Suspended shellfish culture impacts on the benthic layer: a case study in Brazilian subtropical waters

Rudorff, Natália de Moraes; Bonetti, Carla Van Der Haagen Custodio; Bonetti Filho, Jarbas

Abstracts

This study aimed to assess benthic impacts of suspended shellfish cultures in two marine farms located in South Bay, Florianópolis (SC, Brazil). The goal was to detect changes in the benthic layer and evaluate the influence of local conditions, such as hydrodynamics and geomorphology, on the degree of impact at each site. The method included analysis of three groups of oceanographic descriptors: hydrodynamic; morpho-sedimentological (bathymetry, grain size and organic content), and ecological (foraminiferal fauna). Data sets were analyzed using geostatistical and multivariate techniques. Ecological descriptors seemed to be more effective under different environmental conditions than sedimentological variables. Those that best identified culture-related biodeposits, were: dominance of Ammonia tepida; test size; and living: total population ratio. Only slight differences were observed within and outside the culture structures. However, a greater alteration was observed at the site with weaker hydrodynamics and located in shallower depths. The conclusion is that biodeposition at studied still causes little alteration in the local benthic environment. However, local factors such as hydrodynamics and geomorphology were shown to be important in minimizing these impacts. These are criteria that should be considered in site selection programs for the development of this productive activity.

Shellfish Culture; Impacts on Benthic Layer; Foraminifera; South Bay; Florianópolis; Brazil

O presente trabalho investigou os impactos de cultivos suspensos de moluscos sobre a camada bêntica em duas fazendas marinhas na Baía Sul, Florianópolis (SC, Brasil). O objetivo foi detectar mudanças no ambiente de fundo e avaliar a influência de condições locais, como a hidrodinâmica e geomorfologia, no grau de impacto em cada sítio. O método empregado compreendeu análises de três grupos de descritores oceanográficos: hidrodinâmicos, morfossedimentológicos (batimetria, granulometria e constituintes orgânicos) e ecológicos (fauna foraminífera). Os dados foram analisados com técnicas geoestatísticas e multivariadas. Os descritores ecológicos aparentemente foram mais representativos sob diferentes matrizes ambientais que os sedimentológicos. Os que melhor identificaram áreas sob influência dos cultivos foram: dominância de Ammonia tepida, tamanho das testas e razão foraminíferos vivos: totais. Somente pequenas diferenças foram encontradas dentro e fora das áreas de cultivo. Não obstante, maiores graus de alteração foram observados no sítio com menor hidrodinâmica e profundidades mais rasas. Concluiu-se que o aporte dos cultivos nos sítios estudados ainda ocasiona poucas alterações no ambiente bentônico. No entanto, os fatores locais de hidrodinâmica e geomorfologia foram importantes na minimização dos impactos. Estes devem ser considerados com critérios em programas de seleção de áreas propícias para o desenvolvimento da atividade.

Cultivo de Moluscos; Impactos na Camada Bêntica; Foraminifera; Baía Sul; Florianópolis; Brasil

ALVE, E. Benthic foraminiferal responses to estuarine pollution: a Review. J. foram. Res, v. 25, p. 190-203, 1995.
ANGEL, D. L.; VERGHESE, S.; LEE, J. J.; SALEH, A. M.; ZUBER, D.,; LINDELL, D.; SYMONS, A. Impact of a net cage fish farm on the distribution of benthic foraminifera in the northern Gulf of Eilat (AQABA, Red Sea). J. foram. Res, v. 30, p. 54-65, 2000.
BARG, U. C. Guidelines of the promotion of environmental management of coastal aquaculture development. FAO Fish. tech Pap, n. 328, 122p, 1992.
BONETTI, C.; BONETTI, J.; BARCELLOS, R. L. Caracterização sedimentar e geoquímica de sistemas de cultivo de moluscos. In: BARROSO, G. F. et al. (Org.). Sistemas de cultivos aquícolas costeiros no Brasil: Recursos, tecnologias e aspectos ambientais e sócio-econômicos. Rio de Janeiro: Museu Nacional, 2006a. Cap. 1
BONETTI, C.; BONETTI, J.; BELTRAME, E. 2006b. The influence of natural and anthropogenic agents in the determination of sedimentary environments at Itapocu estuarine-lagoonal system, Santa Catarina, Brazil. J. coast. Res, SI 39, p. 1762-1766, 2006b. (Proceedings of the International Coastal Symposium, 8.
BOUCHET, V. M. P.; SAURIAU, P-G. Influence of oyster culture practices and environmental conditions on the ecological status of intertidal mudflats in the Pertuis Charentais (SW France): A multi-index approach. Mar. Pollut. Bull, vol 56, p. 1898-1912, 2008
BOUCHETI, V.; DEBENAY, J.; SAURIAU, P. 2006. Benthic foraminifera as proxies of temperature impact and dystrophic crisis affecting survival of Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg) in Marennes-Oléron bay. Anuário do Instituto de Geociências-UFRJ: FORAMS v. 29-1, p. 451-452, 2006.
BOYD, A. J.; HEASMAN, K. Shellfish mariculture in the Benguela system: water flow patterns within a mussel farm in Saldanha Bay, South Africa. J. Shellfish Res., v. 17, p. 25-32, 1998
BURONE L.; PIRES-VANIN, A. M. Foraminiferal assemblages in Ubatuba Bay south-eastern Brazilian coast. Sci. Mar, vol. 70, p. 203-217, 2006.
BURONE L.; VENTURINI N.; SPRECHMANN P.; VALENTE P. E; MUNIZ P. 2006. Foraminiferal responses to polluted sediments in the Montevideo coastal zone, Uruguay. Mar. Pollut. Bull, v. 52, p. 61-73, 2006.
CHAMBERLAIN, J.; FERNANDES, T. F.; READ, P.; NICKELLT. D.; DAVIES, I. M. Impacts of biodeposits from suspended mussel (Mytilus edulis L.) culture on the surrounding surficial sediments. ICES J. Mar. Sci, v. 58, p. 411-416, 2001.
CRANDFORD, C. M.; MACLEOD, C. K. A.; MITCHELL I. M. Effects of shellfish farming on the benthic environment. Aquaculture, v. 224, p. 114-140, 2003.
CROMEY, C. J.; NICKELL, T. C; BLACK, K. D. 2002. DEPOMOD- Modelling the deposition and biological effects of waste solids from marine cage farms. Aquaculture, v. 214, p. 211-239.
DAME, R. F. Ecology of Marine Bivalves: an ecosystem approach. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 1996. 254p. CRC Marine Science Series
DEBENAY, J.P.; GUILLOU J J. Ecological transitions indicated by Foraminiferal Assemblages in Paralic Environments. Estuaries, v. 25, no. 6ª, p. 1107-1120, 2002.
EPAGRI - Empresa Agropecuária e Extensão Rural de Santa Catarina. Produção de Moluscos (mexilhões e ostras) em 2009 no Estado de Santa Catarina. 2009. <http://www.epagri.sc.gov>. Accessed on 05^th March, 2010.
FAO- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. In: Aquaculture News Letter no. 45 Global Conference on Aquaculture 2010, Farming the Waters for Food and People, 27 September, Phuket, Thailand.
FERREIRA J.; MAGALHÃES A. R.. Cultivo de mexilhões. In: POLI, C. R.; POLI, A. T. B.; ANDREATTA, E.; BELTRAME. E. (Ed.). Aquacultura Experiências Brasileiras Florianópolis: Multitarefa Editora, 2004. p. 221-250.
FOLK, R. L.; WARD, W. C. Brazos river bar: a study in the significance of grain size parameters. J. Sediment Petrol., v. 27, p. 3-7, 1957.
GRALL, J.; CHAUVAUD, L. Marine eutrofication and benthos: the need for new approaches and concepts. Glob. Change Biol, v. 8, p. 813-830, 2002.
GRANT, J.; HATCHER, A.; SCOTT, D. B.; POCKLINGTON, P.; SCHAFER, C. T.; WINTER, G. A multidisciplinary approach to evaluating benthic impacts of shellfish aquaculture. Estuaries, v. 18, p. 124-144, 1995.
GRENZ, C.; HERMIN, D.; BAUDINET, D.; DAUMUS, R. In situ biogeochemical and bacterial variation of sediments enriched with mussel biodeposits. Hydrobiologia, v. 207, p. 153-160, 1990.
GROSS, M. G. Carbon determination. In: CARVER, R. E. (Ed..) Procedures in Sedimentology Petrology. New York: Wiley Interscience, 1971. p. 49-94.
HARTSTEIN, N. D.; ROWDEN, A. A. Effect of biodeposits from mussel culture on macroinvertebrate assemblages at sites of different hydrodynamic regimes. Mar. Environ. Res, v. 57, p. 339-357, 2004.
HARTSTEIN, N. D.; STEVENS, C. L. Deposition beneath long-line mussel farms. Aquacult. Eng., v. 33, p. 192-213, 2005.
JUSUP M.; GECEK S.; LEGOVIC T. Impact of aquacultures on the marine ecosystem: Modelling benthic carbon loading over variable depth. Ecol. Model, v. 200, p. 459-466, 2007.
KASPAR, H. F.; GILLESPIE, P. A.; BOYER, I. C.; MACKENZIE, A. L. Effects of mussel aquaculture on the nitrogen cycle and benthic communities in Kenepru Sound, Marlborough Sounds, New Zealand. Mar. Biol, v. 85, p. 127-136, 1985.
LOEBLICH, A. R.; TAPPAN, H. Foraminiferal genera and their classification New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1-2, 1988.
LONGDILL, P. C.;HEALY T. R.; BLACK K. P. An integrated GIS approach for sustainable aquaculture management area site selection. Ocean Coast. Manage, v. 51, p. 612-624, 2008.
MALLET, A. L.; CARVER, C. E.; LANDRY, T. Impact of suspended and off-bottom Eastern oyster culture on the benthic environment in eastern Canada. Aquaculture, v. 255, p. 362-373, 2006.
MATTSON, J.; LINDÉN, O. Benthic macrofauna succession under mussels, Mytilus edulis L. (Bivalvia), cultured on hanging long lines. Sarsia, v. 68, p. 97-102, 1983.
MCKINDSEY, C. W; THEMEYER, H.; LANDRY, T.; SILCERT, W. Review of recent carrying capacity models for bivalve culture and recommendations for research and management. Aquaculture, v. 261, p.451-462, 2006.
MELO, E.; MARTINS, R. P.; FRANCO, D. Standing wave tide at Florianópolis Bay (Brazil) and its influence on bay pollution. Anais do Bordomer 97- Amenagement et Protection de L'Environment Littoral, Bordeaux, France, 1997.
MURRAY, J. W. Ecology and paleocology of benthic foraminifera. London: Logman Scientific & Technical, 1991. p. 397.
NICHOLS, M. M. 1974. Foraminifera in estuarine classification. In: ODUM, H. T. ; COPELAND, B. J.; MCMAHAN, E. A. (Ed.). Coastal ecological systems of the United States Washington, D.C.: The Conservation Foundation, 1974. p. 85–103.
ODUM, H.T. 1983. System Ecology New York: Wiley Interscience, 1983. p. 644.
OTERO, X. L.; CALVO DE ANTA, R. M.; MACÍAS, F. Sulphur partitioning in sediments and biodeposits below mussel rafts in the Ría de Arousa (Galicia, NW Spain). Mar. environ. Res, v. 61, p. 305-325, 2006.
PIELOU, E. C. 1969. Mathematical Ecology John Wiley and Sons, 1969
SAMIR, A. M. 2000. The response of benthic foraminifera and ostracodes to various pollution sources: A study from two lagoons in Egypt. J. foram. Res, v. 30, p. 83–98, 2000.
SEN GUPTA B. K.; MACHAIN-CASTILLO, A. M..Benthic foraminifera in oxygen-poor habitats. Mar. Micropaleontol, v. 20, p.183-201, 1993.
SETTY, M. G. ANANTHA PADMANABHA. Recent marine microfauna from the Continental Margin, West Coast of India. J. of Sci. Ind. Res. India, v. 41, p. 674-679, 1982.
SCHETTINI, C.A.F.; D´AQUINO, C.A.; CARVALHO, C.E.V. 2006. Fine sediment dynamics under blue mussel aquaculture plots in semi-sheltered bight: the Armação do Itapocoroy, SC, Brazil. J. coast. Res, SI 39 (Proceedings of the 8th International Coastal Symposium), p. 1746 - 1751. Itajaí, SC, Brazil, 2006.
SCOTT, D. B.; SCHAFER, C. T.; HONIG, C. ; YOUNGER, D. C. Temporal variations of benthic foraminiferal assemblages under or near aquaculture operations: documentation of impact history. J. foram. Res., v. 25, n.3, p. 224-235, 1995.
SHEPARD, F. P. 1954. Nomenclature based on silt-clay ratios. J. sediment. Petrol, v. 9, p. 62-76, 1954.
WALTON, W. R. Techniques for recognition of living foraminifera. Contr. Cushman. Fdn foram. Res v. 3, p. 56-60, 1952.

Publication Dates

Publication in this collection
08 Dec 2016
Date of issue
June 2012

History

Received
09 Aug 2011
Accepted
05 Mar 2012
Reviewed
30 Aug 2011

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

[1] ALVE, E. Benthic foraminiferal responses to estuarine pollution: a Review. J. foram. Res, v. 25, p. 190-203, 1995.

[2] ANGEL, D. L.; VERGHESE, S.; LEE, J. J.; SALEH, A. M.; ZUBER, D.,; LINDELL, D.; SYMONS, A. Impact of a net cage fish farm on the distribution of benthic foraminifera in the northern Gulf of Eilat (AQABA, Red Sea). J. foram. Res, v. 30, p. 54-65, 2000.

[3] BARG, U. C. Guidelines of the promotion of environmental management of coastal aquaculture development. FAO Fish. tech Pap, n. 328, 122p, 1992.

[4] BONETTI, C.; BONETTI, J.; BARCELLOS, R. L. Caracterização sedimentar e geoquímica de sistemas de cultivo de moluscos. In: BARROSO, G. F. et al. (Org.). Sistemas de cultivos aquícolas costeiros no Brasil: Recursos, tecnologias e aspectos ambientais e sócio-econômicos. Rio de Janeiro: Museu Nacional, 2006a. Cap. 1

[5] BONETTI, C.; BONETTI, J.; BELTRAME, E. 2006b. The influence of natural and anthropogenic agents in the determination of sedimentary environments at Itapocu estuarine-lagoonal system, Santa Catarina, Brazil. J. coast. Res, SI 39, p. 1762-1766, 2006b. (Proceedings of the International Coastal Symposium, 8.

[6] BOUCHET, V. M. P.; SAURIAU, P-G. Influence of oyster culture practices and environmental conditions on the ecological status of intertidal mudflats in the Pertuis Charentais (SW France): A multi-index approach. Mar. Pollut. Bull, vol 56, p. 1898-1912, 2008

[7] BOUCHETI, V.; DEBENAY, J.; SAURIAU, P. 2006. Benthic foraminifera as proxies of temperature impact and dystrophic crisis affecting survival of Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg) in Marennes-Oléron bay. Anuário do Instituto de Geociências-UFRJ: FORAMS v. 29-1, p. 451-452, 2006.

[8] BOYD, A. J.; HEASMAN, K. Shellfish mariculture in the Benguela system: water flow patterns within a mussel farm in Saldanha Bay, South Africa. J. Shellfish Res., v. 17, p. 25-32, 1998

[9] BURONE L.; PIRES-VANIN, A. M. Foraminiferal assemblages in Ubatuba Bay south-eastern Brazilian coast. Sci. Mar, vol. 70, p. 203-217, 2006.

[10] BURONE L.; VENTURINI N.; SPRECHMANN P.; VALENTE P. E; MUNIZ P. 2006. Foraminiferal responses to polluted sediments in the Montevideo coastal zone, Uruguay. Mar. Pollut. Bull, v. 52, p. 61-73, 2006.

[11] CHAMBERLAIN, J.; FERNANDES, T. F.; READ, P.; NICKELLT. D.; DAVIES, I. M. Impacts of biodeposits from suspended mussel (Mytilus edulis L.) culture on the surrounding surficial sediments. ICES J. Mar. Sci, v. 58, p. 411-416, 2001.

[12] CRANDFORD, C. M.; MACLEOD, C. K. A.; MITCHELL I. M. Effects of shellfish farming on the benthic environment. Aquaculture, v. 224, p. 114-140, 2003.

[13] CROMEY, C. J.; NICKELL, T. C; BLACK, K. D. 2002. DEPOMOD- Modelling the deposition and biological effects of waste solids from marine cage farms. Aquaculture, v. 214, p. 211-239.

[14] DAME, R. F. Ecology of Marine Bivalves: an ecosystem approach. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 1996. 254p. CRC Marine Science Series

[15] DEBENAY, J.P.; GUILLOU J J. Ecological transitions indicated by Foraminiferal Assemblages in Paralic Environments. Estuaries, v. 25, no. 6ª, p. 1107-1120, 2002.

[16] EPAGRI - Empresa Agropecuária e Extensão Rural de Santa Catarina. Produção de Moluscos (mexilhões e ostras) em 2009 no Estado de Santa Catarina. 2009. <http://www.epagri.sc.gov>. Accessed on 05^th March, 2010.

[17] FAO- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. In: Aquaculture News Letter no. 45 Global Conference on Aquaculture 2010, Farming the Waters for Food and People, 27 September, Phuket, Thailand.

[18] FERREIRA J.; MAGALHÃES A. R.. Cultivo de mexilhões. In: POLI, C. R.; POLI, A. T. B.; ANDREATTA, E.; BELTRAME. E. (Ed.). Aquacultura Experiências Brasileiras Florianópolis: Multitarefa Editora, 2004. p. 221-250.

[19] FOLK, R. L.; WARD, W. C. Brazos river bar: a study in the significance of grain size parameters. J. Sediment Petrol., v. 27, p. 3-7, 1957.

[20] GRALL, J.; CHAUVAUD, L. Marine eutrofication and benthos: the need for new approaches and concepts. Glob. Change Biol, v. 8, p. 813-830, 2002.

[21] GRANT, J.; HATCHER, A.; SCOTT, D. B.; POCKLINGTON, P.; SCHAFER, C. T.; WINTER, G. A multidisciplinary approach to evaluating benthic impacts of shellfish aquaculture. Estuaries, v. 18, p. 124-144, 1995.

[22] GRENZ, C.; HERMIN, D.; BAUDINET, D.; DAUMUS, R. In situ biogeochemical and bacterial variation of sediments enriched with mussel biodeposits. Hydrobiologia, v. 207, p. 153-160, 1990.

[23] GROSS, M. G. Carbon determination. In: CARVER, R. E. (Ed..) Procedures in Sedimentology Petrology. New York: Wiley Interscience, 1971. p. 49-94.

[24] HARTSTEIN, N. D.; ROWDEN, A. A. Effect of biodeposits from mussel culture on macroinvertebrate assemblages at sites of different hydrodynamic regimes. Mar. Environ. Res, v. 57, p. 339-357, 2004.

[25] HARTSTEIN, N. D.; STEVENS, C. L. Deposition beneath long-line mussel farms. Aquacult. Eng., v. 33, p. 192-213, 2005.

[26] JUSUP M.; GECEK S.; LEGOVIC T. Impact of aquacultures on the marine ecosystem: Modelling benthic carbon loading over variable depth. Ecol. Model, v. 200, p. 459-466, 2007.

[27] KASPAR, H. F.; GILLESPIE, P. A.; BOYER, I. C.; MACKENZIE, A. L. Effects of mussel aquaculture on the nitrogen cycle and benthic communities in Kenepru Sound, Marlborough Sounds, New Zealand. Mar. Biol, v. 85, p. 127-136, 1985.

[28] LOEBLICH, A. R.; TAPPAN, H. Foraminiferal genera and their classification New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1-2, 1988.

[29] LONGDILL, P. C.;HEALY T. R.; BLACK K. P. An integrated GIS approach for sustainable aquaculture management area site selection. Ocean Coast. Manage, v. 51, p. 612-624, 2008.

[30] MALLET, A. L.; CARVER, C. E.; LANDRY, T. Impact of suspended and off-bottom Eastern oyster culture on the benthic environment in eastern Canada. Aquaculture, v. 255, p. 362-373, 2006.

[31] MATTSON, J.; LINDÉN, O. Benthic macrofauna succession under mussels, Mytilus edulis L. (Bivalvia), cultured on hanging long lines. Sarsia, v. 68, p. 97-102, 1983.

[32] MCKINDSEY, C. W; THEMEYER, H.; LANDRY, T.; SILCERT, W. Review of recent carrying capacity models for bivalve culture and recommendations for research and management. Aquaculture, v. 261, p.451-462, 2006.

[33] MELO, E.; MARTINS, R. P.; FRANCO, D. Standing wave tide at Florianópolis Bay (Brazil) and its influence on bay pollution. Anais do Bordomer 97- Amenagement et Protection de L'Environment Littoral, Bordeaux, France, 1997.

[34] MURRAY, J. W. Ecology and paleocology of benthic foraminifera. London: Logman Scientific & Technical, 1991. p. 397.

[35] NICHOLS, M. M. 1974. Foraminifera in estuarine classification. In: ODUM, H. T. ; COPELAND, B. J.; MCMAHAN, E. A. (Ed.). Coastal ecological systems of the United States Washington, D.C.: The Conservation Foundation, 1974. p. 85–103.

[36] ODUM, H.T. 1983. System Ecology New York: Wiley Interscience, 1983. p. 644.

[37] OTERO, X. L.; CALVO DE ANTA, R. M.; MACÍAS, F. Sulphur partitioning in sediments and biodeposits below mussel rafts in the Ría de Arousa (Galicia, NW Spain). Mar. environ. Res, v. 61, p. 305-325, 2006.

[38] PIELOU, E. C. 1969. Mathematical Ecology John Wiley and Sons, 1969

[39] SAMIR, A. M. 2000. The response of benthic foraminifera and ostracodes to various pollution sources: A study from two lagoons in Egypt. J. foram. Res, v. 30, p. 83–98, 2000.

[40] SEN GUPTA B. K.; MACHAIN-CASTILLO, A. M..Benthic foraminifera in oxygen-poor habitats. Mar. Micropaleontol, v. 20, p.183-201, 1993.

[41] SETTY, M. G. ANANTHA PADMANABHA. Recent marine microfauna from the Continental Margin, West Coast of India. J. of Sci. Ind. Res. India, v. 41, p. 674-679, 1982.

[42] SCHETTINI, C.A.F.; D´AQUINO, C.A.; CARVALHO, C.E.V. 2006. Fine sediment dynamics under blue mussel aquaculture plots in semi-sheltered bight: the Armação do Itapocoroy, SC, Brazil. J. coast. Res, SI 39 (Proceedings of the 8th International Coastal Symposium), p. 1746 - 1751. Itajaí, SC, Brazil, 2006.

[43] SCOTT, D. B.; SCHAFER, C. T.; HONIG, C. ; YOUNGER, D. C. Temporal variations of benthic foraminiferal assemblages under or near aquaculture operations: documentation of impact history. J. foram. Res., v. 25, n.3, p. 224-235, 1995.

[44] SHEPARD, F. P. 1954. Nomenclature based on silt-clay ratios. J. sediment. Petrol, v. 9, p. 62-76, 1954.

[45] WALTON, W. R. Techniques for recognition of living foraminifera. Contr. Cushman. Fdn foram. Res v. 3, p. 56-60, 1952.