Environmental effects of artificial reefs in the southern Baltic (Pomerian Bay). In: JENSEN, A.C.; COLLINS, K.J.; LOCKWOOD, A.P.M. (Ed.). Artificial reefs in European Seas Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2000. p. 307-318.

[7] FABI, G. Le Barriere artificiali in Italia. In: Campo Sperimentale in mare: prime esperienze nel Veneto relative a elevazioni del fondale con materiale inerte. Padova: ARPAV, 2006. p. 20-34.

[8] HARTVIG, C. Artificial reefs (Runde Reef) in South Norway - Test report for two Runde reefs, 2002-2006. Oslo: Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), 2007. 10 p.

[9] JENSEN, A. Artificial reefs in Europe: perspective and future. ICES J. mar. Sci, v. 59, p. S3-S13, 2002.

[10] JICA. The study on protection and rehabilitation of the southern Romanian Black Sea shore in Romania - Executive summary. 2007

[11] KRUK-DOWGIALLO, L.; OPIOLA, R.; OSOWIECKI, A. Selected methods to mitigate environment threats along Poland's Baltic Sea coast. In: PAWLOWSKI, L.; DUDZINSKA, L.; PAWLOWSKI, A. (Ed.). Environment Engineering London: Taylor & Francis Group, 2006. p. 431-436.

[12] LEEWIS, R.; HALLIE, F. An artificial reef experiment off the Dutch coast. In: JENSEN, A. C.; COLLINS, K. J.; LOCKWOOD, A. P. M. (Ed.). Artificial reefs in European Seas Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2000. p. 289-305.

[13] NICKELS, H.; Lesemann, D. Artificial reefs Nienhagen - Baltic Sea. In: CHINESE - GERMAN JOINT SYMPOSIUM ON COASTAL AND OCEAN ENGINEERING, 3., 2006, Tainan. Proceedings.. 2006.

[14] OSPAR COMMISSION. OSPAR Guidelines on artificial reefs in relation to living marine resources London: OSPAR 99/15/1-E, Annex 6, 1999.

[15] OSPAR COMMISSION. Assessment of construction or placement of artificial reefs. London: Biodiversity Series, publ. no. 438/2009, 2009, 27 p.

[16] RELINI, G. The Loano artificial reef. In: JENSEN, A.C.; COLLINS, K.J.; LOCKWOOD, A.P.M. (Ed.) .Artificial reefs in European Seas Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2000. p. 129-150.

[17] RELINI, G.; FABI, G.; NEVES DOS SANTOS, M.; MORENO, I.; CHARBONNEL E. Fisheries and their management using artificial reefs in the Northwestern Mediterranean Sea and Southern Portugal. Am. Fish Soc. Symp. Proc., v. 49, n. 1, p. 891-898, 2008.

[18] REVENGA, S.; FERNÁNDEZ, F.; GONZÁLEZ, J. L.; SANTAELLA E. Artificial reef in Spain: assessments and prospects. In: JENSEN, A. C.; COLLINS, K. J.; LOCKWOOD, A.P.M. (Ed.). Artificial reefs in European Seas Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2000. p. 185-194.

[19] RIGGIO, S.; BADALAMENTI F.; D'ANNA, G. Artificial reefs in Sicily: an overview. In: JENSEN, A. C.; COLLINS, K. J.; LOCKWOOD, A. P. M. (Ed.). Artificial reefs in European Seas Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2000. p. 65-73.

[20] SIMARD, F. Reflexions sur les récifs artificiels au Japon. Biol. Mar. Medit, v. II, n. 1, p. 99-109, 1995.

[21] UNEP MAP. Guidelines for the placement at sea of matter for purpose other than the mere disposal (construction of artificial reefs). Athens: UNEP(DEC)/MED WG. 270/10, 2005.

[22] ZAITSEV, YU. P.; ALEXANDROV, B. G.; BERLINSKY, N. A. The Black Sea - an oxygen-poor sea. In: KUNITZER, A. (Ed.). Europe's biodiversity - Biogeographical regions and seas. European Environmental Agency, 2002. p.23.

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Overview on artificial reefs in Europe

Abstracts

Publication Dates

History