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Recomendações para o manejo da asma grave da Sociedade Brasileira de Pneumologia e Tisiologia - 2021

RESUMO

Os avanços no entendimento de que a asma grave é uma doença complexa e heterogênea, e os progressos que ocorreram no conhecimento de sua fisiopatologia, com a identificação de diferentes fenótipos e endotipos, permitiram novas abordagens para seu diagnóstico e caracterização, bem como resultaram em mudanças consideráveis em seu manejo farmacológico. Nesse contexto, se estabelece a definição de asma grave, diferenciando-a da asma de difícil controle. As presentes recomendações abordam esse tópico e revisam os avanços referentes a fenotipagem, uso de biomarcadores e novos tratamentos para asma grave. Ênfase é dada para tópicos voltados para a seleção personalizada do paciente e do imunobiológico, bem como para a importância da avaliação da resposta ao tratamento. Estas recomendações se aplicam a adultos e crianças com asma grave e destinam-se a médicos envolvidos no tratamento da doença. Um painel de 17 pneumologistas brasileiros foi convidado a revisar as evidências recentes referentes ao diagnóstico e manejo da asma grave, adaptadas à realidade brasileira. A cada um dos especialistas coube revisar um tópico ou questão relevante em relação ao tema. Em uma segunda fase, quatro especialistas discutiram e estruturaram os textos elaborados, e, na última fase, todos revisaram e aprovaram o presente manuscrito e suas recomendações.

Descritores:
Asma/terapia; Asma/tratamento farmacológico; Asma/prevenção & controle; Anticorpos monoclonais humanizados

ABSTRACT

Advances in the understanding that severe asthma is a complex and heterogeneous disease and in the knowledge of the pathophysiology of asthma, with the identification of different phenotypes and endotypes, have allowed new approaches for the diagnosis and characterization of the disease and have resulted in relevant changes in pharmacological management. In this context, the definition of severe asthma has been established, being differentiated from difficult-to-control asthma. These recommendations address this topic and review advances in phenotyping, use of biomarkers, and new treatments for severe asthma. Emphasis is given to topics regarding personalized management of the patient and selection of biologicals, as well as the importance of evaluating the response to treatment. These recommendations apply to adults and children with severe asthma and are targeted at physicians involved in asthma treatment. A panel of 17 Brazilian pulmonologists was invited to review recent evidence on the diagnosis and management of severe asthma, adapting it to the Brazilian reality. Each of the experts was responsible for reviewing a topic or question relevant to the topic. In a second phase, four experts discussed and structured the texts produced, and, in the last phase, all experts reviewed and approved the present manuscript and its recommendations.

Keywords:
Asthma/therapy; Asthma/drug therapy; Asthma/prevention & control; Antibodies, monoclonal, humanized

INTRODUÇÃO

Avanços no entendimento da fisiopatologia e heterogeneidade da asma grave não apenas permitiram a descoberta de novas abordagens para o diagnóstico e a caracterização da doença, mas também resultaram no desenvolvimento de drogas eficazes para a obtenção do controle dessa enfermidade. Estamos vivendo uma época particularmente promissora para o manejo da asma grave, uma forma incomum de apresentação da doença, mas com grande impacto no sistema de saúde, bem como na qualidade de vida dos pacientes.

O crescente conhecimento sobre os mecanismos celulares, moleculares e genéticos que participam dos distintos aspectos envolvidos na fisiopatologia da asma tem avançado na caracterização de fenótipos e endotipos e, subsequentemente, no manejo personalizado desses pacientes.11 Ray A, Camiolo M, Fitzpatrick A, Gauthier M, Wenzel SE. Are We Meeting the Promise of Endotypes and Precision Medicine in Asthma?. Physiol Rev. 2020;100(3):983-1017. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00023.2019
https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00023.20...

Devido à heterogeneidade e complexidade da asma grave, a identificação de casos requer seguimento por especialistas, preferencialmente em um centro de referência. A abordagem e o acompanhamento devem ser sistematizados visando confirmar o diagnóstico, buscar evidências de adesão ao tratamento, assegurar o uso correto dos inaladores, investigar e controlar comorbidades e otimizar o tratamento farmacológico e medidas complementares não farmacológicas.22020 Brazilian Thoracic Association recommendations for the management of asthma. J Bras Pneumol. 2020;46(1):e20190307. https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-3713/e20190307
https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-3713/e20190...

3 Chung KF, Wenzel SE, Brozek JL, Bush A, Castro M, Sterk PJ, et al. International ERS/ATS guidelines on definition, evaluation and treatment of severe asthma [published correction appears in Eur Respir J. 2014 Apr;43(4):1216. Dosage error in article text] [published correction appears in Eur Respir J. 2018 Jul 27;52(1):]. Eur Respir J. 2014;43(2):343-373. https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00202013
https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.0020201...
-44 Global Initiative for Asthma [homepage on the internet]. Bethesda: Global Initiative for Asthma; c2021 [cited 2021 Jun 1]. Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention (2021 update). Available from: https://ginasthma.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/GINA-Main-Report-2021-V2-WMS.pdf
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Estimativas de prevalência e custo da doença publicadas anteriormente adotaram definições antigas55 Bousquet J, Mantzouranis E, Cruz AA, Aït-Khaled N, Baena-Cagnani CE, Bleecker ER, et al. Uniform definition of asthma severity, control, and exacerbations: document presented for the World Health Organization Consultation on Severe Asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010;126(5):926-938. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2010.07.019
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superestimando a prevalência da asma grave. Um estudo realizado na Holanda em 2015,66 Hekking PW, Wener RR, Amelink M, Zwinderman AH, Bouvy ML, Bel EH. The prevalence of severe refractory asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2015;135(4):896-902. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2014.08.042
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2014.08.0...
utilizando a definição da American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society (ATS/ERS),33 Chung KF, Wenzel SE, Brozek JL, Bush A, Castro M, Sterk PJ, et al. International ERS/ATS guidelines on definition, evaluation and treatment of severe asthma [published correction appears in Eur Respir J. 2014 Apr;43(4):1216. Dosage error in article text] [published correction appears in Eur Respir J. 2018 Jul 27;52(1):]. Eur Respir J. 2014;43(2):343-373. https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00202013
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estimou que 3,7% dos asmáticos tinham asma grave. A análise de um banco de dados realizada em 2018 no Reino Unido estimou a proporção de indivíduos com asma grave eosinofílica não controlada em < 1% na população geral de asma.77 Kerkhof M, Tran TN, Soriano JB, Golam S, Gibson D, Hillyer EV, et al. Healthcare resource use and costs of severe, uncontrolled eosinophilic asthma in the UK general population. Thorax. 2018;73(2):116-124. https://doi.org/10.1136/thoraxjnl-2017-210531
https://doi.org/10.1136/thoraxjnl-2017-2...

Pacientes com asma grave têm maior morbimortalidade,88 Chipps BE, Zeiger RS, Borish L, Wenzel SE, Yegin A, Hayden ML, et al. Key findings and clinical implications from The Epidemiology and Natural History of Asthma: Outcomes and Treatment Regimens (TENOR) study. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2012;130(2):332-42.e10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2012.04.014
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apresentam maior número de comorbidades que tendem a ser mais graves99 Sweeney J, Patterson CC, Menzies-Gow A, Niven RM, Mansur AH, Bucknall C, et al. Comorbidity in severe asthma requiring systemic corticosteroid therapy: cross-sectional data from the Optimum Patient Care Research Database and the British Thoracic Difficult Asthma Registry. Thorax. 2016;71(4):339-346. https://doi.org/10.1136/thoraxjnl-2015-207630
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e são responsáveis pela maior utilização de recursos em saúde por asma.1010 O'Neill S, Sweeney J, Patterson CC, Menzies-Gow A, Niven R, Mansur AH, et al. The cost of treating severe refractory asthma in the UK: an economic analysis from the British Thoracic Society Difficult Asthma Registry. Thorax. 2015;70(4):376-378. https://doi.org/10.1136/thoraxjnl-2013-204114
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Já foi demonstrado que o custo da asma grave é muito alto para as famílias e para o Sistema Único de Saúde.1111 Stirbulov R, Lopes da Silva N, Maia SC, Carvalho-Netto E, Angelini L. Cost of severe asthma in Brazil-systematic review. J Asthma. 2016;53(10):1063-1070. https://doi.org/10.3109/02770903.2016.1171338
https://doi.org/10.3109/02770903.2016.11...
Uma intervenção em um centro de referência para asma no Brasil, com dispensação gratuita de medicações, foi efetiva em melhorar o controle da doença e, ao mesmo tempo, reduzir seus custos.1212 Cruz AA, Souza-Machado A, Franco R, Souza-Machado C, Ponte EV, Moura Santos P, et al. The impact of a program for control of asthma in a low-income setting. World Allergy Organ J. 2010;3(4):167-174. https://doi.org/10.1097/WOX.0b013e3181dc3383
https://doi.org/10.1097/WOX.0b013e3181dc...
Estudo realizado com informações de banco de dados do sistema de saúde suplementar brasileiro, entre 2010 e 2015, mostrou que cada hospitalização por asma representa, em média, um gasto de US$ 8.655,00.1313 Nascimento OA, Paloni E, dos Santos FM, Viana K, Oliveira Silva D, Saturnino LTM, et al. Cost of asthma exacerbations on the private healthcare system in Brazil (abstract). Am J Resp Crit Care Med. 2018;197:A4850. Available from: https://www.atsjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2018.197.1_MeetingAbstracts.A4850
https://www.atsjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1...
Logo, o custo de não intervir oferecendo acesso a especialistas experientes e/ou a centros de referência e alternativas de tratamento personalizado dirigido para o fenótipo do paciente pode ser muito alto.

As presentes recomendações aplicam-se a adultos, adolescentes e crianças com idade ≥ 6 anos, portadores de asma grave, sendo especialmente destinadas a médicos envolvidos com o manejo dessa forma de apresentação da doença. Nesse contexto, 17 pneumologistas brasileiros vinculados a centros de referência para asma grave foram convidados a revisar o conhecimento atual sobre a doença e elaborar as presentes recomendações, adaptadas à realidade brasileira. A seleção dos temas foi feita por um painel de especialistas que elencou tópicos e perguntas relativos aos avanços mais significativos relacionados ao conceito, fenotipagem, biomarcadores e novos tratamentos da asma grave. A cada especialista coube, fundamentando-se nas atuais e mais relevantes evidências e em diretrizes internacionalmente aceitas, revisar ou responder a um tópico ou pergunta dessas recomendações. Seguiram-se duas fases de harmonização. Na primeira, 4 especialistas discutiram e estruturaram os textos encaminhados pelos demais. Na segunda, todos os especialistas revisaram e discutiram as presentes recomendações até atingir um consenso.

DEFINIÇÃO DE ASMA GRAVE

Asma grave é um subgrupo da asma de difícil controle (ADC). A ADC é aquela que, a despeito de se encontrar nas etapas IV e V do tratamento,22020 Brazilian Thoracic Association recommendations for the management of asthma. J Bras Pneumol. 2020;46(1):e20190307. https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-3713/e20190307
https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-3713/e20190...
,1414 Global Initiative for Asthma [homepage on the Internet]. Bethesda: Global Initiative for Asthma; c2019 [cited 2019 Mar 1]. Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention (2019 update). [Adobe Acrobat document, 201p.]. Available from: https://ginasthma.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/GINA-2019-main-report-June2019-wms.pdf
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permanece não controlada ou que necessita desse tratamento devido à presença concomitante de um ou mais fatores que podem interferir no controle da doença. A dificuldade em se atingir e manter o controle decorre de fatores potencialmente modificáveis ou controláveis.

O presente documento define como portador de asma grave o paciente com asma confirmada por método objetivo, com boa adesão ao tratamento, e que, a despeito de serem eliminados ou minimizados fatores associados à falta de controle da doença, necessita utilizar corticoide inalatório (CI) em dose alta (budesonida ≥ 1.600 µg ou equivalente) associado a uma segunda droga de controle - long-acting β2-agonists (LABA, β2 agonistas de longa duração), long-acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMA, antagonistas muscarínicos de longa duração) e/ou antileucotrienos - ou corticoide oral (CO) ≥ 50% dos dias no ano anterior para manter o controle da doença, ou que, apesar desse tratamento, permanece não controlada devido a sua gravidade intrínseca.33 Chung KF, Wenzel SE, Brozek JL, Bush A, Castro M, Sterk PJ, et al. International ERS/ATS guidelines on definition, evaluation and treatment of severe asthma [published correction appears in Eur Respir J. 2014 Apr;43(4):1216. Dosage error in article text] [published correction appears in Eur Respir J. 2018 Jul 27;52(1):]. Eur Respir J. 2014;43(2):343-373. https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00202013
https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.0020201...

INVESTIGAÇÃO DIAGNÓSTICA DA ADC E ASMA GRAVE EM ADULTOS

Confirmação do diagnóstico de asma

A investigação de ADC e asma grave inicia-se pela confirmação objetiva do diagnóstico, pois, considerando sua complexidade, muitas vezes ocorrem erros de diagnóstico que resultam em manejo inadequado.1515 Aaron SD, Vandemheen KL, FitzGerald JM, Ainslie M, Gupta S, Lemière C, et al. Reevaluation of Diagnosis in Adults With Physician-Diagnosed Asthma. JAMA. 2017;317(3):269-279. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2016.19627
https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2016.19627...
) A asma é caracterizada por sintomas compatíveis, limitação variável ao fluxo aéreo e hiper-responsividade das vias aéreas.1414 Global Initiative for Asthma [homepage on the Internet]. Bethesda: Global Initiative for Asthma; c2019 [cited 2019 Mar 1]. Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention (2019 update). [Adobe Acrobat document, 201p.]. Available from: https://ginasthma.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/GINA-2019-main-report-June2019-wms.pdf
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O distúrbio ventilatório obstrutivo é demonstrado na espirometria pela presença da relação VEF1/CVF menor que o limite inferior do previsto. A reversibilidade dessa limitação pode ser avaliada pela resposta aguda (10-15 min) do VEF1 à inalação de broncodilatador de curta ação (salbutamol, 200-400 µg). Considera-se como variação broncodilatadora significativa o aumento do VEF1 em ≥ 12% e ≥ 200 mL em relação ao valor basal1616 Pellegrino R, Viegi G, Brusasco V, Crapo RO, Burgos F, Casaburi R, et al. Interpretative strategies for lung function tests. Eur Respir J. 2005;26(5):948-968. https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.05.00035205
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ou ≥ 7% e ≥ 200 mL sobre o valor de referência.1717 Pereira CAC. Espirometria. J Pneumol. 2002;28(Suppl 3):S1-S82. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021836204655
https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021836204655...
A reversibilidade pode ser também verificada comparando a função pulmonar basal e após 4 semanas de tratamento com corticoide ou entre visitas em períodos de estabilidade clínica.1818 Global Initiative for Asthma [homepage on the internet]. Bethesda: Global Initiative for Asthma; c2020 [cited 2020 Mar 1]. Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention (2020 update). [Adobe Acrobat document, 211p.]. Available from: https://ginasthma.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/GINA-2020-full-report_final_wms.pdf
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,1919 Papi A, Brightling C, Pedersen SE, Reddel HK. Asthma. Lancet. 2018;391(10122):783-800. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)33311-1
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)33...
) Adicionalmente, a variabilidade diária do PFE > 20% também pode contribuir para a confirmação do diagnóstico da asma.44 Global Initiative for Asthma [homepage on the internet]. Bethesda: Global Initiative for Asthma; c2021 [cited 2021 Jun 1]. Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention (2021 update). Available from: https://ginasthma.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/GINA-Main-Report-2021-V2-WMS.pdf
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Cabe salientar que as variações de resposta ao broncodilatador podem também ser verificadas pelo aumento da CVF, considerando-se significativo um aumento ≥ 350 mL.1717 Pereira CAC. Espirometria. J Pneumol. 2002;28(Suppl 3):S1-S82. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021836204655
https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021836204655...
Esse achado é mais frequentemente observado na presença de obstrução grave como consequência de hiperinsuflação e/ou aprisionamento aéreo.2020 Quanjer PH, Ruppel GL, Langhammer A, Krishna A, Mertens F, Johannessen A, et al. Bronchodilator Response in FVC Is Larger and More Relevant Than in FEV1 in Severe Airflow Obstruction. Chest. 2017;151(5):1088-1098. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2016.12.017
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2016.12....

A ausência de variação de resposta ao broncodilatador na espirometria não exclui o diagnóstico, especialmente no asmático grave, o qual pode apresentar remodelamento das vias aéreas, maior obstrução ao fluxo aéreo e menor VEF1.2121 Sorkness RL, Bleecker ER, Busse WW, Calhoun WJ, Castro M, Chung KF, et al. Lung function in adults with stable but severe asthma: air trapping and incomplete reversal of obstruction with bronchodilation. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2008;104(2):394-403. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00329.2007
https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.003...
Nesses casos, não havendo história de critério espirométrico, outras estratégias diagnósticas podem ser utilizadas. A espirometria pode ser repetida com a suspensão prévia dos broncodilatadores por tempo adequado (washout)2222 Graham BL, Steenbruggen I, Miller MR, Barjaktarevic IZ, Cooper BG, Hall GL, et al. Standardization of Spirometry 2019 Update. An Official American Thoracic Society and European Respiratory Society Technical Statement. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019;200(8):e70-e88. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201908-1590ST
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) durante a ocorrência de sintomas ou ainda após um curso de corticoide sistêmico mostrando variação > 10% no VEF1.2323 Phipatanakul W, Mauger DT, Sorkness RL, Gaffin JM, Holguin F, Woodruff PG, et al. Effects of Age and Disease Severity on Systemic Corticosteroid Responses in Asthma [published correction appears in Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2018 Apr 1;197(7):970-971]. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2017;195(11):1439-1448. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201607-1453OC
https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201607-1453...

Outro recurso diagnóstico é o teste de broncoprovocação (TBP) com metacolina.2424 Coates AL, Wanger J, Cockcroft DW, Culver BH; Bronchoprovocation Testing Task Force: Kai-Håkon Carlsen, Diamant Z, et al. ERS technical standard on bronchial challenge testing: general considerations and performance of methacholine challenge tests. Eur Respir J. 2017;49(5):1601526. https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.01526-2016
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O tratamento com corticoide reduz a hiper-responsividade brônquica (HRB); por isso, o TBP negativo em pacientes tratados não exclui o diagnóstico de asma.2424 Coates AL, Wanger J, Cockcroft DW, Culver BH; Bronchoprovocation Testing Task Force: Kai-Håkon Carlsen, Diamant Z, et al. ERS technical standard on bronchial challenge testing: general considerations and performance of methacholine challenge tests. Eur Respir J. 2017;49(5):1601526. https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.01526-2016
https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.01526-2...
,2525 Crapo RO, Casaburi R, Coates AL, Enright PL, Hankinson JL, Irvin CG, et al. Guidelines for methacholine and exercise challenge testing-1999. This official statement of the American Thoracic Society was adopted by the ATS Board of Directors, July 1999. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000;161(1):309-329. https://doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.161.1.ats11-99
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Adicionalmente, se o resultado do TBP for negativo, pode ser indicado, com cautela e durante estabilidade clínica, uma redução gradual e sob monitoramento do tratamento por 2-4 semanas, seguida de nova avaliação funcional.

A função pulmonar dos asmáticos graves pode ainda ser avaliada através dos volumes pulmonares medidos por pletismografia,33 Chung KF, Wenzel SE, Brozek JL, Bush A, Castro M, Sterk PJ, et al. International ERS/ATS guidelines on definition, evaluation and treatment of severe asthma [published correction appears in Eur Respir J. 2014 Apr;43(4):1216. Dosage error in article text] [published correction appears in Eur Respir J. 2018 Jul 27;52(1):]. Eur Respir J. 2014;43(2):343-373. https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00202013
https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.0020201...
,44 Global Initiative for Asthma [homepage on the internet]. Bethesda: Global Initiative for Asthma; c2021 [cited 2021 Jun 1]. Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention (2021 update). Available from: https://ginasthma.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/GINA-Main-Report-2021-V2-WMS.pdf
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a qual acrescenta parâmetros que expressam obstrução, como hiperinsuflação e aprisionamento aéreo. Pode também ser útil para determinar reversibilidade ao demonstrar, por exemplo, reduções significativas do VR e da resistência específica das vias aéreas medidas após a administração do broncodilatador.2626 Newton MF, O'Donnell DE, Forkert L. Response of lung volumes to inhaled salbutamol in a large population of patients with severe hyperinflation. Chest. 2002;121(4):1042-1050. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.121.4.1042
https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.121.4.1042...

Embora as alterações de pequenas vias aéreas possam estar presentes em asmáticos, independentemente da gravidade, essas ocorrem mais frequentemente em pacientes mais graves.2727 Postma DS, Brightling C, Baldi S, Van den Berge M, Fabbri LM, Gagnatelli A, et al. Exploring the relevance and extent of small airways dysfunction in asthma (ATLANTIS): baseline data from a prospective cohort study [published correction appears in Lancet Respir Med. 2019 Sep;7(9):e28]. Lancet Respir Med. 2019;7(5):402-416. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(19)30049-9
https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(19)30...
A combinação de dois ou mais testes (oscilometria de impulso, washout de nitrogênio, pletismografia e espirometria) contribuem para a identificação da disfunção de pequenas vias aéreas. A redução do FEF25-75% e da CVF foram os parâmetros fisiológicos utilizados que melhor refletiram as anormalidades desse compartimento das vias aéreas de pequeno e médio calibre.2727 Postma DS, Brightling C, Baldi S, Van den Berge M, Fabbri LM, Gagnatelli A, et al. Exploring the relevance and extent of small airways dysfunction in asthma (ATLANTIS): baseline data from a prospective cohort study [published correction appears in Lancet Respir Med. 2019 Sep;7(9):e28]. Lancet Respir Med. 2019;7(5):402-416. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(19)30049-9
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Na asma grave, a disfunção de pequenas vias aéreas deve ser adequadamente avaliada, já que pode ser responsável pela maior dificuldade de obtenção do controle.

Na investigação da asma grave, a TCAR é recomendada44 Global Initiative for Asthma [homepage on the internet]. Bethesda: Global Initiative for Asthma; c2021 [cited 2021 Jun 1]. Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention (2021 update). Available from: https://ginasthma.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/GINA-Main-Report-2021-V2-WMS.pdf
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para o diagnóstico diferencial e para a investigação de comorbidades respiratórias. Adicionalmente, a TCAR pode auxiliar a caracterização do comprometimento de pequenas vias aéreas, aprisionamento aéreo, estreitamento de vias aéreas, espessamento de paredes brônquicas e presença de tampões mucosos, os quais estão relacionados com maior gravidade da asma.2828 Fitzpatrick AM, Moore WC. Severe Asthma Phenotypes - How Should They Guide Evaluation and Treatment?. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2017;5(4):901-908. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2017.05.015
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A TCAR dinâmica, incluindo a região cervical, também avalia a disfunção de pregas vocais e o colapso excessivo de via aérea central (traqueobroncomalácia e/ou colapso dinâmico de via aérea).2929 Low K, Lau KK, Holmes P, Crossett M, Vallance N, Phyland D, et al. Abnormal vocal cord function in difficult-to-treat asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;184(1):50-56. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201010-1604OC
https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201010-1604...

Avaliação da adesão ao tratamento e da técnica inalatória

A adesão ao tratamento é um conceito relacionado ao grau de educação, crenças do paciente e acesso à medicação e ao sistema de saúde.3030 Dal-Fabbro AL. Book Review: Adherence to long-term therapies: Evidence for action. Cad Saude Publica. 2005;21(4) https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X2005000400037. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X2005000400037
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X200500...
A falta de adesão ao tratamento de manutenção não depende da gravidade da asma.3131 Blake KV. Improving adherence to asthma medications: current knowledge and future perspectives [published correction appears in Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2017 Jul;23(4):376]. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2017;23(1):62-70. https://doi.org/10.1097/MCP.0000000000000334
https://doi.org/10.1097/MCP.000000000000...
Em pacientes com ADC, a taxa de adesão à medicação inalatória de manutenção é de aproximadamente 50%,3232 Gamble J, Stevenson M, McClean E, Heaney LG. The prevalence of nonadherence in difficult asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2009;180(9):817-822. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.200902-0166OC
https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.200902-0166...
,3333 Boulet LP, Vervloet D, Magar Y, Foster JM. Adherence: the goal to control asthma. Clin Chest Med. 2012;33(3):405-417. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccm.2012.06.002
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccm.2012.06.00...
mesmo em centros especializados em asma grave.3434 Heaney LG, Horne R. Non-adherence in difficult asthma: time to take it seriously. Thorax. 2012;67(3):268-270. https://doi.org/10.1136/thoraxjnl-2011-200257
https://doi.org/10.1136/thoraxjnl-2011-2...
Avaliar a adesão ao tratamento na prática clínica é desafiador, uma vez que os instrumentos atualmente disponíveis ainda necessitam aperfeiçoamento.3535 Senna G, Caminati M, Lockey RF. Allergen immunotherapy adherence in the real world: how bad is it and how can it be improved? Curr Treat Options Allergy. 2015; 2:39-53. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40521-014-0037-6 https://doi.org/10.1007/s40521-014-0037-6
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40521-014-0037-...

Menos da metade dos asmáticos graves apresentam uma taxa de adesão à associação CI + LABA superior a 80%, antes e depois do início do tratamento com imunobiológicos.3636 Caminati M, Vianello A, Andretta M, Menti AM, Tognella S, Degli Esposti L, et al. Low adherence to inhaled corticosteroids/long-acting ß2-agonists and biologic treatment in severe asthmatics. ERJ Open Res. 2020;6(2):00017-2020. https://doi.org/10.1183/23120541.00017-2020
https://doi.org/10.1183/23120541.00017-2...

37 Lee J, Tay TR, Radhakrishna N, Hore-Lacy F, Mackay A, Hoy R, et al. Nonadherence in the era of severe asthma biologics and thermoplasty. Eur Respir J. 2018;51(4):1701836. https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.01836-2017
https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.01836-2...

38 Allen DJ, Holmes LJ, Hince KA, Daly R, Ustabashi C, Tavernier G. Nonadherence with inhaled preventer therapy in severe asthmatic patients on long-term omalizumab. Eur Respir J. 2018;52(2):1801025. https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.01025-2018
https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.01025-2...
-3939 Jeffery MM, Shah ND, Karaca-Mandic P, Ross JS, Rank MA. Trends in Omalizumab Utilization for Asthma: Evidence of Suboptimal Patient Selection. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2018;6(5):1568-1577.e4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2017.07.034
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2017.07.0...
Além disso, é importante manter reavaliações permanentes da adesão ao tratamento de manutenção,3636 Caminati M, Vianello A, Andretta M, Menti AM, Tognella S, Degli Esposti L, et al. Low adherence to inhaled corticosteroids/long-acting ß2-agonists and biologic treatment in severe asthmatics. ERJ Open Res. 2020;6(2):00017-2020. https://doi.org/10.1183/23120541.00017-2020
https://doi.org/10.1183/23120541.00017-2...
,4040 Costello RW, Cushen B. Looking back to go forward: adherence to inhaled therapy before biologic therapy in severe asthma. Eur Respir J. 2020;55(5):2000954. https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.00954-2020
https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.00954-2...
visto que a resposta aos imunobiológicos é melhor nos pacientes com boa adesão ao uso de CI.4040 Costello RW, Cushen B. Looking back to go forward: adherence to inhaled therapy before biologic therapy in severe asthma. Eur Respir J. 2020;55(5):2000954. https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.00954-2020
https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.00954-2...
,4141 d'Ancona G, Kavanagh J, Roxas C, Green L, Fernandes M, Thomson L, et al. Adherence to corticosteroids and clinical outcomes in mepolizumab therapy for severe asthma. Eur Respir J. 2020;55(5):1902259. https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.02259-2019
https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.02259-2...

A técnica inalatória é tão importante quanto à adesão aos medicamentos, sendo uma das principais causas da falta de controle da doença.3434 Heaney LG, Horne R. Non-adherence in difficult asthma: time to take it seriously. Thorax. 2012;67(3):268-270. https://doi.org/10.1136/thoraxjnl-2011-200257
https://doi.org/10.1136/thoraxjnl-2011-2...
A avaliação sistematizada de todas as etapas da técnica inalatória é fundamental, já que algumas dessas são mais associadas à falta de controle da asma.4242 Price DB, Román-Rodríguez M, McQueen RB, Bosnic-Anticevich S, Carter V, Gruffydd-Jones K, et al. Inhaler Errors in the CRITIKAL Study: Type, Frequency, and Association with Asthma Outcomes. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2017;5(4):1071-1081.e9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2017.01.004
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2017.01.0...

O manejo dos dispositivos inalatórios requer treinamento continuado. Erros na técnica inalatória são frequentes mesmo em asmáticos graves apesar das intervenções educacionais.4343 Sulaiman I, Greene G, MacHale E, Seheult J, Mokoka M, D'Arcy S, et al. A randomised clinical trial of feedback on inhaler adherence and technique in patients with severe uncontrolled asthma. Eur Respir J. 2018;51(1):1701126. https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.01126-2017
https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.01126-2...
Em asmáticos moderados a graves, nos quais foram avaliadas a adesão e a técnica inalatória simultânea e objetivamente, 27% dos pacientes obtiveram controle após a melhora do emprego da técnica inalatória.4343 Sulaiman I, Greene G, MacHale E, Seheult J, Mokoka M, D'Arcy S, et al. A randomised clinical trial of feedback on inhaler adherence and technique in patients with severe uncontrolled asthma. Eur Respir J. 2018;51(1):1701126. https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.01126-2017
https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.01126-2...

Investigação de exposições que podem piorar o controle da asma

A dificuldade em se obter e manter o controle adequado da asma pode estar relacionada a exposições, como inalação de alérgenos, irritantes, poluição ambiental, tabagismo, agentes ocupacionais e/ou drogas. Essas exposições devem ser abordadas em todos os asmáticos, especialmente nos pacientes com ADC por serem causas de falta de controle.44 Global Initiative for Asthma [homepage on the internet]. Bethesda: Global Initiative for Asthma; c2021 [cited 2021 Jun 1]. Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention (2021 update). Available from: https://ginasthma.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/GINA-Main-Report-2021-V2-WMS.pdf
https://ginasthma.org/wp-content/uploads...

Exposição domiciliar

Ácaros e antígenos de gato, cachorro, barata, roedores e fungos são os principais alérgenos urbanos e domiciliares associados à dificuldade de controle da asma.4444 Sheehan WJ, Phipatanakul W. Difficult-to-control asthma: epidemiology and its link with environmental factors. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2015;15(5):397-401. https://doi.org/10.1097/ACI.0000000000000195
https://doi.org/10.1097/ACI.000000000000...
,4545 Le Cann P, Paulus H, Glorennec P, Le Bot B, Frain S, Gangneux JP. Home Environmental Interventions for the Prevention or Control of Allergic and Respiratory Diseases: What Really Works. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2017;5(1):66-79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2016.07.011
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2016.07.0...
Apesar da escassez de estudos de base populacional sobre a prevalência de atopia no Brasil, evidências sugerem que a sensibilização a aeroalérgenos varia de acordo com a região e o tipo de estudo.4646 Weinmayr G, Weiland SK, Björkstén B, Brunekreef B, Büchele G, Cookson WO, et al. Atopic sensitization and the international variation of asthma symptom prevalence in children. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2007;176(6):565-574. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.200607-994OC
https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.200607-994O...
,4747 Naspitz CK, Solé D, Jacob CA, Sarinho E, Soares FJ, Dantas V, et al. Sensitization to inhalant and food allergens in Brazilian atopic children by in vitro total and specific IgE assay. Allergy Project-PROAL [Article in Portuguese]. J Pediatr (Rio J). 2004;80(3):203-210. https://doi.org/10.2223/1184
https://doi.org/10.2223/1184...

Os estudos da eficácia de medidas de prevenção de exposição à poeira doméstica no controle da asma4848 Schuers M, Chapron A, Guihard H, Bouchez T, Darmon D. Impact of non-drug therapies on asthma control: A systematic review of the literature. Eur J Gen Pract. 2019;25(2):65-76. https://doi.org/10.1080/13814788.2019.1574742
https://doi.org/10.1080/13814788.2019.15...
,4949 Zuiani C, Custovic A. Update on House Dust Mite Allergen Avoidance Measures for Asthma. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2020;20(9):50. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11882-020-00948-y
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11882-020-00948...
ainda são controversos. Não há consenso na utilidade dessas medidas, mesmo entre diferentes diretrizes internacionais segundo um estudo realizado em 2020.4949 Zuiani C, Custovic A. Update on House Dust Mite Allergen Avoidance Measures for Asthma. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2020;20(9):50. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11882-020-00948-y
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11882-020-00948...
)

Exposição ambiental

Existe uma associação entre poluição atmosférica e exacerbação de asma.5050 Tanaka H, Nakatani E, Fukutomi Y, Sekiya K, Kaneda H, Iikura M, et al. Identification of patterns of factors preceding severe or life-threatening asthma exacerbations in a nationwide study. Allergy. 2018;73(5):1110-1118. https://doi.org/10.1111/all.13374
https://doi.org/10.1111/all.13374...
,5151 Perez L, Declercq C, Iñiguez C, Aguilera I, Badaloni C, Ballester F, et al. Chronic burden of near-roadway traffic pollution in 10 European cities (APHEKOM network). Eur Respir J. 2013;42(3):594-605. https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00031112
https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.0003111...
Os poluentes atmosféricos associados com a piora do controle da asma incluem material particulado fino (PM2,5), ozônio, dióxido de nitrogênio e monóxido de carbono. Em 2015, o ozônio e o PM2,5, respectivamente, foram responsáveis por 8-20% e 4-9% de todas as visitas à emergência por asma no mundo 5252 Anenberg SC, Henze DK, Tinney V, Kinney PL, Raich W, Fann N, et al. Estimates of the Global Burden of Ambient [Formula: see text], Ozone, and [Formula: see text] on Asthma Incidence and Emergency Room Visits. Environ Health Perspect. 2018;126(10):107004. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP3766
https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP3766...
Atenção especial deve ser dada à exposição ao PM2,5 pela queima de biomassa por estar associada ao aumento de visitas à emergência e hospitalizações por asma.5353 Borchers Arriagada N, Horsley JA, Palmer AJ, Morgan GG, Tham R, Johnston FH. Association between fire smoke fine particulate matter and asthma-related outcomes: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Environ Res. 2019;179(Pt A):108777. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2019.108777
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2019.10...
Um estudo nacional mostrou um aumento de 50% de admissões hospitalares por asma durante o período da queima da cana-de-açúcar.5454 Arbex MA, Martins LC, de Oliveira RC, Pereira LA, Arbex FF, Cançado JE, et al. Air pollution from biomass burning and asthma hospital admissions in a sugar cane plantation area in Brazil. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2007;61(5):395-400. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.2005.044743
https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.2005.044743...

Exposição ao tabagismo

O tabagismo ativo e passivo está associado a uma maior frequência de exacerbações, hospitalizações e comprometimento da função pulmonar, sendo sua cessação ou redução um fator independente e modificável para o controle da asma.5555 Comhair SA, Gaston BM, Ricci KS, Hammel J, Dweik RA, Teague WG, et al. Detrimental effects of environmental tobacco smoke in relation to asthma severity. PLoS One. 2011;6(5):e18574. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0018574
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.001...
Portanto, é importante a avaliação do status tabágico a cada consulta visando a eliminação dessa exposição.

Asmáticos que utilizam drogas ilícitas têm maior chance de requerer cuidados intensivos ou ter exacerbações mais graves, principalmente quando associadas à baixa adesão ao tratamento de controle.5656 Moghaddas F, Smith C, Pilcher D, O'Hehir R, Hew M, Dabscheck E. Need for intensive care in patients admitted for asthma: Red flags from the social history. Respirology. 2016;21(7):1251-1254. https://doi.org/10.1111/resp.12831
https://doi.org/10.1111/resp.12831...

Exposição relacionada ao trabalho

As exposições no ambiente de trabalho têm importantes implicações clínicas na asma grave. A asma relacionada ao trabalho (ART) pode ser ocupacional (AO) ou aquela agravada ou exacerbada pelo trabalho (AA/ET).

A AO é definida pela presença de sintomas de asma e de obstrução reversível ao fluxo aéreo e/ou HRB decorrentes de condições atribuíveis ao ambiente ocupacional e não a estímulos encontrados fora do ambiente de trabalho. Pode ser causada por sensibilizantes e irritantes.5757 Chan-Yeung M, Malo JL. Occupational asthma. N Engl J Med. 1995;333(2):107-112. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199507133330207
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199507133330...
,5858 Mapp CE, Boschetto P, Maestrelli P, Fabbri LM. Occupational asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2005;172(3):280-305. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.200311-1575SO
https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.200311-1575...
A AA/ET é a condição na qual a asma preexistente se manifesta ou piora após o ingresso do indivíduo em um determinado trabalho.5959 Henneberger PK, Redlich CA, Callahan DB, Harber P, Lemière C, Martin J, et al. An official american thoracic society statement: work-exacerbated asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;184(3):368-378. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.812011ST
https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.812011ST...

A inalação de vapores, gases, poeira ou fumaças são os principais desencadeantes de AO e AA/ET.6060 Blanc PD, Annesi-Maesano I, Balmes JR, Cummings KJ, Fishwick D, Miedinger D, et al. The Occupational Burden of Nonmalignant Respiratory Diseases. An Official American Thoracic Society and European Respiratory Society Statement. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019;199(11):1312-1334. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201904-0717ST
https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201904-0717...
Exposições no ambiente de trabalho, particularmente nas profissões de padeiros, lavradores, metalúrgicos, marceneiros e indivíduos expostos ao látex, têm maior risco ocupacional e devem ser cuidadosamente investigadas e excluídas como causa de falta de controle da asma.6161 Karjalainen A, Kurppa K, Martikainen R, Karjalainen J, Klaukka T. Exploration of asthma risk by occupation--extended analysis of an incidence study of the Finnish population. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2002;28(1):49-57. https://doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.646
https://doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.646...

As estimativas de incidência e prevalência da AO e AA/ET variam de acordo com a população estudada e ambiente de exposição. Uma análise de 9 estudos estimou a incidência de AO em 16%.6060 Blanc PD, Annesi-Maesano I, Balmes JR, Cummings KJ, Fishwick D, Miedinger D, et al. The Occupational Burden of Nonmalignant Respiratory Diseases. An Official American Thoracic Society and European Respiratory Society Statement. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019;199(11):1312-1334. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201904-0717ST
https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201904-0717...
Entretanto, as informações sobre o impacto da exposição ocupacional na asma grave são escassas e limitadas.6262 Vandenplas O, Godet J, Hurdubaea L, Rifflart C, Suojalehto H, Walusiak-Skorupa J, et al. Severe Occupational Asthma: Insights From a Multicenter European Cohort. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2019;7(7):2309-2318.e4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2019.03.017
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2019.03.0...

Em uma coorte europeia de AO (N = 997), a prevalência de asma grave foi de 16,2%. A gravidade da asma correlacionou-se com a persistência da exposição ao agente, duração da asma, nível educacional, presença de asma de início precoce e produção de escarro.6262 Vandenplas O, Godet J, Hurdubaea L, Rifflart C, Suojalehto H, Walusiak-Skorupa J, et al. Severe Occupational Asthma: Insights From a Multicenter European Cohort. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2019;7(7):2309-2318.e4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2019.03.017
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2019.03.0...

Asmáticos graves com suspeita de falta de controle por exposição no ambiente de trabalho devem seguir um fluxograma de investigação6363 Jares EJ, Baena-Cagnani CE, Gómez RM. Diagnosis of occupational asthma: an update. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2012;12(3):221-231. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11882-012-0259-2
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11882-012-0259-...
para confirmar o diagnóstico. Confirmado o diagnóstico, esses pacientes devem ser afastados da exposição.6363 Jares EJ, Baena-Cagnani CE, Gómez RM. Diagnosis of occupational asthma: an update. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2012;12(3):221-231. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11882-012-0259-2
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11882-012-0259-...

Identificação e manejo das comorbidades

Identificar e tratar comorbidades que possam afetar o controle faz parte da abordagem multidisciplinar da ADC e da asma grave, uma vez que essas estão frequentemente associadas a piores desfechos.6464 Clark VL, Gibson PG, Genn G, Hiles SA, Pavord ID, McDonald VM. Multidimensional assessment of severe asthma: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Respirology. 2017;22(7):1262-1275. https://doi.org/10.1111/resp.13134
https://doi.org/10.1111/resp.13134...
,6565 Rogliani P, Sforza M, Calzetta L. The impact of comorbidities on severe asthma. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2020;26(1):47-55. https://doi.org/10.1097/MCP.0000000000000640
https://doi.org/10.1097/MCP.000000000000...
Essas comorbidades, em sua maioria, são tratáveis. O seu manejo adequado pode reduzir a dose e quantidade de medicamentos de manutenção, contribuindo para a melhora do controle e da qualidade de vida e para a redução das exacerbações da asma.

A prevalência de comorbidades na asma grave é elevada (de 51% a 95%).6666 Heaney LG, Conway E, Kelly C, Johnston BT, English C, Stevenson M, et al. Predictors of therapy resistant asthma: outcome of a systematic evaluation protocol. Thorax. 2003;58(7):561-566. https://doi.org/10.1136/thorax.58.7.561
https://doi.org/10.1136/thorax.58.7.561...
,6767 Robinson DS, Campbell DA, Durham SR, Pfeffer J, Barnes PJ, Chung KF, et al. Systematic assessment of difficult-to-treat asthma. Eur Respir J. 2003;22(3):478-483. https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.03.00017003
https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.03.0001...
Em um estudo no Brasil, todos os asmáticos graves relataram pelo menos uma comorbidade, sendo que aproximadamente 70% referiram ter pelo menos três. As mais comuns foram rinite, doença do refluxo gastroesofágico (DRGE) e hipertensão arterial sistêmica.6868 Marques Mello L, Viana KP, Moraes Dos Santos F, Saturnino LTM, Kormann ML, Lazaridis E, et al. Severe asthma and eligibility for biologics in a Brazilian cohort. J Asthma. 2021;58(7):958-966. https://doi.org/10.1080/02770903.2020.1748049
https://doi.org/10.1080/02770903.2020.17...

Comorbidades de vias aéreas superiores

Rinite alérgica e rinossinusite crônica com ou sem polipose nasal

A prevalência de rinite alérgica em asmáticos é de 80%,6969 Bousquet J, Khaltaev N, Cruz AA, Denburg J, Fokkens WJ, Togias A, et al. Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma (ARIA) 2008 update (in collaboration with the World Health Organization, GA(2)LEN and AllerGen). Allergy. 2008;63 Suppl 86:8-160. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.2007.01620.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.2007...
sendo que a prevalência dessa, associada à asma grave, varia de 72% a 96,5% no Brasil.6868 Marques Mello L, Viana KP, Moraes Dos Santos F, Saturnino LTM, Kormann ML, Lazaridis E, et al. Severe asthma and eligibility for biologics in a Brazilian cohort. J Asthma. 2021;58(7):958-966. https://doi.org/10.1080/02770903.2020.1748049
https://doi.org/10.1080/02770903.2020.17...
,7070 de Carvalho-Pinto RM, Cukier A, Angelini L, Antonangelo L, Mauad T, Dolhnikoff M, et al. Clinical characteristics and possible phenotypes of an adult severe asthma population. Respir Med. 2012;106(1):47-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2011.08.013
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2011.08.0...
O diagnóstico é realizado pela história clínica, questionário de sintomas nasais, teste cutâneo e/ou de IgE específica positivos para aeroalérgenos. Quase metade dos pacientes com asma grave apresenta rinossinusite crônica com ou sem polipose nasal.7171 Moore WC, Meyers DA, Wenzel SE, Teague WG, Li H, Li X, et al. Identification of asthma phenotypes using cluster analysis in the Severe Asthma Research Program. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2010;181(4):315-323. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.200906-0896OC
https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.200906-0896...
,7272 Tay TR, Hew M. Comorbid "treatable traits" in difficult asthma: Current evidence and clinical evaluation. Allergy. 2018;73(7):1369-1382. https://doi.org/10.1111/all.13370
https://doi.org/10.1111/all.13370...
O diagnóstico baseia-se na história clínica, questionário de sintomas nasais, TC de seios da face e nasofibroscopia.

Estudos demonstram que o manejo adequado tanto da rinite alérgica quanto da rinossinusite com ou sem polipose nasal tem impacto positivo no controle da asma.7373 Tiotiu A, Plavec D, Novakova S, Mihaicuta S, Novakova P, Labor M, et al. Current opinions for the management of asthma associated with ear, nose and throat comorbidities. Eur Respir Rev. 2018;27(150):180056. https://doi.org/10.1183/16000617.0056-2018
https://doi.org/10.1183/16000617.0056-20...

74 Head K, Chong LY, Piromchai P, Hopkins C, Philpott C, Schilder AG, et al. Systemic and topical antibiotics for chronic rhinosinusitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;4:CD011994. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD011994.pub2
https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD01199...
-7575 Smith KA, Pulsipher A, Gabrielsen DA, Alt JA. Biologics in Chronic Rhinosinusitis: An Update and Thoughts for Future Directions. Am J Rhinol Allergy. 2018;32(5):412-423. https://doi.org/10.1177/1945892418787132
https://doi.org/10.1177/1945892418787132...

Apneia obstrutiva do sono

A apneia obstrutiva do sono (AOS) em adultos é mais prevalente nos pacientes com asma grave e é um fator de risco independente para pior controle da asma,7676 Teodorescu M, Polomis DA, Hall SV, Teodorescu MC, Gangnon RE, Peterson AG, et al. Association of obstructive sleep apnea risk with asthma control in adults. Chest. 2010;138(3):543-550. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.09-3066
https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.09-3066...
estando associada a exacerbações mais graves7777 Wang Y, Liu K, Hu K, Yang J, Li Z, Nie M, et al. Impact of obstructive sleep apnea on severe asthma exacerbations. Sleep Med. 2016;26:1-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2016.06.013
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2016.06....
e ao declínio acelerado da função pulmonar.7878 Wang TY, Lo YL, Lin SM, Huang CD, Chung FT, Lin HC, et al. Obstructive sleep apnoea accelerates FEV1 decline in asthmatic patients. BMC Pulm Med. 2017;17(1):55. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12890-017-0398-2
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12890-017-0398-...

O diagnóstico baseia-se na combinação de sintomas noturnos e diurnos e alterações na polissonografia. Em asmáticos com AOS moderada a grave, observou-se melhora do controle da asma, qualidade de vida e função pulmonar após o início do uso de CPAP.7979 Serrano-Pariente J, Plaza V, Soriano JB, Mayos M, López-Viña A, Picado C, et al. Asthma outcomes improve with continuous positive airway pressure for obstructive sleep apnea. Allergy. 2017;72(5):802-812. https://doi.org/10.1111/all.13070
https://doi.org/10.1111/all.13070...

Discinesia de cordas vocais

A discinesia de cordas vocais (DCV) é definida por adução anormal das cordas vocais, com consequente obstrução ao fluxo aéreo. Sua prevalência na ADC é de até 32%.8080 Tay TR, Radhakrishna N, Hore-Lacy F, Smith C, Hoy R, Dabscheck E, et al. Comorbidities in difficult asthma are independent risk factors for frequent exacerbations, poor control and diminished quality of life. Respirology. 2016;21(8):1384-1390. https://doi.org/10.1111/resp.12838
https://doi.org/10.1111/resp.12838...
Os sintomas mais frequentes são dispneia inspiratória, sibilância e/ou estridor em região cervical, disfonia e rouquidão.8181 Yelken K, Yilmaz A, Guven M, Eyibilen A, Aladag I. Paradoxical vocal fold motion dysfunction in asthma patients. Respirology. 2009;14(5):729-733. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1843.2009.01568.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1843.2009...
Os principais fatores desencadeantes são estresse emocional, irritantes das vias aéreas, alterações abruptas de temperatura, infecções e exercício físico.

O diagnóstico é confirmado por laringoscopia (padrão ouro),8282 Perkins PJ, Morris MJ. Vocal cord dysfunction induced by methacholine challenge testing. Chest. 2002;122(6):1988-1993. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.122.6.1988
https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.122.6.1988...
,8383 Lee J, Denton E, Hoy R, Tay TR, Bondarenko J, Hore-Lacy F, et al. Paradoxical Vocal Fold Motion in Difficult Asthma Is Associated with Dysfunctional Breathing and Preserved Lung Function. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2020;8(7):2256-2262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2020.02.037
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2020.02.0...
que deve ser realizada no momento da crise, demonstrando movimento anormal das pregas vocais durante a inspiração. A alça inspiratória achatada, observada na curva fluxo-volume da espirometria, sugere a possibilidade de diagnóstico de DCV.8484 Forrest LA, Husein T, Husein O. Paradoxical vocal cord motion: classification and treatment. Laryngoscope. 2012;122(4):844-853. https://doi.org/10.1002/lary.23176
https://doi.org/10.1002/lary.23176...
) A TC dinâmica cervical,2929 Low K, Lau KK, Holmes P, Crossett M, Vallance N, Phyland D, et al. Abnormal vocal cord function in difficult-to-treat asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;184(1):50-56. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201010-1604OC
https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201010-1604...
questionários8585 Traister RS, Fajt ML, Landsittel D, Petrov AA. A novel scoring system to distinguish vocal cord dysfunction from asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2014;2(1):65-69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2013.09.002
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2013.09.0...
,8686 Fowler SJ, Thurston A, Chesworth B, Cheng V, Constantinou P, Vyas A, et al. VCDQ--a Questionnaire for symptom monitoring in vocal cord dysfunction. Clin Exp Allergy. 2015;45(9):1406-1411. https://doi.org/10.1111/cea.12550
https://doi.org/10.1111/cea.12550...
e laringoscopia durante o exercício podem auxiliar na identificação dos casos.8787 Tervonen H, Niskanen MM, Sovijärvi AR, Hakulinen AS, Vilkman EA, Aaltonen LM. Fiberoptic videolaryngoscopy during bicycle ergometry: a diagnostic tool for exercise-induced vocal cord dysfunction. Laryngoscope. 2009;119(9):1776-1780. https://doi.org/10.1002/lary.20558
https://doi.org/10.1002/lary.20558...

Não há tratamento específico. As alternativas consistem em fonoterapia (treinamento respiratório e terapia da voz), psicoterapia e resolução de fatores desencadeantes.7272 Tay TR, Hew M. Comorbid "treatable traits" in difficult asthma: Current evidence and clinical evaluation. Allergy. 2018;73(7):1369-1382. https://doi.org/10.1111/all.13370
https://doi.org/10.1111/all.13370...

Outras comorbidades

Disfunção respiratória

A fisiopatologia da disfunção respiratória é pouco conhecida7272 Tay TR, Hew M. Comorbid "treatable traits" in difficult asthma: Current evidence and clinical evaluation. Allergy. 2018;73(7):1369-1382. https://doi.org/10.1111/all.13370
https://doi.org/10.1111/all.13370...
e, devido a seus sintomas, pode ser confundida com asma. Coexiste com ADC e é subdiagnosticada.8888 Radhakrishna N, Tay TR, Hore-Lacy F, Stirling R, Hoy R, Dabscheck E, et al. Validated questionnaires heighten detection of difficult asthma comorbidities. J Asthma. 2017;54(3):294-299. https://doi.org/10.1080/02770903.2016.1212369
https://doi.org/10.1080/02770903.2016.12...
Com base no questionário de Nijmegen,8989 van Dixhoorn J, Duivenvoorden HJ. Efficacy of Nijmegen Questionnaire in recognition of the hyperventilation syndrome. J Psychosom Res. 1985;29(2):199-206. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3999(85)90042-X
https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3999(85)900...
) a prevalência de disfunção respiratória em ADC varia de 30% a 64%.8080 Tay TR, Radhakrishna N, Hore-Lacy F, Smith C, Hoy R, Dabscheck E, et al. Comorbidities in difficult asthma are independent risk factors for frequent exacerbations, poor control and diminished quality of life. Respirology. 2016;21(8):1384-1390. https://doi.org/10.1111/resp.12838
https://doi.org/10.1111/resp.12838...
,9090 Stanton AE, Vaughn P, Carter R, Bucknall CE. An observational investigation of dysfunctional breathing and breathing control therapy in a problem asthma clinic. J Asthma. 2008;45(9):758-765. https://doi.org/10.1080/02770900802252093
https://doi.org/10.1080/0277090080225209...

A disfunção respiratória envolve padrões respiratórios anormais,9191 Thomas M, McKinley RK, Freeman E, Foy C, Price D. The prevalence of dysfunctional breathing in adults in the community with and without asthma. Prim Care Respir J. 2005;14(2):78-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcrj.2004.10.007
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcrj.2004.10.0...
descritos e classificados por alguns autores,9292 Barker N, Everard ML. Getting to grips with 'dysfunctional breathing'. Paediatr Respir Rev. 2015;16(1):53-61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prrv.2014.10.001
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prrv.2014.10.0...
,9393 Boulding R, Stacey R, Niven R, Fowler SJ. Dysfunctional breathing: a review of the literature and proposal for classification. Eur Respir Rev. 2016;25(141):287-294. https://doi.org/10.1183/16000617.0088-2015
https://doi.org/10.1183/16000617.0088-20...
sendo o padrão desordenado da respiração o seu principal componente. As formas mais conhecidas de disfunção respiratória são a síndrome de hiperventilação e a hiperventilação idiopática.9494 Vidotto LS, Carvalho CRF, Harvey A, Jones M. Dysfunctional breathing: what do we know?. J Bras Pneumol. 2019;45(1):e20170347. https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-3713/e20170347
https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-3713/e20170...

Asmáticos com disfunção respiratória apresentam aumento de visitas à emergência e de consultas não agendadas, limitação de atividades e comprometimento da saúde física e mental.9595 Ritz T, Bobb C, Edwards M, Steptoe A. The structure of symptom report in asthma: a reevaluation. J Psychosom Res. 2001;51(5):639-645. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3999(01)00271-9
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3999(01)00...
,9696 Ritz T, Rosenfield D, Meuret AE, Bobb C, Steptoe A. Hyperventilation symptoms are linked to a lower perceived health in asthma patients. Ann Behav Med. 2008;35(1):97-104. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12160-007-9014-7
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12160-007-9014-...
A disfunção respiratória pode estar associada a outras comorbidades, é comumente descrita em pacientes com distúrbios de ansiedade, como síndrome do pânico,9797 Meuret AE, Ritz T. Hyperventilation in panic disorder and asthma: empirical evidence and clinical strategies. Int J Psychophysiol. 2010;78(1):68-79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2010.05.006
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2010....
e com DCV8383 Lee J, Denton E, Hoy R, Tay TR, Bondarenko J, Hore-Lacy F, et al. Paradoxical Vocal Fold Motion in Difficult Asthma Is Associated with Dysfunctional Breathing and Preserved Lung Function. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2020;8(7):2256-2262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2020.02.037
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2020.02.0...
,9898 Low K, Ruane L, Uddin N, Finlay P, Lau KK, Hamza K, et al. Abnormal vocal cord movement in patients with and without airway obstruction and asthma symptoms. Clin Exp Allergy. 2017;47(2):200-207. https://doi.org/10.1111/cea.12828
https://doi.org/10.1111/cea.12828...
e está associada de forma independente com um maior comprometimento da qualidade de vida e pior controle da asma.8080 Tay TR, Radhakrishna N, Hore-Lacy F, Smith C, Hoy R, Dabscheck E, et al. Comorbidities in difficult asthma are independent risk factors for frequent exacerbations, poor control and diminished quality of life. Respirology. 2016;21(8):1384-1390. https://doi.org/10.1111/resp.12838
https://doi.org/10.1111/resp.12838...

Há poucos estudos sobre o tratamento da disfunção respiratória.9494 Vidotto LS, Carvalho CRF, Harvey A, Jones M. Dysfunctional breathing: what do we know?. J Bras Pneumol. 2019;45(1):e20170347. https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-3713/e20170347
https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-3713/e20170...
Na ADC o uso de exercícios respiratórios melhorou o escore do questionário de Nijmegen e o controle da asma e reduziu a frequência de exacerbações.9999 Tay TR, Lee J, Radhakrishna N, Hore-Lacy F, Stirling R, Hoy R, et al. A Structured Approach to Specialist-referred Difficult Asthma Patients Improves Control of Comorbidities and Enhances Asthma Outcomes. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2017;5(4):956-964.e3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2016.12.030
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2016.12.0...

Ansiedade e depressão

Pacientes com asma grave têm maior predisposição a apresentar sintomas de ansiedade e depressão quando comparados a asmáticos com doença menos grave.100100 Yonas MA, Marsland AL, Emeremni CA, Moore CG, Holguin F, Wenzel S. Depressive symptomatology, quality of life and disease control among individuals with well-characterized severe asthma. J Asthma. 2013;50(8):884-890. https://doi.org/10.3109/02770903.2013.810750
https://doi.org/10.3109/02770903.2013.81...
Embora já tenha sido demonstrada uma prevalência de sintomas de ansiedade e de depressão em 38% e 25% dos asmáticos graves, respectivamente,101101 McDonald VM, Hiles SA, Godbout K, Harvey ES, Marks GB, Hew M, et al. Treatable traits can be identified in a severe asthma registry and predict future exacerbations. Respirology. 2019;24(1):37-47. https://doi.org/10.1111/resp.13389
https://doi.org/10.1111/resp.13389...
essas comorbidades têm sido negligenciadas nas avaliações de ADC e asma grave.6464 Clark VL, Gibson PG, Genn G, Hiles SA, Pavord ID, McDonald VM. Multidimensional assessment of severe asthma: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Respirology. 2017;22(7):1262-1275. https://doi.org/10.1111/resp.13134
https://doi.org/10.1111/resp.13134...
Sintomas de ansiedade e de depressão são associados à dificuldade de controle da asma,102102 Robinson D, Campbell D, Durham S, Pfeffer J, Barnes P, Chung K, et al. Systematic assessment of difficult-to-treat asthma. Eur Respir J. 2003;22(3):478-483. https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.03.00017003
https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.03.0001...
aumento pela procura dos serviços de saúde,103103 Wang G, Zhou T, Wang L, Wang L, Fu JJ, Zhang HP, et al. Relationship between current psychological symptoms and future risk of asthma outcomes: a 12-month prospective cohort study. J Asthma. 2011;48(10):1041-1050. https://doi.org/10.3109/02770903.2011.631238
https://doi.org/10.3109/02770903.2011.63...
episódios de asma quase fatal e aumento da mortalidade.104104 Heaney LG, Conway E, Kelly C, Gamble J. Prevalence of psychiatric morbidity in a difficult asthma population: relationship to asthma outcome. Respir Med. 2005;99(9):1152-1159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2005.02.013
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2005.02.0...
É possível que esses desfechos desfavoráveis estejam relacionados à falta de adesão à medicação prescrita, irregularidade no seguimento médico e manejo não adequado da asma.105105 Nishimura K, Hajiro T, Oga T, Tsukino M, Sato S, Ikeda A. A comparison of two simple measures to evaluate the health status of asthmatics: the Asthma Bother Profile and the Airways Questionnaire 20. J Asthma. 2004;41(2):141-146. https://doi.org/10.1081/JAS-120026070
https://doi.org/10.1081/JAS-120026070...

Um estudo de vida real106106 Robinson R, Barber K, Jones G, Blakey J, Burhan H. Exploring the relationship between generalised anxiety/depression scales and asthma-specific quality of life/control questionnaires in a specialist asthma clinic. J Asthma. 2021;58(7):912-920. https://doi.org/10.1080/02770903.2020.1744640
https://doi.org/10.1080/02770903.2020.17...
mostrou boa correlação de questionários de avaliação de controle da asma e de qualidade de vida com escalas de ansiedade e depressão. Por essa razão, é importante realizar uma triagem adicional para sintomas de ansiedade e depressão em asmáticos não controlados e com baixa qualidade de vida106106 Robinson R, Barber K, Jones G, Blakey J, Burhan H. Exploring the relationship between generalised anxiety/depression scales and asthma-specific quality of life/control questionnaires in a specialist asthma clinic. J Asthma. 2021;58(7):912-920. https://doi.org/10.1080/02770903.2020.1744640
https://doi.org/10.1080/02770903.2020.17...
e considerar encaminhá-los para acompanhamento em serviços especializados.

DRGE

A DRGE é uma comorbidade frequente em asmáticos graves.6868 Marques Mello L, Viana KP, Moraes Dos Santos F, Saturnino LTM, Kormann ML, Lazaridis E, et al. Severe asthma and eligibility for biologics in a Brazilian cohort. J Asthma. 2021;58(7):958-966. https://doi.org/10.1080/02770903.2020.1748049
https://doi.org/10.1080/02770903.2020.17...
,107107 Field SK, Underwood M, Brant R, Cowie RL. Prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux symptoms in asthma. Chest. 1996;109(2):316-322. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.109.2.316
https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.109.2.316...

108 Harding SM, Guzzo MR, Richter JE. The prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux in asthma patients without reflux symptoms. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000;162(1):34-39. https://doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.162.1.9907072
https://doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.162.1.990...
-109109 Moore WC, Bleecker ER, Curran-Everett D, Erzurum SC, Ameredes BT, Bacharier L, et al. Characterization of the severe asthma phenotype by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Severe Asthma Research Program. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007;119(2):405-413. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2006.11.639
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2006.11.6...
O diagnóstico é baseado na combinação de sintomas clínicos, alterações observadas na endoscopia digestiva alta e pHmetria esofagiana de 24 h, associada ou não à manometria e impedanciopHmetria esofagiana. O tratamento clínico da DRGE associada à ADC está indicado em pacientes com sintomas digestivos e inclui medidas comportamentais, tratamento farmacológico e, eventualmente, cirúrgico.110110 Gibson PG, Henry RL, Coughlan JL. Gastro-oesophageal reflux treatment for asthma in adults and children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003;(2):CD001496. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD001496
https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD00149...

Obesidade

Evidências de estudos transversais sugerem que indivíduos obesos apresentam risco aumentado para asma.111111 Souza ECC, Pizzichini MMM, Dias M, Cunha MJ, Matte DL, Karloh M, et al. Body mass index, asthma, and respiratory symptoms: a population-based study. J Bras Pneumol. 2019;46(1):e20190006. https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-3713/e20190006
https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-3713/e20190...
,112112 Azizpour Y, Delpisheh A, Montazeri Z, Sayehmiri K, Darabi B. Effect of childhood BMI on asthma: a systematic review and meta-analysis of case-control studies. BMC Pediatr. 2018;18(1):143. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-018-1093-z
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-018-1093-...
Asmáticos obesos têm asma mais grave, com pior controle da doença, pior qualidade de vida, maior número de visitas à emergência e de hospitalizações.113113 Baffi CW, Winnica DE, Holguin F. Asthma and obesity: mechanisms and clinical implications. Asthma Res Pract. 2015;1:1. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40733-015-0001-7
https://doi.org/10.1186/s40733-015-0001-...

114 Barros LL, Souza-Machado A, Corrêa LB, Santos JS, Cruz C, Leite M, et al. Obesity and poor asthma control in patients with severe asthma. J Asthma. 2011;48(2):171-176. https://doi.org/10.3109/02770903.2011.554940
https://doi.org/10.3109/02770903.2011.55...
-115115 Vortmann M, Eisner MD. BMI and health status among adults with asthma. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2008;16(1):146-152. https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2007.7
https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2007.7...
Esse comprometimento pode ser explicado por vários fatores, tais como o tipo de inflamação, comorbidades associadas à obesidade (AOS e DRGE), além de fatores da mecânica ventilatória.

Há evidências de que a obesidade aumenta a quantidade de mediadores pró-inflamatórios da asma, os quais estão associados à gordura visceral e podem levar ao aumento da HRB e do broncoespasmo.116116 Arteaga-Solis E, Zee T, Emala CW, Vinson C, Wess J, Karsenty G. Inhibition of leptin regulation of parasympathetic signaling as a cause of extreme body weight-associated asthma [published correction appears in Cell Metab. 2013 Mar 5;17(3):463-4]. Cell Metab. 2013;17(1):35-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2012.12.004
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2012.12.0...
,117117 Scott HA, Gibson PG, Garg ML, Wood LG. Airway inflammation is augmented by obesity and fatty acids in asthma. Eur Respir J. 2011;38(3):594-602. https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00139810
https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.0013981...
Estudos transversais também sugerem que asmáticos obesos têm inflamação das vias aéreas com predomínio neutrofílico.117117 Scott HA, Gibson PG, Garg ML, Wood LG. Airway inflammation is augmented by obesity and fatty acids in asthma. Eur Respir J. 2011;38(3):594-602. https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00139810
https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.0013981...
,118118 van Veen IH, Ten Brinke A, Sterk PJ, Rabe KF, Bel EH. Airway inflammation in obese and nonobese patients with difficult-to-treat asthma. Allergy. 2008;63(5):570-574. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.2007.01597.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.2007...
Esse padrão inflamatório ocorre mais em mulheres asmáticas obesas, constituindo o fenótipo asma/obesidade.7171 Moore WC, Meyers DA, Wenzel SE, Teague WG, Li H, Li X, et al. Identification of asthma phenotypes using cluster analysis in the Severe Asthma Research Program. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2010;181(4):315-323. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.200906-0896OC
https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.200906-0896...

A redução de peso deve ser incluída no plano terapêutico dos asmáticos graves obesos.119119 Adeniyi FB, Young T. Weight loss interventions for chronic asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;(7):CD009339. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD009339.pub2
https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD00933...
,120120 Okoniewski W, Lu KD, Forno E. Weight Loss for Children and Adults with Obesity and Asthma. A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2019;16(5):613-625. https://doi.org/10.1513/AnnalsATS.201810-651SR
https://doi.org/10.1513/AnnalsATS.201810...
A perda de peso pode melhorar o controle da asma, a função pulmonar (CVF) e pode também reduzir a necessidade de medicação, sem alteração de marcadores inflamatórios e de reatividade brônquica.120120 Okoniewski W, Lu KD, Forno E. Weight Loss for Children and Adults with Obesity and Asthma. A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2019;16(5):613-625. https://doi.org/10.1513/AnnalsATS.201810-651SR
https://doi.org/10.1513/AnnalsATS.201810...
,121121 Dias-Júnior SA, Reis M, de Carvalho-Pinto RM, Stelmach R, Halpern A, Cukier A. Effects of weight loss on asthma control in obese patients with severe asthma. Eur Respir J. 2014;43(5):1368-1377. https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00053413
https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.0005341...
Asmáticos obesos submetidos a dieta e atividade física que apresentaram perda de 5-10% do peso alcançaram melhor controle da asma e melhora na qualidade de vida.122122 Freitas PD, Ferreira PG, Silva AG, Stelmach R, Carvalho-Pinto RM, Fernandes FL, et al. The Role of Exercise in a Weight-Loss Program on Clinical Control in Obese Adults with Asthma. A Randomized Controlled Trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2017;195(1):32-42. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201603-0446OC
https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201603-0446...
O manejo de asmáticos obesos através da cirurgia bariátrica também resulta em melhora do controle da asma, da qualidade de vida e da função pulmonar.44 Global Initiative for Asthma [homepage on the internet]. Bethesda: Global Initiative for Asthma; c2021 [cited 2021 Jun 1]. Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention (2021 update). Available from: https://ginasthma.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/GINA-Main-Report-2021-V2-WMS.pdf
https://ginasthma.org/wp-content/uploads...
,123123 Boulet LP, Turcotte H, Martin J, Poirier P. Effect of bariatric surgery on airway response and lung function in obese subjects with asthma. Respir Med. 2012;106(5):651-660. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2011.12.012
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2011.12.0...

124 Dixon AE, Pratley RE, Forgione PM, Kaminsky DA, Whittaker-Leclair LA, Griffes LA, et al. Effects of obesity and bariatric surgery on airway hyperresponsiveness, asthma control, and inflammation. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011;128(3):508-15.e152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2011.06.009
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-125125 Upala S, Thavaraputta S, Sanguankeo A. Improvement in pulmonary function in asthmatic patients after bariatric surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2019;15(5):794-803. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soard.2018.12.018
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soard.2018.12....

A Figura 1 apresenta um fluxograma contendo as principais etapas da abordagem da ADC em adultos.

Figura 1
Fluxograma de diagnóstico e fenotipagem da asma grave. ACQ: Asthma Control Questionnaire; ACT: Asthma Control Test; DCV: disfunção de cordas vocais; DRGE: doença do refluxo gastroesofágico; AOS: apneia obstrutiva do sono; ABPA: aspergilose broncopulmonar alérgica; CI: corticoide inalatório; LABA: long-acting β2-agonist broncodilatador2-agonista de longa duração); LAMA: long-acting muscarinic antagonist (antagonista muscarínico de longa duração); CO: corticoide oral; EosEI: eosinófilos no escarro induzido; EosS: eosinófilos no sangue periférico; FeNO: fração exalada de óxido nítrico.

Biomarcadores

Os biomarcadores podem auxiliar na identificação dos diferentes fenótipos e endotipos, bem como predizer a resposta ao tratamento da asma grave.126126 Diamant Z, Vijverberg S, Alving K, Bakirtas A, Bjermer L, Custovic A, et al. Toward clinically applicable biomarkers for asthma: An EAACI position paper. Allergy. 2019;74(10):1835-1851. https://doi.org/10.1111/all.13806
https://doi.org/10.1111/all.13806...
IgE, eosinófilos no escarro induzido (EosEI) e no sangue periférico (EosS) e fração exalada de óxido nítrico (FeNO) são os biomarcadores mais utilizados como indicadores de inflamação tipo 2 (T2) alta.127127 Tiotiu A. Biomarkers in asthma: state of the art. Asthma Res Pract. 2018;4:10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40733-018-0047-4
https://doi.org/10.1186/s40733-018-0047-...

IgE

A IgE tem papel importante na patogênese da asma alérgica. A exposição de um indivíduo a um alérgeno exógeno desencadeia a ativação da cascata inflamatória com produção de diversas interleucinas (IL-4, IL-5 e IL-13), além da ativação de diferentes células. As IL-4 e IL-13 estimulam os linfócitos B a produzirem IgE.128128 Fahy JV. Type 2 inflammation in asthma--present in most, absent in many. Nat Rev Immunol. 2015;15(1):57-65. https://doi.org/10.1038/nri3786
https://doi.org/10.1038/nri3786...

O fenótipo alérgico é confirmado por história clínica associada a teste cutâneo de hipersensibilidade imediata (teste cutâneo por puntura) positivo e/ou IgE sérica específica positiva para pelo menos um aeroalérgeno. Os valores de IgE podem sofrer interferência da idade, e sua elevação pode estar associada a condições não atópicas.129129 Narendra D, Blixt J, Hanania NA. Immunological biomarkers in severe asthma. Semin Immunol. 2019;46:101332. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smim.2019.101332
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smim.2019.1013...
) O diagnóstico do fenótipo alérgico não depende do valor da IgE sérica total, embora esse valor seja utilizado para o cálculo da dose de tratamento com anti-IgE na asma grave.

EosEI e EosS

O escarro induzido (EI) é um método não invasivo que permite a quantificação do padrão de células inflamatórias nas vias aéreas,130130 Fitzpatrick AM. Biomarkers of asthma and allergic airway diseases. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2015;115(5):335-340. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anai.2015.09.003
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anai.2015.09.0...
,131131 Medrek SK, Parulekar AD, Hanania NA. Predictive Biomarkers for Asthma Therapy. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2017;17(10):69. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11882-017-0739-5
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11882-017-0739-...
possibilitando a identificação de diferentes fenótipos, embora o ponto de corte para caracterizar inflamação eosinofílica T2 alta na asma possa variar (≥ 2% ou ≥ 3%) entre os estudos.44 Global Initiative for Asthma [homepage on the internet]. Bethesda: Global Initiative for Asthma; c2021 [cited 2021 Jun 1]. Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention (2021 update). Available from: https://ginasthma.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/GINA-Main-Report-2021-V2-WMS.pdf
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,132132 Schleich FN, Manise M, Sele J, Henket M, Seidel L, Louis R. Distribution of sputum cellular phenotype in a large asthma cohort: predicting factors for eosinophilic vs neutrophilic inflammation. BMC Pulm Med. 2013;13:11. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2466-13-11
https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2466-13-11...

Um estudo utilizando o registro de asma grave na Bélgica132132 Schleich FN, Manise M, Sele J, Henket M, Seidel L, Louis R. Distribution of sputum cellular phenotype in a large asthma cohort: predicting factors for eosinophilic vs neutrophilic inflammation. BMC Pulm Med. 2013;13:11. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2466-13-11
https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2466-13-11...
mostrou que 55% e 21% dos pacientes apresentavam fenótipo eosinofílico e não eosinofílico, respectivamente. No Brasil, existem variações na prevalência dos fenótipos inflamatórios da asma grave; em uma coorte predominando o fenótipo eosinofílico7070 de Carvalho-Pinto RM, Cukier A, Angelini L, Antonangelo L, Mauad T, Dolhnikoff M, et al. Clinical characteristics and possible phenotypes of an adult severe asthma population. Respir Med. 2012;106(1):47-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2011.08.013
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2011.08.0...
e, em outra, o não eosinofílico.133133 de Farias CF, Amorim MM, Dracoulakis M, Caetano LB, Santoro IL, Fernandes AL. Nasal lavage, blood or sputum: Which is best for phenotyping asthma?. Respirology. 2017;22(4):671-677. https://doi.org/10.1111/resp.12958
https://doi.org/10.1111/resp.12958...

O aumento do percentual de EosEI (≥ 2 ou ≥ 3%) é um preditor de resposta a CI e CO,134134 Cowan DC, Taylor DR, Peterson LE, Cowan JO, Palmay R, Williamson A, et al. Biomarker-based asthma phenotypes of corticosteroid response. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2015;135(4):877-883.e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2014.10.026
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2014.10.0...
de falta de controle da doença e de maior risco de exacerbações.135135 Pizzichini MMM, Rocha CC, de Souza Tavares MG, Steidle LJM, Maureci da Silva R, Dal Pizzol F, et al. How does the GINA definition of control correlate with quality of life and sputum cellularity?. ERJ Open Res. 2019;5(1):00146-2018. https://doi.org/10.1183/23120541.00146-2018
https://doi.org/10.1183/23120541.00146-2...
A utilização de uma abordagem terapêutica para manter os EosEI abaixo de 3%, comparada com o manejo usual, reduziu o risco de exacerbações.136136 Petsky HL, Cates CJ, Lasserson TJ, Li AM, Turner C, Kynaston JA, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis: tailoring asthma treatment on eosinophilic markers (exhaled nitric oxide or sputum eosinophils). Thorax. 2012;67(3):199-208. https://doi.org/10.1136/thx.2010.135574
https://doi.org/10.1136/thx.2010.135574...

137 Green RH, Brightling CE, McKenna S, Hargadon B, Parker D, Bradding P, et al. Asthma exacerbations and sputum eosinophil counts: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2002;360(9347):1715-1721. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(02)11679-5
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(02)11...
-138138 Jayaram L, Pizzichini MM, Cook RJ, Boulet LP, Lemière C, Pizzichini E, et al. Determining asthma treatment by monitoring sputum cell counts: effect on exacerbations. Eur Respir J. 2006;27(3):483-494. https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.06.00137704
https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.06.0013...

Dificuldades para implementar o uso do EI na prática clínica resultaram na procura por outros marcadores que pudessem substituí-lo.131131 Medrek SK, Parulekar AD, Hanania NA. Predictive Biomarkers for Asthma Therapy. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2017;17(10):69. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11882-017-0739-5
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11882-017-0739-...
Nesse cenário, foi proposta a contagem de EosS, pois é mais simples, amplamente disponível e de menor custo. Embora a contagem de EosS se correlacione parcialmente com a de EosEI,139139 Wagener AH, de Nijs SB, Lutter R, Sousa AR, Weersink EJ, Bel EH, et al. External validation of blood eosinophils, FE(NO) and serum periostin as surrogates for sputum eosinophils in asthma. Thorax. 2015;70(2):115-120. https://doi.org/10.1136/thoraxjnl-2014-205634
https://doi.org/10.1136/thoraxjnl-2014-2...
a presença de eosinofilia no sangue está também associada a maior gravidade e risco aumentado de exacerbação da asma.140140 Price DB, Rigazio A, Campbell JD, Bleecker ER, Corrigan CJ, Thomas M, et al. Blood eosinophil count and prospective annual asthma disease burden: a UK cohort study. Lancet Respir Med. 2015;3(11):849-858. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(15)00367-7
https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(15)00...
) Também há evidências de que a contagem elevada de EosS está associada a melhor resposta ao tratamento com CI.141141 Silva JN, Rocha A, de Souza IA, Athanazio R, Ponte EV. Does peripheral blood eosinophil count predict lung function improvement in adult subjects with asthma? Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2021;S1081-1206(21)00413-0. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anai.2021.05.024
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anai.2021.05.0...

É necessário cautela ao interpretar a contagem de EosS, uma vez que eosinofilia sanguínea pode ser causada por diferentes morbidades,142142 Gibson PG. Variability of blood eosinophils as a biomarker in asthma and COPD. Respirology. 2018;23(1):12-13. https://doi.org/10.1111/resp.13200
https://doi.org/10.1111/resp.13200...
sofrer variação ao longo do tempo143143 Lugogo NL, Kreindler JL, Martin UJ, Cook B, Hirsch I, Trudo FJ. Blood eosinophil count group shifts and kinetics in severe eosinophilic asthma. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2020;125(2):171-176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anai.2020.04.011
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anai.2020.04.0...
e estar reduzida pelo uso de corticoides, especialmente os CO.144144 Spector SL, Tan RA. Is a single blood eosinophil count a reliable marker for "eosinophilic asthma?". J Asthma. 2012;49(8):807-810. https://doi.org/10.3109/02770903.2012.713428
https://doi.org/10.3109/02770903.2012.71...
No Brasil, um estudo controlado em indivíduos não asmáticos mostrou que os principais fatores associados com o aumento de EosS foram atopia, rinite alérgica e tabagismo.145145 Kwon N, Pizzichini E, Bansal AT, Albers FC, Barnes N, Rile JH, et al. Factors that affect blood eosinophil counts in a non-asthmatic population: Post hoc analysis of data from Brazil. World Allergy Organ J. 2020;13(5):100119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.waojou.2020.100119
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.waojou.2020.10...
) Portanto, a contagem de EosS deve ser interpretada no contexto das condições médicas e dos fatores que podem influenciar seus níveis.

Em asmáticos graves, a GINA sugere como ponto de corte de EosS ≥ 150 células/μL para a caracterização de inflamação T2 alta. Considerando a variabilidade de EosS, recomenda-se que a contagem dessas células seja realizada no mínimo em três ocasiões e sob a menor dose possível de CO.44 Global Initiative for Asthma [homepage on the internet]. Bethesda: Global Initiative for Asthma; c2021 [cited 2021 Jun 1]. Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention (2021 update). Available from: https://ginasthma.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/GINA-Main-Report-2021-V2-WMS.pdf
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FeNO

A FeNO é uma medida não invasiva que pode ser utilizada para avaliar a inflamação das vias aéreas. Seu valor elevado pode ser considerado um marcador de inflamação eosinofílica.1414 Global Initiative for Asthma [homepage on the Internet]. Bethesda: Global Initiative for Asthma; c2019 [cited 2019 Mar 1]. Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention (2019 update). [Adobe Acrobat document, 201p.]. Available from: https://ginasthma.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/GINA-2019-main-report-June2019-wms.pdf
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A elevação da FeNO e EosS frequentemente é observada de forma concomitante, embora esses biomarcadores representem diferentes aspectos da inflamação T2 alta.146146 Menzies-Gow A, Mansur AH, Brightling CE. Clinical utility of fractional exhaled nitric oxide in severe asthma management. Eur Respir J. 2020;55(3):1901633. https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.01633-2019
https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.01633-2...
O aumento do valor da FeNO correlaciona-se com maior comprometimento da função pulmonar147147 Dweik RA, Boggs PB, Erzurum SC, Irvin CG, Leigh MW, Lundberg JO, et al. An official ATS clinical practice guideline: interpretation of exhaled nitric oxide levels (FENO) for clinical applications. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;184(5):602-615. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.9120-11ST
https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.9120-11ST...
e exacerbações mais graves.148148 Mansur AH, Srivastava S, Sahal A. Disconnect of type 2 biomarkers in severe asthma; dominated by FeNO as a predictor of exacerbations and periostin as predictor of reduced lung function. Respir Med. 2018;143:31-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2018.08.005
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2018.08.0...
,149149 Price DB, Bosnic-Anticevich S, Pavord ID, Roche N, Halpin DMG, Bjermer L, et al. Association of elevated fractional exhaled nitric oxide concentration and blood eosinophil count with severe asthma exacerbations. Clin Transl Allergy. 2019;9:41. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13601-019-0282-7
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13601-019-0282-...

Há diferenças entre os pontos de corte da FeNO propostos na literatura. Algumas diretrizes consideram, em adultos, um valor da FeNO < 25 ppb como normal e > 50 ppb como elevado, sendo que valores entre 25-50 ppb devem ser interpretados em associação ao contexto clínico no momento da avaliação.147147 Dweik RA, Boggs PB, Erzurum SC, Irvin CG, Leigh MW, Lundberg JO, et al. An official ATS clinical practice guideline: interpretation of exhaled nitric oxide levels (FENO) for clinical applications. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;184(5):602-615. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.9120-11ST
https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.9120-11ST...
,150150 Heffler E, Carpagnano GE, Favero E, Guida G, Maniscalco M, Motta A, et al. Fractional Exhaled Nitric Oxide (FENO) in the management of asthma: a position paper of the Italian Respiratory Society (SIP/IRS) and Italian Society of Allergy, Asthma and Clinical Immunology (SIAAIC). Multidiscip Respir Med. 2020;15(1):36. https://doi.org/10.4081/mrm.2020.36
https://doi.org/10.4081/mrm.2020.36...
,151151 Holguin F, Cardet JC, Chung KF, Diver S, Ferreira DS, Fitzpatrick A, et al. Management of severe asthma: a European Respiratory Society/American Thoracic Society guideline. Eur Respir J. 2020;55(1):1900588. https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.00588-2019
https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.00588-2...
) A GINA, entretanto, considera um valor ≥ 20 ppb para caraterizar inflamação T2 alta.1414 Global Initiative for Asthma [homepage on the Internet]. Bethesda: Global Initiative for Asthma; c2019 [cited 2019 Mar 1]. Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention (2019 update). [Adobe Acrobat document, 201p.]. Available from: https://ginasthma.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/GINA-2019-main-report-June2019-wms.pdf
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Além da ampla variabilidade observada nos pontos de corte, outro aspecto importante é o de que o valor da FeNO pode aumentar ou diminuir frente a diversos fatores como, por exemplo, o uso de CI e/ou CO ou a falta de adesão ao tratamento.152152 Cloutier MM, Dixon AE, Krishnan JA, Lemanske RF Jr, Pace W, Schatz M. Managing Asthma in Adolescents and Adults: 2020 Asthma Guideline Update From the National Asthma Education and Prevention Program. JAMA. 2020;324(22):2301-2317. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.21974
https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.21974...

FENOTIPAGEM

A natureza heterogênea e complexa da asma grave, com processos fisiopatológicos díspares, sinaliza diferentes fenótipos, cuja identificação pode representar uma oportunidade de terapia-alvo bem sucedida.11 Ray A, Camiolo M, Fitzpatrick A, Gauthier M, Wenzel SE. Are We Meeting the Promise of Endotypes and Precision Medicine in Asthma?. Physiol Rev. 2020;100(3):983-1017. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00023.2019
https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00023.20...
O termo fenótipo refere-se às características observáveis de um organismo, resultantes da interação de seu genótipo com o ambiente.

A fenotipagem baseada na celularidade da resposta inflamatória resultou no reconhecimento de dois fenótipos principais de asma, ou seja, asma eosinofílica e asma não eosinofílica. O padrão inflamatório da asma não eosinofílica pode ser neutrofílico ou paucigranulocítico.153153 Israel E, Reddel HK. Severe and Difficult-to-Treat Asthma in Adults. N Engl J Med. 2017;377(10):965-976. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1608969
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1608969...
O fenótipo eosinofílico é o mais comum, sendo encontrado na maioria dos asmáticos virgens de tratamento (70%)154154 Lee VS, Pizzichini MMM, Marques LJ, Ferreira SC, Pizzichini E. Airway inflammation in steroid-naïve asthmatics: characteristics of induced sputum. J Bras Pneumol. 2003;29(4):188-195. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-35862003000400005. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-35862003000400005
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-3586200300...
,155155 Louis R, Sele J, Henket M, et al. Sputum eosinophil count in a large population of patients with mild to moderate steroid-naive asthma: distribution and relationship with methacholine bronchial hyperresponsiveness. Allergy. 2002;57(10):907-912. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1398-9995.2002.23608.x
https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1398-9995.2002...
e em metade daqueles em tratamento com corticoides.132132 Schleich FN, Manise M, Sele J, Henket M, Seidel L, Louis R. Distribution of sputum cellular phenotype in a large asthma cohort: predicting factors for eosinophilic vs neutrophilic inflammation. BMC Pulm Med. 2013;13:11. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2466-13-11
https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2466-13-11...
,156156 Gibson PG, Fujimura M, Niimi A. Eosinophilic bronchitis: clinical manifestations and implications for treatment. Thorax. 2002;57(2):178-182. https://doi.org/10.1136/thorax.57.2.178
https://doi.org/10.1136/thorax.57.2.178...

A asma grave ainda pode ser caracterizada de acordo com o fenótipo molecular (endotipo), o qual se relaciona à identificação de uma via fisiopatológica específica, responsável pelo fenótipo. Para que um endotipo tenha utilidade clínica esse deve ser caracterizado pelas seguintes características: mecanismo molecular plausível; estabilidade longitudinal; correlação com desfechos clínicos relevantes; associação a um biomarcador que caracterize essa via fisiopatológica e que possa ser mensurado na prática; e resposta à terapêutica-alvo.11 Ray A, Camiolo M, Fitzpatrick A, Gauthier M, Wenzel SE. Are We Meeting the Promise of Endotypes and Precision Medicine in Asthma?. Physiol Rev. 2020;100(3):983-1017. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00023.2019
https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00023.20...

O endotipo mais bem caracterizado é o perfil inflamatório T2 alto, resultante da interação das imunidades adaptativa e inata.157157 Busse WW, Kraft M, Rabe KF, Deniz Y, Rowe PJ, Ruddy M, et al. Understanding the key issues in the treatment of uncontrolled persistent asthma with type 2 inflammation. Eur Respir J. 2021;58(2):2003393. https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.03393-2020
https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.03393-2...
Esse endotipo foi inicialmente denominado Th2 alto em função do reconhecimento do papel fundamental dos linfócitos Th2 na resposta inflamatória adaptativa da asma, com produção de IL-4, IL-5 e IL-13 (Figura 2). Entretanto, essa terminologia evoluiu para T2 alto após a identificação de que a imunidade inata, por meio de group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2, células linfoides inatas do grupo 2), também desempenha importante papel nessa via inflamatória, produzindo grandes quantidades de IL-5 e IL-13.158158 Lambrecht BN, Hammad H, Fahy JV. The Cytokines of Asthma. Immunity. 2019;50(4):975-991. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2019.03.018
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2019.03...
,159159 Peters MC, Wenzel SE. Intersection of biology and therapeutics: type 2 targeted therapeutics for adult asthma. Lancet. 2020;395(10221):371-383. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)33005-3
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)33...

Figura 2
Mecanismos inflamatórios da asma de fenótipo T2 alto. A figura representa esquematicamente as principais células e citocinas envolvidas na resposta inflamatória adaptativa e inata do fenótipo T2 alto na asma grave. Em indivíduos geneticamente suscetíveis, a inalação de alérgenos (imunidade adaptativa) ou de fumaças, bactérias e vírus (imunidade inata) inicia e perpetua a cascata inflamatória T2 alto. TSLP: thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP, linfopoietina do estroma tímico); TCR: T-cell receptor (receptor de células T); MHC2: major histocompatibility complex class 2 (complexo principal de histocompatibilidade classe 2); GATA3: fator de transcrição codificado pelo gene GATA3; ILC2: group 2 innate lymphoid cells (células linfoides inatas do grupo 2); PGD2: prostaglandina D2; ECP: eosinophil cationic protein (proteína eosinofílica catiônica); MBP: major basic protein (proteína básica principal); e EPO: eosinophil peroxidase (peroxidase eosinofílica).

A resposta inflamatória T2 alta é mediada não apenas por linfócitos Th2 e ILC2, mas também por linfócitos B produtores de IgE, eosinófilos, mastócitos e basófilos.128128 Fahy JV. Type 2 inflammation in asthma--present in most, absent in many. Nat Rev Immunol. 2015;15(1):57-65. https://doi.org/10.1038/nri3786
https://doi.org/10.1038/nri3786...
,158158 Lambrecht BN, Hammad H, Fahy JV. The Cytokines of Asthma. Immunity. 2019;50(4):975-991. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2019.03.018
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2019.03...
A predominância da via inata ou da via adaptativa na resposta inflamatória da asma varia com o fenótipo alérgico e não alérgico.160160 Porsbjerg CM, Sverrild A, Lloyd CM, Menzies-Gow AN, Bel EH. Anti-alarmins in asthma: targeting the airway epithelium with next-generation biologics. Eur Respir J. 2020;56(5):2000260. https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.00260-2020
https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.00260-2...

A IL-4 é fundamental para a maturação de linfócitos naïve para linfócitos Th2 e para a mudança de linfócitos B em produtores de IgE. A IgE se liga a receptores de alta afinidade existentes nos basófilos e mastócitos, promovendo sua desgranulação com liberação de diversos mediadores pró-inflamatórios.161161 Gould HJ, Sutton BJ. IgE in allergy and asthma today. Nat Rev Immunol. 2008;8(3):205-217. https://doi.org/10.1038/nri2273
https://doi.org/10.1038/nri2273...
Α IL-5 é responsável pelo recrutamento, maturação, ativação e sobrevida dos eosinófilos, os quais secretam diversas citocinas e quimiocinas pró-inflamatórias.128128 Fahy JV. Type 2 inflammation in asthma--present in most, absent in many. Nat Rev Immunol. 2015;15(1):57-65. https://doi.org/10.1038/nri3786
https://doi.org/10.1038/nri3786...
A IL-13 promove fibrose e remodelamento da musculatura lisa e, em conjunto com a IL-4, regula a produção de IgE e induz a hiperplasia das células caliciformes com aumento da produção de muco. Mastócitos produzem prostaglandina D2, que se liga ao seu receptor em linfócitos Th2, levando à liberação de IL-5 e IL-9, que aumentam a produção de muco.128128 Fahy JV. Type 2 inflammation in asthma--present in most, absent in many. Nat Rev Immunol. 2015;15(1):57-65. https://doi.org/10.1038/nri3786
https://doi.org/10.1038/nri3786...
,160160 Porsbjerg CM, Sverrild A, Lloyd CM, Menzies-Gow AN, Bel EH. Anti-alarmins in asthma: targeting the airway epithelium with next-generation biologics. Eur Respir J. 2020;56(5):2000260. https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.00260-2020
https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.00260-2...
,162162 Hall S, Agrawal DK. Key mediators in the immunopathogenesis of allergic asthma. Int Immunopharmacol. 2014;23(1):316-329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2014.05.034
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2014.05...
) A IL-4 e IL-13 também induzem a expressão de moléculas de adesão no endotélio vascular e, dessa forma, promovem a transmigração dos eosinófilos da corrente sanguínea para o tecido das vias aéreas, resultando em acúmulo na mucosa brônquica.163163 Doran E, Cai F, Holweg CTJ, Wong K, Brumm J, Arron JR. Interleukin-13 in Asthma and Other Eosinophilic Disorders. Front Med (Lausanne). 2017;4:139. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2017.00139
https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2017.00139...

Adicionalmente, o dano do epitélio das vias aéreas, interface dos ambientes externo e interno, leva ao aumento da expressão e liberação de IL-33, IL-25 e thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP, linfopoietina do estroma tímico), que estimulam ILC2 a produzirem IL-4 e IL-13 (Figura 2). As citocinas epiteliais, também denominadas de alarminas, desempenham importante papel mediador da resposta inflamatória frente a diferentes estímulos externos (alérgenos, vírus, bactérias, fumaça e poluentes, entre outros).128128 Fahy JV. Type 2 inflammation in asthma--present in most, absent in many. Nat Rev Immunol. 2015;15(1):57-65. https://doi.org/10.1038/nri3786
https://doi.org/10.1038/nri3786...
,158158 Lambrecht BN, Hammad H, Fahy JV. The Cytokines of Asthma. Immunity. 2019;50(4):975-991. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2019.03.018
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2019.03...
,160160 Porsbjerg CM, Sverrild A, Lloyd CM, Menzies-Gow AN, Bel EH. Anti-alarmins in asthma: targeting the airway epithelium with next-generation biologics. Eur Respir J. 2020;56(5):2000260. https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.00260-2020
https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.00260-2...
,164164 McGregor MC, Krings JG, Nair P, Castro M. Role of Biologics in Asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019;199(4):433-445. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201810-1944CI
https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201810-1944...
,165165 van Rijt L, von Richthofen H, van Ree R. Type 2 innate lymphoid cells: at the cross-roads in allergic asthma. Semin Immunopathol. 2016;38(4):483-496. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00281-016-0556-2
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00281-016-0556-...
Paralelamente, ocorre reparo inadequado do dano epitelial resultando em remodelamento das vias aéreas. O remodelamento, por sua vez, leva ao aumento de mediadores pró-inflamatórios, resultando em mais inflamação e dano epitelial (Figura 2).157157 Busse WW, Kraft M, Rabe KF, Deniz Y, Rowe PJ, Ruddy M, et al. Understanding the key issues in the treatment of uncontrolled persistent asthma with type 2 inflammation. Eur Respir J. 2021;58(2):2003393. https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.03393-2020
https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.03393-2...
)

O endotipo T2 alto é caracterizado por elevada expressão de IL-4, IL-5 e IL-13, eosinofilia em vias aéreas e sangue, disfunção do epitélio das vias aéreas e produção de IgE no fenótipo alérgico.11 Ray A, Camiolo M, Fitzpatrick A, Gauthier M, Wenzel SE. Are We Meeting the Promise of Endotypes and Precision Medicine in Asthma?. Physiol Rev. 2020;100(3):983-1017. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00023.2019
https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00023.20...
,158158 Lambrecht BN, Hammad H, Fahy JV. The Cytokines of Asthma. Immunity. 2019;50(4):975-991. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2019.03.018
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2019.03...
Isso resulta em HRB, obstrução ao fluxo aéreo e exacerbações. O endotipo T2 alto é caracterizado pelo aumento de biomarcadores como EosEI, EosS e FeNO.157157 Busse WW, Kraft M, Rabe KF, Deniz Y, Rowe PJ, Ruddy M, et al. Understanding the key issues in the treatment of uncontrolled persistent asthma with type 2 inflammation. Eur Respir J. 2021;58(2):2003393. https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.03393-2020
https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.03393-2...
Esse endotipo corresponde a 50-75% dos casos de asma grave.166166 Woodruff PG, Modrek B, Choy DF, Jia G, Abbas AR, Ellwanger A, et al. T-helper type 2-driven inflammation defines major subphenotypes of asthma [published correction appears in Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2009 Oct 15;180(8):796]. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2009;180(5):388-395. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.200903-0392OC
https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.200903-0392...
,167167 Jackson DJ, Busby J, Pfeffer PE, Menzies-Gow A, Brown T, Gore R, et al. Characterisation of patients with severe asthma in the UK Severe Asthma Registry in the biologic era. Thorax. 2021;76(3):220-227. https://doi.org/10.1136/thoraxjnl-2020-215168
https://doi.org/10.1136/thoraxjnl-2020-2...

Já o endotipo T2 baixo, ainda não completamente definido, é caracterizado pela ausência de resposta inflamatória T2 alta. Sua fisiopatologia está apenas parcialmente compreendida e possivelmente está associada à ativação das imunidades inata e adquirida. O endotipo T2 baixo inclui a asma neutrofílica e a paucigranulocítica.168168 Hinks TSC, Levine SJ, Brusselle GG. Treatment options in type-2 low asthma. Eur Respir J. 2021;57(1):2000528. https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.00528-2020
https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.00528-2...
Nesses indivíduos, a interação gene e gatilhos externos pode resultar na produção de alarminas (IL-33 e TSLP), que estimulam linfócitos Th17 a produzirem IL-6, IL-8 e IL-17, as quais desempenham um papel importante na atração e estimulação de neutrófilos. Adicionalmente, pode ocorrer a ativação de linfócitos Th1 que, através da produção de TNF-α e INF-γ, também estimulam a inflamação neutrofílica.153153 Israel E, Reddel HK. Severe and Difficult-to-Treat Asthma in Adults. N Engl J Med. 2017;377(10):965-976. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1608969
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1608969...

Asma grave eosinofílica alérgica

Pacientes com asma eosinofílica alérgica são atópicos, com obstrução variável ao fluxo aéreo e resposta broncodilatadora. Também apresentam boa resposta a CI e inflamação eosinofílica associada a aumento da IgE sérica total e/ou aumento da FeNO (≥ 20 ppb).11 Ray A, Camiolo M, Fitzpatrick A, Gauthier M, Wenzel SE. Are We Meeting the Promise of Endotypes and Precision Medicine in Asthma?. Physiol Rev. 2020;100(3):983-1017. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00023.2019
https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00023.20...
,153153 Israel E, Reddel HK. Severe and Difficult-to-Treat Asthma in Adults. N Engl J Med. 2017;377(10):965-976. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1608969
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1608969...
Na forma grave da asma, apresentam exacerbações frequentes, e a resposta a CI em dose alta, com ou sem uso de CO, nem sempre é satisfatória, podendo a reversibilidade ao fluxo aéreo ser incompleta.

Esse fenótipo deve ser confirmado por documentação objetiva de atopia (teste cutâneo por puntura e/ou IgE específica no sangue periférico), do aumento do percentual de EosEI (≥ 2-3%) e/ou EosS (≥ 150 células/μL).44 Global Initiative for Asthma [homepage on the internet]. Bethesda: Global Initiative for Asthma; c2021 [cited 2021 Jun 1]. Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention (2021 update). Available from: https://ginasthma.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/GINA-Main-Report-2021-V2-WMS.pdf
https://ginasthma.org/wp-content/uploads...

Do ponto de vista fisiopatológico, o processo inflamatório das vias aéreas na asma alérgica T2 alta inicia-se pela exposição repetida do epitélio a alérgenos inalados, o que, em pessoas geneticamente suscetíveis, desencadeia a resposta inflamatória predominantemente mediada por linfócitos Th2, linfócitos B produtores de IgE, eosinófilos, mastócitos e basófilos.128128 Fahy JV. Type 2 inflammation in asthma--present in most, absent in many. Nat Rev Immunol. 2015;15(1):57-65. https://doi.org/10.1038/nri3786
https://doi.org/10.1038/nri3786...
Nessa via inflamatória, células dendríticas apresentam antígenos inalatórios a linfócitos T naïve os quais, por sua vez, transformam-se em linfócitos Th2 e passam a produzir IL-4, IL-5 e IL-13. A IL-4 estimula a mudança de linfócitos B (Figura 2), que passam a produzir IgE. Essa se liga a receptores de alta afinidade para IgE, presentes nos mastócitos e basófilos que liberam mediadores inflamatórios (leucotrienos, prostaglandina e histamina).169169 Brusselle G, Bracke K. Targeting immune pathways for therapy in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2014;11 Suppl 5:S322-S328. https://doi.org/10.1513/AnnalsATS.201403-118AW
https://doi.org/10.1513/AnnalsATS.201403...

Asma grave eosinofílica não alérgica

Pacientes com asma eosinofílica não alérgica, em geral, têm asma de início tardio associada à inflamação eosinofílica, mas não à atopia. Esse fenótipo predomina no sexo feminino e em asmáticos com rinossinusite crônica com ou sem polipose nasal e/ou obesidade. Além disso, esses pacientes tendem a apresentar limitação mais grave ao fluxo aéreo, exacerbações frequentes e menor resposta aos corticoides.11 Ray A, Camiolo M, Fitzpatrick A, Gauthier M, Wenzel SE. Are We Meeting the Promise of Endotypes and Precision Medicine in Asthma?. Physiol Rev. 2020;100(3):983-1017. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00023.2019
https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00023.20...
,153153 Israel E, Reddel HK. Severe and Difficult-to-Treat Asthma in Adults. N Engl J Med. 2017;377(10):965-976. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1608969
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1608969...
,158158 Lambrecht BN, Hammad H, Fahy JV. The Cytokines of Asthma. Immunity. 2019;50(4):975-991. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2019.03.018
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2019.03...
O fenótipo da asma grave eosinofílica não alérgica é confirmado pelo aumento do percentual de EosEI (≥ 2-3%) e/ou de EosS (≥ 150 células/μL) na ausência de parâmetros para atopia.

Na asma grave eosinofílica não alérgica, as ILC2 desempenham um papel importante (Figura 2). Gatilhos não alérgicos, como poluentes ambientais ou ocupacionais, irritantes ou micróbios, estimulam as células epiteliais das vias aéreas a produzirem alarminas (TSLP, IL-33 e IL-25) que, ao ativarem as ILC2, estimulam a produção de IL-5 e IL-13 que induzem a inflamação eosinofílica.153153 Israel E, Reddel HK. Severe and Difficult-to-Treat Asthma in Adults. N Engl J Med. 2017;377(10):965-976. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1608969
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1608969...
,169169 Brusselle G, Bracke K. Targeting immune pathways for therapy in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2014;11 Suppl 5:S322-S328. https://doi.org/10.1513/AnnalsATS.201403-118AW
https://doi.org/10.1513/AnnalsATS.201403...

Asma grave não eosinofílica

O endotipo asma T2 baixo inclui um grupo heterogêneo de asmáticos. Em geral, a doença é de início tardio, bastante sintomática, sem atopia, frequentemente associada à obesidade e responde mal aos corticoides.

A prevalência dos fenótipos da asma grave não eosinofílica (neutrofílica ou paucigranulocítica) varia entre 30% e 50%.167167 Jackson DJ, Busby J, Pfeffer PE, Menzies-Gow A, Brown T, Gore R, et al. Characterisation of patients with severe asthma in the UK Severe Asthma Registry in the biologic era. Thorax. 2021;76(3):220-227. https://doi.org/10.1136/thoraxjnl-2020-215168
https://doi.org/10.1136/thoraxjnl-2020-2...
,170170 Schleich F, Brusselle G, Louis R, Vandenplas O, Michils A, Pilette C, et al. Heterogeneity of phenotypes in severe asthmatics. The Belgian Severe Asthma Registry (BSAR). Respir Med. 2014;108(12):1723-1732. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2014.10.007
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2014.10.0...
A ausência das características inflamatórias T2 pode ser decorrente de diversos fatores não relacionados ao endotipo da asma. Por isso, recomenda-se que o diagnóstico da asma grave não eosinofílica seja feito somente após a exclusão de situações que possam interferir na eosinofilia, como efeito do tratamento com corticoide,137137 Green RH, Brightling CE, McKenna S, Hargadon B, Parker D, Bradding P, et al. Asthma exacerbations and sputum eosinophil counts: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2002;360(9347):1715-1721. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(02)11679-5
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(02)11...
,138138 Jayaram L, Pizzichini MM, Cook RJ, Boulet LP, Lemière C, Pizzichini E, et al. Determining asthma treatment by monitoring sputum cell counts: effect on exacerbations. Eur Respir J. 2006;27(3):483-494. https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.06.00137704
https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.06.0013...
,171171 Cowan DC, Cowan JO, Palmay R, Williamson A, Taylor DR. Effects of steroid therapy on inflammatory cell subtypes in asthma. Thorax. 2010;65(5):384-390. https://doi.org/10.1136/thx.2009.126722
https://doi.org/10.1136/thx.2009.126722...
infecções recentes172172 Fahy JV, Kim KW, Liu J, Boushey HA. Prominent neutrophilic inflammation in sputum from subjects with asthma exacerbation. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1995;95(4):843-852. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0091-6749(95)70128-1
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0091-6749(95)70...
,173173 Pizzichini MM, Pizzichini E, Efthimiadis A, Chauhan AJ, Johnston SL, Hussack P, et al. Asthma and natural colds. Inflammatory indices in induced sputum: a feasibility study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1998;158(4):1178-1184. https://doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.158.4.9712082
https://doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.158.4.971...
e exposição a irritantes ocupacionais ou poluentes.174174 Douwes J, Gibson P, Pekkanen J, Pearce N. Non-eosinophilic asthma: importance and possible mechanisms. Thorax. 2002;57(7):643-648. https://doi.org/10.1136/thorax.57.7.643
https://doi.org/10.1136/thorax.57.7.643...
,175175 Sze E, Bhalla A, Nair P. Mechanisms and therapeutic strategies for non-T2 asthma. Allergy. 2020;75(2):311-325. https://doi.org/10.1111/all.13985
https://doi.org/10.1111/all.13985...

Asma neutrofílica

Asma neutrofílica, cuja fisiopatologia é pouco conhecida, também envolve as imunidades inata e adaptativa. O diagnóstico de asma neutrofílica é comprovado pelo EI em mais de uma ocasião, confirmando ausência de eosinofilia e presença de neutrofilia (≥ 40-70%).153153 Israel E, Reddel HK. Severe and Difficult-to-Treat Asthma in Adults. N Engl J Med. 2017;377(10):965-976. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1608969
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1608969...
,176176 Carr TF, Zeki AA, Kraft M. Eosinophilic and Noneosinophilic Asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2018;197(1):22-37. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201611-2232PP
https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201611-2232...
O EI neutrofílico comumente está associado a infecções respiratórias frequentes, tabagismo, exposição a poluentes ambientais ou ocupacionais e, em alguns casos, ao tratamento crônico com corticoides.153153 Israel E, Reddel HK. Severe and Difficult-to-Treat Asthma in Adults. N Engl J Med. 2017;377(10):965-976. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1608969
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1608969...
Em indivíduos portadores de asma neutrofílica, a interação gene e gatilhos externos resulta na produção de alarminas (IL-33 e TSLP), que estimulam linfócitos Th17 a produzirem IL-6, IL-8 e IL-17, que desempenham papel importante na atração e estimulação de neutrófilos. Adicionalmente, pode ocorrer a ativação de linfócitos Th1 que, através da produção de TNF-α e INF-γ, também promovem inflamação neutrofílica.153153 Israel E, Reddel HK. Severe and Difficult-to-Treat Asthma in Adults. N Engl J Med. 2017;377(10):965-976. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1608969
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1608969...

O diagnóstico diferencial da asma neutrofílica inclui infecções bacterianas persistentes das vias aéreas, micobacteriose não tuberculosa, fibrose cística, discinesia ciliar primária, bronquiectasias, imunodeficiência primária, tabagismo e DPOC.168168 Hinks TSC, Levine SJ, Brusselle GG. Treatment options in type-2 low asthma. Eur Respir J. 2021;57(1):2000528. https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.00528-2020
https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.00528-2...

Asma paucigranulocítica

A asma paucigranulocítica é infrequente. O diagnóstico é feito pela ausência de eosinofilia e neutrofilia no EI. Esse padrão não exclui inflamação das vias aéreas, já que esse fenótipo é acompanhado de hipertrofia da musculatura lisa, remodelamento, hiperplasia de células caliciformes e HRB.153153 Israel E, Reddel HK. Severe and Difficult-to-Treat Asthma in Adults. N Engl J Med. 2017;377(10):965-976. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1608969
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1608969...

TRATAMENTO FARMACOLÓGICO DA ASMA GRAVE EM ADULTOS

Nos últimos anos, ocorreram mudanças importantes no manejo da asma grave em paralelo ao melhor entendimento da fisiopatologia e fenotipagem da doença. As recomendações atuais22020 Brazilian Thoracic Association recommendations for the management of asthma. J Bras Pneumol. 2020;46(1):e20190307. https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-3713/e20190307
https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-3713/e20190...
,1414 Global Initiative for Asthma [homepage on the Internet]. Bethesda: Global Initiative for Asthma; c2019 [cited 2019 Mar 1]. Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention (2019 update). [Adobe Acrobat document, 201p.]. Available from: https://ginasthma.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/GINA-2019-main-report-June2019-wms.pdf
https://ginasthma.org/wp-content/uploads...
,151151 Holguin F, Cardet JC, Chung KF, Diver S, Ferreira DS, Fitzpatrick A, et al. Management of severe asthma: a European Respiratory Society/American Thoracic Society guideline. Eur Respir J. 2020;55(1):1900588. https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.00588-2019
https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.00588-2...
de tratamento da asma grave incluem como tratamento preferencial doses altas de CI + LABA. No caso de paciente não controlado pode-se associar LAMA e/ou imunobiológico.

LAMA

LAMA são medicamentos broncodilatadores de longa duração que atuam inibindo os receptores muscarínicos da acetilcolina localizados nas vias aéreas. Consequentemente, causam relaxamento, diminuição do tônus da musculatura brônquica e diminuição da secreção de muco.177177 Cazzola M, Rogliani P, Matera MG. The latest on the role of LAMAs in asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2020;146(6):1288-1291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2020.06.014
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2020.06.0...
Diversos LAMA (brometos de tiotrópio, aclidínio, glicopirrônio e umeclidínio) estão disponíveis ou em estudo para o tratamento da asma.

Brometo de tiotrópio

No presente, o brometo de tiotrópio é o único LAMA aprovado para uso no Brasil para o tratamento da asma. Evidências para a indicação de tiotrópio como tratamento adicional da asma moderada a grave não controlada (etapas IV e V) são oriundas de estudos randomizados controlados (ERC) em adultos e adolescentes,178178 Kerstjens HA, Disse B, Schröder-Babo W, Bantje TA, Gahlemann M, Sigmund R, et al. Tiotropium improves lung function in patients with severe uncontrolled asthma: a randomized controlled trial. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011;128(2):308-314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2011.04.039
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2011.04.0...

179 Kerstjens HA, Engel M, Dahl R, Paggiaro P, Beck E, Vandewalker M, et al. Tiotropium in asthma poorly controlled with standard combination therapy. N Engl J Med. 2012;367(13):1198-1207. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1208606
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1208606...
-180180 Hamelmann E, Bernstein JA, Vandewalker M, Moroni-Zentgraf P, Verri D, Unseld A, et al. A randomised controlled trial of tiotropium in adolescents with severe symptomatic asthma. Eur Respir J. 2017;49(1):1601100. https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.01100-2016
https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.01100-2...
assim como em crianças.181181 Szefler SJ, Murphy K, Harper T 3rd, Boner A, Laki I, Engel M, et al. A phase III randomized controlled trial of tiotropium add-on therapy in children with severe symptomatic asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2017;140(5):1277-1287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2017.01.014
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2017.01.0...
Em adultos com asma grave não controlada, a adição de tiotrópio aumentou significativamente a função pulmonar e diminuiu as exacerbações.182182 Halpin DMG, Hamelmann EH, Frith PA, Moroni-Zentgraf PM, van Hecke B, Unseld A, et al. Comparative Responses in Lung Function Measurements with Tiotropium in Adolescents and Adults, and Across Asthma Severities: A Post Hoc Analysis. Pulm Ther. 2020;6(1):131-140. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41030-020-00113-w
https://doi.org/10.1007/s41030-020-00113...
Esse efeito foi similar em dois outros estudos em adolescentes178178 Kerstjens HA, Disse B, Schröder-Babo W, Bantje TA, Gahlemann M, Sigmund R, et al. Tiotropium improves lung function in patients with severe uncontrolled asthma: a randomized controlled trial. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011;128(2):308-314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2011.04.039
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2011.04.0...
e crianças179179 Kerstjens HA, Engel M, Dahl R, Paggiaro P, Beck E, Vandewalker M, et al. Tiotropium in asthma poorly controlled with standard combination therapy. N Engl J Med. 2012;367(13):1198-1207. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1208606
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1208606...
com asma grave. Em adultos, esses resultados foram independentes das características basais183183 Casale TB, Aalbers R, Bleecker ER, Meltzer EO, Zaremba-Pechmann L, de la Hoz A, et al. Tiotropium Respimat(r) add-on therapy to inhaled corticosteroids in patients with symptomatic asthma improves clinical outcomes regardless of baseline characteristics. Respir Med. 2019;158:97-109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2019.09.014
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2019.09.0...
e dos níveis de eosinófilos e IgE sérica.184184 Casale TB, Bateman ED, Vandewalker M, Virchow JC, Schmidt H, Engel M, et al. Tiotropium Respimat Add-on Is Efficacious in Symptomatic Asthma, Independent of T2 Phenotype. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2018;6(3):923-935.e9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2017.08.037
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2017.08.0...

O tiotrópio está aprovado para o tratamento da asma na dose de 5 µg/dia a partir dos 6 anos de idade. Seu uso está indicado como medicação adicional para asmáticos com doença não controlada que já estejam recebendo dose moderada ou alta de CI + LABA (etapa IV ou V).22020 Brazilian Thoracic Association recommendations for the management of asthma. J Bras Pneumol. 2020;46(1):e20190307. https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-3713/e20190307
https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-3713/e20190...
,44 Global Initiative for Asthma [homepage on the internet]. Bethesda: Global Initiative for Asthma; c2021 [cited 2021 Jun 1]. Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention (2021 update). Available from: https://ginasthma.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/GINA-Main-Report-2021-V2-WMS.pdf
https://ginasthma.org/wp-content/uploads...
O tiotrópio mostrou ser uma droga segura quando adicionada a outros medicamentos no tratamento da asma.178178 Kerstjens HA, Disse B, Schröder-Babo W, Bantje TA, Gahlemann M, Sigmund R, et al. Tiotropium improves lung function in patients with severe uncontrolled asthma: a randomized controlled trial. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011;128(2):308-314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2011.04.039
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2011.04.0...

Outros LAMA

Evidências de ERC sugerem que outras associações de CI + LABA ou LABA de ultralonga duração (indacaterol e vilanterol) + LAMA (umeclidínio e glicopirrônio) podem ser opções de tratamento para asma grave.(185-187)

Imunobiológicos

No Brasil, quatro imunobiológicos estão aprovados para uso no tratamento da asma grave (omalizumabe, mepolizumabe, benralizumabe e dupilumabe). Considerando a heterogeneidade e a complexidade da asma grave e o pressuposto de que a droga escolhida deva ser dirigida para um determinado fenótipo/endotipo (Quadro 1), essa abordagem requer experiência. Adicionalmente, o tratamento com imunobiológicos depende de diferenças no sistema local de saúde, políticas de reembolso e acessibilidade, devendo, por isso, ser conduzido por especialistas.

Quadro 1
Endotipos, fenótipos e biomarcadores.

Omalizumabe

O omalizumabe é um anticorpo monoclonal humanizado anti-IgE que age inibindo a ligação da IgE livre ao seu receptor de alta afinidade na membrana de mastócitos e basófilos. Através desse mecanismo de ação, a IgE formada não consegue atuar nas células efetoras, bloqueando a desgranulação e a consequente liberação de mediadores inflamatórios. Também promove downregulation (regulação ou modulação negativa)188188 Domingo C. Omalizumab for severe asthma: efficacy beyond the atopic patient?. Drugs. 2014;74(5):521-533. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40265-014-0203-y
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40265-014-0203-...
desses receptores de membrana, tornando-os menos numerosos. O omalizumabe não altera a produção de IgE, mas bloqueia a IgE livre circulante formando imunocomplexos que serão eliminados pelo sistema retículo-endotelial.189189 Pelaia C, Calabrese C, Terracciano R, de Blasio F, Vatrella A, Pelaia G. Omalizumab, the first available antibody for biological treatment of severe asthma: more than a decade of real-life effectiveness. Ther Adv Respir Dis. 2018;12:1753466618810192. https://doi.org/10.1177/1753466618810192
https://doi.org/10.1177/1753466618810192...
Está indicado na etapa V para o tratamento da asma alérgica grave.22020 Brazilian Thoracic Association recommendations for the management of asthma. J Bras Pneumol. 2020;46(1):e20190307. https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-3713/e20190307
https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-3713/e20190...
,1414 Global Initiative for Asthma [homepage on the Internet]. Bethesda: Global Initiative for Asthma; c2019 [cited 2019 Mar 1]. Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention (2019 update). [Adobe Acrobat document, 201p.]. Available from: https://ginasthma.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/GINA-2019-main-report-June2019-wms.pdf
https://ginasthma.org/wp-content/uploads...
,151151 Holguin F, Cardet JC, Chung KF, Diver S, Ferreira DS, Fitzpatrick A, et al. Management of severe asthma: a European Respiratory Society/American Thoracic Society guideline. Eur Respir J. 2020;55(1):1900588. https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.00588-2019
https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.00588-2...

Eficácia e efetividade

Os estudos pivotais com omalizumabe foram realizados quando a compreensão de asma grave diferia da atual. O estudo mais importante e que se aproxima dos conceitos hoje utilizados é o de Humbert et al.,190190 Humbert M, Beasley R, Ayres J, Slavin R, Hébert J, Bousquet J, et al. Benefits of omalizumab as add-on therapy in patients with severe persistent asthma who are inadequately controlled despite best available therapy (GINA 2002 step 4 treatment): INNOVATE. Allergy. 2005;60(3):309-316. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.2004.00772.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.2004...
no qual a adição de omalizumabe à combinação de CI em dose alta com LABA reduziu em 26% as exacerbações e melhorou a qualidade de vida. Entretanto, um estudo de vida real191191 Humbert M, Taillé C, Mala L, Le Gros V, Just J, Molimard M, et al. Omalizumab effectiveness in patients with severe allergic asthma according to blood eosinophil count: the STELLAIR study. Eur Respir J. 2018;51(5):1702523. https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.02523-2017
https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.02523-2...
mostrou que a adição de omalizumabe ao tratamento de asma grave causou uma redução de 50-60% na taxa de exacerbação e de 50% na dose de CO.

Uma revisão sistemática192192 Normansell R, Walker S, Milan SJ, Walters EH, Nair P. Omalizumab for asthma in adults and children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(1):CD003559. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD003559.pub4
https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD00355...
que incluiu 25 ERC em pacientes com asma alérgica moderada a grave mostrou que o omalizumabe comparado a placebo reduziu exacerbações e o número de hospitalizações e permitiu uma pequena redução da dose de CI. Outra revisão193193 MacDonald KM, Kavati A, Ortiz B, Alhossan A, Lee CS, Abraham I. Short- and long-term real-world effectiveness of omalizumab in severe allergic asthma: systematic review of 42 studies published 2008-2018. Expert Rev Clin Immunol. 2019;15(5):553-569. https://doi.org/10.1080/1744666X.2019.1574571
https://doi.org/10.1080/1744666X.2019.15...
que incluiu 42 estudos de vida real em asmáticos adultos e crianças mostrou que a adição de omalizumabe melhorou o controle da asma, reduziu visitas à emergência e hospitalizações, assim como a dose de CI (média de redução de 32% na dose de CI). Em média, 83% dos pacientes conseguiram reduzir ou eliminar o uso de CO.

Preditores de resposta

Não há um preditor ou desfecho único de resposta ao tratamento, embora pacientes com EosS e FeNO elevados tendam a ter melhor resposta.194194 Hanania NA, Wenzel S, Rosén K, Hsieh HJ, Mosesova S, Choy DF, et al. Exploring the effects of omalizumab in allergic asthma: an analysis of biomarkers in the EXTRA study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2013;187(8):804-811. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201208-1414OC
https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201208-1414...
A GINA sugere que EosS ≥ 260 células/µL e/ou FeNO ≥ 20 ppb possam ser usados como preditores de boa resposta.1414 Global Initiative for Asthma [homepage on the Internet]. Bethesda: Global Initiative for Asthma; c2019 [cited 2019 Mar 1]. Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention (2019 update). [Adobe Acrobat document, 201p.]. Available from: https://ginasthma.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/GINA-2019-main-report-June2019-wms.pdf
https://ginasthma.org/wp-content/uploads...
Esse documento, alinhado com os da ATS/ERS,33 Chung KF, Wenzel SE, Brozek JL, Bush A, Castro M, Sterk PJ, et al. International ERS/ATS guidelines on definition, evaluation and treatment of severe asthma [published correction appears in Eur Respir J. 2014 Apr;43(4):1216. Dosage error in article text] [published correction appears in Eur Respir J. 2018 Jul 27;52(1):]. Eur Respir J. 2014;43(2):343-373. https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00202013
https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.0020201...
da British Thoracic Society195195 Healthcare Improvement Scotland [homepage on the Internet]. Edinburgh: Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network [cited 2019 Mar 01]. British guideline on the management of asthma. Available from: https://www.sign.ac.uk/sign-158-british-guideline-on-themanagement-of-asthma.html
https://www.sign.ac.uk/sign-158-british-...
e do The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence,196196 National Institute for Health and Care Excellence [homepage on the Internet]. London: the Institute; c2017 [cited 2019 May 01]. Asthma: diagnosis, monitoring and chronic asthma management. [Adobe Acrobat document, 39p.]. Available from: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng80/resources/asthma-diagnosismonitoring-and-chronicasthma-management-pdf-1837687975621
https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng80/re...
questiona o uso desses biomarcadores para avaliar a resposta ao omalizumabe, já que esses pontos de corte foram derivados de uma análise retrospectiva194194 Hanania NA, Wenzel S, Rosén K, Hsieh HJ, Mosesova S, Choy DF, et al. Exploring the effects of omalizumab in allergic asthma: an analysis of biomarkers in the EXTRA study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2013;187(8):804-811. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201208-1414OC
https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201208-1414...
e são discordantes dos resultados de um estudo de vida real,191191 Humbert M, Taillé C, Mala L, Le Gros V, Just J, Molimard M, et al. Omalizumab effectiveness in patients with severe allergic asthma according to blood eosinophil count: the STELLAIR study. Eur Respir J. 2018;51(5):1702523. https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.02523-2017
https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.02523-2...
que não encontrou diferenças no efeito do omalizumabe em pacientes portadores de asma grave eosinofílica ou não eosinofílica. Portanto, a utilização desses valores poderia limitar o uso do omalizumabe para um grupo de pacientes que eventualmente se benefíciaria desse tratamento.

Indicação

O omalizumabe está indicado para portadores de asma grave alérgica com idade ≥ 6 anos. A dose é variável de acordo com peso (20-150 kg) e IgE sérica total (30-1.500 UI/mL), sendo administrada por via subcutânea a cada 2 ou 4 semanas (Quadro 2). Entretanto, o valor basal da IgE não caracteriza atopia e não prediz a resposta ao tratamento.197197 Bousquet J, Wenzel S, Holgate S, Lumry W, Freeman P, Fox H. Predicting response to omalizumab, an anti-IgE antibody, in patients with allergic asthma. Chest. 2004;125(4):1378-1386. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.125.4.1378
https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.125.4.1378...
Além disso, seu valor após o início da terapia não deve ser utilizado como indicador de resposta.198198 Korn S, Haasler I, Fliedner F, Becher G, Strohner P, Staatz A, et al. Monitoring free serum IgE in severe asthma patients treated with omalizumab. Respir Med. 2012;106(11):1494-1500. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2012.07.010
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2012.07.0...
Recomenda-se a avaliação da sua eficácia baseada em desfechos clínicos após pelo menos 16 semanas do inicio do tratamento.199199 Humbert M, Busse W, Hanania NA, Lowe PJ, Canvin J, Erpenbeck VJ, et al. Omalizumab in asthma: an update on recent developments. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2014;2(5):525-36.e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2014.03.010
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2014.03.0...

Quadro 2
Imunobiológicos para asma grave endotipo T2 alto.

Segurança

Os efeitos adversos mais comuns são reações locais. Anafilaxia pode ocorrer em até 0,2% dos pacientes nas primeiras 2 h de sua administração, tanto na primeira aplicação quanto nas subsequentes.200200 Baker DL, Nakamura GR, Lowman HB, Fischer SK. Evaluation of IgE Antibodies to Omalizumab (Xolair(r)) and Their Potential Correlation to Anaphylaxis. AAPS J. 2016;18(1):115-123. https://doi.org/10.1208/s12248-015-9821-x
https://doi.org/10.1208/s12248-015-9821-...
Por esse motivo, recomenda-se a observação do paciente em ambiente equipado para tratamento dessa complicação. A possível ocorrência de eventos cardíacos e cerebrovasculares também deve ser monitorizada.201201 Iribarren C, Rahmaoui A, Long AA, Szefler SJ, Bradley MS, Carrigan G, et al. Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events among patients receiving omalizumab: Results from EXCELS, a prospective cohort study in moderate to severe asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2017;139(5):1489-1495.e5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2016.07.038
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2016.07.0...

Mepolizumabe

O mepolizumabe é um anticorpo monoclonal completamente humanizado IgG1/k, com alta afinidade pelo ligante da IL-5, que impede sua ligação ao epítopo do receptor alfa da IL-5, bloqueando sua atividade e, consequentemente, a resposta inflamatória eosinofílica.202202 Smith DA, Minthorn EA, Beerahee M. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of mepolizumab, an anti-interleukin-5 monoclonal antibody. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2011;50(4):215-227. https://doi.org/10.2165/11584340-000000000-00000
https://doi.org/10.2165/11584340-0000000...

Eficácia e efetividade

ERC demonstraram que a adição de mepolizumabe ao tratamento de pacientes exacerbadores com asma grave eosinofílica reduziu o número de EosS e as exacerbações.203203 Pavord ID, Korn S, Howarth P, Bleecker ER, Buhl R, Keene ON, et al. Mepolizumab for severe eosinophilic asthma (DREAM): a multicentre, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2012;380(9842):651-659. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60988-X
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60...

204 Ortega HG, Liu MC, Pavord ID, Brusselle GG, FitzGerald JM, Chetta A, et al. Mepolizumab treatment in patients with severe eosinophilic asthma [published correction appears in N Engl J Med. 2015 Apr 30;372(18):1777]. N Engl J Med. 2014;371(13):1198-1207. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1403290
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1403290...

205 Chupp GL, Bradford ES, Albers FC, Bratton DJ, Wang-Jairaj J, Nelsen LM, et al. Efficacy of mepolizumab add-on therapy on health-related quality of life and markers of asthma control in severe eosinophilic asthma (MUSCA): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, multicentre, phase 3b trial. Lancet Respir Med. 2017;5(5):390-400. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(17)30125-X
https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(17)30...
-206206 Bel EH, Wenzel SE, Thompson PJ, Prazma CM, Keene ON, Yancey SW, et al. Oral glucocorticoid-sparing effect of mepolizumab in eosinophilic asthma. N Engl J Med. 2014;371(13):1189-1197. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1403291
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1403291...
Nos portadores de asma grave dependentes de CO, a mediana de redução da dose, em relação a placebo, foi de 50%.206206 Bel EH, Wenzel SE, Thompson PJ, Prazma CM, Keene ON, Yancey SW, et al. Oral glucocorticoid-sparing effect of mepolizumab in eosinophilic asthma. N Engl J Med. 2014;371(13):1189-1197. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1403291
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1403291...
Esses benefícios persistiram em longo prazo por até 4,5 anos.207207 Khurana S, Brusselle GG, Bel EH, FitzGerald JM, Masoli M, Korn S, et al. Long-term Safety and Clinical Benefit of Mepolizumab in Patients With the Most Severe Eosinophilic Asthma: The COSMEX Study. Clin Ther. 2019;41(10):2041-2056.e5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinthera.2019.07.007
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinthera.2019...

A efetividade e a segurança do mepolizumabe também foram comprovadas em estudos de vida real.207207 Khurana S, Brusselle GG, Bel EH, FitzGerald JM, Masoli M, Korn S, et al. Long-term Safety and Clinical Benefit of Mepolizumab in Patients With the Most Severe Eosinophilic Asthma: The COSMEX Study. Clin Ther. 2019;41(10):2041-2056.e5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinthera.2019.07.007
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinthera.2019...

208 Kavanagh JE, d'Ancona G, Elstad M, Green L, Fernandes M, Thomson L, et al. Real-World Effectiveness and the Characteristics of a "Super-Responder" to Mepolizumab in Severe Eosinophilic Asthma. Chest. 2020;158(2):491-500. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2020.03.042
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2020.03....
-209209 Harvey ES, Langton D, Katelaris C, Stevens S, Farah CS, Gillman A, et al. Mepolizumab effectiveness and identification of super-responders in severe asthma. Eur Respir J. 2020;55(5):1902420. https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.02420-2019
https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.02420-2...
Um estudo britânico incluindo 99 pacientes com EosS ≥ 300 células/μL demonstrou uma redução de 54% das exacerbações. Pacientes corticodependentes tiveram suas doses de CO reduzidas e, em 57% deles, foi possível descontinuar seu uso. Aproximadamente 73% dos pacientes foram classificados como respondedores e 28% como super-respondedores. A melhor resposta foi observada em pacientes com polipose nasal, melhor controle da asma determinado pelo Asthma Control Questionnaire com seis questões (ACQ-6), baixo IMC e em uso de CO.208208 Kavanagh JE, d'Ancona G, Elstad M, Green L, Fernandes M, Thomson L, et al. Real-World Effectiveness and the Characteristics of a "Super-Responder" to Mepolizumab in Severe Eosinophilic Asthma. Chest. 2020;158(2):491-500. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2020.03.042
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2020.03....

Em outro estudo,209209 Harvey ES, Langton D, Katelaris C, Stevens S, Farah CS, Gillman A, et al. Mepolizumab effectiveness and identification of super-responders in severe asthma. Eur Respir J. 2020;55(5):1902420. https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.02420-2019
https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.02420-2...
a adição de mepolizumabe ao tratamento de pacientes com asma eosinofílica grave (N = 309) mostrou que 86% eram respondedores (redução dos sintomas, exacerbações e melhora da qualidade de vida e da função pulmonar). Desses, após 12 meses de tratamento, 24% foram considerados super-respondedores (ACQ-5 < 1,0, ausência de exacerbações e sem necessidade de CO).

Preditores de resposta

Os principais preditores de resposta ao mepolizumabe são EosS ≥ 150 células/µL,210210 Albers FC, Licskai C, Chanez P, Bratton DJ, Bradford ES, Yancey SW, et al. Baseline blood eosinophil count as a predictor of treatment response to the licensed dose of mepolizumab in severe eosinophilic asthma. Respir Med. 2019;159:105806. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2019.105806
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2019.1058...
,211211 Ortega HG, Yancey SW, Mayer B, Gunsoy NB, Keene ON, Bleecker ER, et al. Severe eosinophilic asthma treated with mepolizumab stratified by baseline eosinophil thresholds: a secondary analysis of the DREAM and MENSA studies. Lancet Respir Med. 2016;4(7):549-556. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(16)30031-5
https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(16)30...
presença de exacerbações no ano anterior,203203 Pavord ID, Korn S, Howarth P, Bleecker ER, Buhl R, Keene ON, et al. Mepolizumab for severe eosinophilic asthma (DREAM): a multicentre, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2012;380(9842):651-659. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60988-X
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60...
asma de início na idade adulta209209 Harvey ES, Langton D, Katelaris C, Stevens S, Farah CS, Gillman A, et al. Mepolizumab effectiveness and identification of super-responders in severe asthma. Eur Respir J. 2020;55(5):1902420. https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.02420-2019
https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.02420-2...
e presença de polipose nasal.212212 Howarth P, Chupp G, Nelsen LM, Bradford ES, Bratton DJ, Smith SG, et al. Severe eosinophilic asthma with nasal polyposis: A phenotype for improved sinonasal and asthma outcomes with mepolizumab therapy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2020;145(6):1713-1715. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2020.02.002
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2020.02.0...

Indicação

O mepolizumabe está indicado para portadores de asma grave eosinofílica (≥ 150 células/μL) com idade ≥ 6 anos. Em pacientes com 6-11 anos, a dose é de 40 mg e, a partir dos 12 anos e/ou peso superior a 40 kg, a dose é de 100 mg, por via subcutânea, a cada 4 semanas (Quadro 2). Recomenda-se a avaliação da sua eficácia baseada em desfechos clínicos após pelo menos 12 semanas do início do tratamento.1414 Global Initiative for Asthma [homepage on the Internet]. Bethesda: Global Initiative for Asthma; c2019 [cited 2019 Mar 1]. Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention (2019 update). [Adobe Acrobat document, 201p.]. Available from: https://ginasthma.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/GINA-2019-main-report-June2019-wms.pdf
https://ginasthma.org/wp-content/uploads...
,151151 Holguin F, Cardet JC, Chung KF, Diver S, Ferreira DS, Fitzpatrick A, et al. Management of severe asthma: a European Respiratory Society/American Thoracic Society guideline. Eur Respir J. 2020;55(1):1900588. https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.00588-2019
https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.00588-2...

Segurança

Os principais eventos adversos são infecções brônquicas, irritação no local de aplicação e cefaleia. Anafilaxia é rara.1414 Global Initiative for Asthma [homepage on the Internet]. Bethesda: Global Initiative for Asthma; c2019 [cited 2019 Mar 1]. Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention (2019 update). [Adobe Acrobat document, 201p.]. Available from: https://ginasthma.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/GINA-2019-main-report-June2019-wms.pdf
https://ginasthma.org/wp-content/uploads...
,151151 Holguin F, Cardet JC, Chung KF, Diver S, Ferreira DS, Fitzpatrick A, et al. Management of severe asthma: a European Respiratory Society/American Thoracic Society guideline. Eur Respir J. 2020;55(1):1900588. https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.00588-2019
https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.00588-2...
,213213 Agache I, Beltran J, Akdis C, Akdis M, Canelo-Aybar C, Canonica GW, et al. Efficacy and safety of treatment with biologicals (benralizumab, dupilumab, mepolizumab, omalizumab and reslizumab) for severe eosinophilic asthma. A systematic review for the EAACI Guidelines - recommendations on the use of biologicals in severe asthma. Allergy. 2020;75(5):1023-1042. https://doi.org/10.1111/all.14221
https://doi.org/10.1111/all.14221...

Benralizumabe

O benralizumabe é um anticorpo monoclonal que se liga à cadeia alfa do receptor de IL-5, que bloqueia o efeito da IL-5 nos eosinófilos, ocasionando sua apoptose por meio de citotoxicidade mediada por células.214214 Kolbeck R, Kozhich A, Koike M, Peng L, Andersson CK, Damschroder MM, et al. MEDI-563, a humanized anti-IL-5 receptor alpha mAb with enhanced antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity function. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010;125(6):1344-1353.e2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2010.04.004
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2010.04.0...
O benralizumabe também reduz significativamente o número de eosinófilos nas vias aéreas, medula óssea, sangue e EI.215215 Laviolette M, Gossage DL, Gauvreau G, Leigh R, Olivenstein R, Katial R, et al. Effects of benralizumab on airway eosinophils in asthmatic patients with sputum eosinophilia [published correction appears in J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2014 Apr;133(4):1232]. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2013;132(5):1086-1096.e5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2013.05.020
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2013.05.0...

Eficácia e efetividade

A eficácia do benralizumabe foi comprovada em diversos ERC216216 FitzGerald JM, Bleecker ER, Nair P, Korn S, Ohta K, Lommatzsch M, et al. Benralizumab, an anti-interleukin-5 receptor a monoclonal antibody, as add-on treatment for patients with severe, uncontrolled, eosinophilic asthma (CALIMA): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2016;388(10056):2128-2141. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31322-8
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31...

217 Bleecker ER, FitzGerald JM, Chanez P, Papi A, Weinstein SF, Barker P, et al. Efficacy and safety of benralizumab for patients with severe asthma uncontrolled with high-dosage inhaled corticosteroids and long-acting ß2-agonists (SIROCCO): a randomised, multicentre, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2016;388(10056):2115-2127. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31324-1
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31...

218 Nair P, Wenzel S, Rabe KF, Bourdin A, Lugogo NL, Kuna P, et al. Oral Glucocorticoid-Sparing Effect of Benralizumab in Severe Asthma. N Engl J Med. 2017;376(25):2448-2458. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1703501
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1703501...
-219219 Busse WW, Bleecker ER, FitzGerald JM, Ferguson GT, Barker P, Sproule S, et al. Long-term safety and efficacy of benralizumab in patients with severe, uncontrolled asthma: 1-year results from the BORA phase 3 extension trial [published correction appears in Lancet Respir Med. 2019 Jan;7(1):e1]. Lancet Respir Med. 2019;7(1):46-59. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(18)30406-5
https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(18)30...
e em duas revisões sistemáticas.220220 Farne HA, Wilson A, Powell C, Bax L, Milan SJ. Anti-IL5 therapies for asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;9(9):CD010834. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD010834.pub3
https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD01083...
,221221 Tian BP, Zhang GS, Lou J, Zhou HB, Cui W. Efficacy and safety of benralizumab for eosinophilic asthma: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Asthma. 2018;55(9):956-965. https://doi.org/10.1080/02770903.2017.1379534
https://doi.org/10.1080/02770903.2017.13...
Apesar de estudos de fase III terem incluído pacientes com asma moderada a grave,216216 FitzGerald JM, Bleecker ER, Nair P, Korn S, Ohta K, Lommatzsch M, et al. Benralizumab, an anti-interleukin-5 receptor a monoclonal antibody, as add-on treatment for patients with severe, uncontrolled, eosinophilic asthma (CALIMA): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2016;388(10056):2128-2141. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31322-8
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31...
,217217 Bleecker ER, FitzGerald JM, Chanez P, Papi A, Weinstein SF, Barker P, et al. Efficacy and safety of benralizumab for patients with severe asthma uncontrolled with high-dosage inhaled corticosteroids and long-acting ß2-agonists (SIROCCO): a randomised, multicentre, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2016;388(10056):2115-2127. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31324-1
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31...
a reanálise desses estudos, avaliando apenas pacientes com asma grave (de acordo com os critérios da ATS/ERS),33 Chung KF, Wenzel SE, Brozek JL, Bush A, Castro M, Sterk PJ, et al. International ERS/ATS guidelines on definition, evaluation and treatment of severe asthma [published correction appears in Eur Respir J. 2014 Apr;43(4):1216. Dosage error in article text] [published correction appears in Eur Respir J. 2018 Jul 27;52(1):]. Eur Respir J. 2014;43(2):343-373. https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00202013
https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.0020201...
mostrou que a sua adição em pacientes com EosS ≥ 300 células/μL reduziu exacerbações e aumentou o VEF1.222222 Bleecker ER, Wechsler ME, FitzGerald JM, Menzies-Gow A, Wu Y, Hirsch I, et al. Baseline patient factors impact on the clinical efficacy of benralizumab for severe asthma. Eur Respir J. 2018;52(4):1800936. https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.00936-2018
https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.00936-2...
Em portadores de asma grave dependentes de CO, a mediana de redução da dose em relação a placebo foi de 50%.223223 FitzGerald JM, Bleecker ER, Menzies-Gow A, Zangrilli JG, Hirsch I, Metcalfe P, et al. Predictors of enhanced response with benralizumab for patients with severe asthma: pooled analysis of the SIROCCO and CALIMA studies. Lancet Respir Med. 2018;6(1):51-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(17)30344-2
https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(17)30...

Estudos de vida real têm confirmado a efetividade do benralizumabe no manejo da asma grave.224224 Bagnasco D, Brussino L, Bonavia M, Calzolari E, Caminati M, Caruso C, et al. Efficacy of Benralizumab in severe asthma in real life and focus on nasal polyposis. Respir Med. 2020;171:106080. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2020.106080
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2020.1060...
,225225 Kavanagh JE, Hearn AP, Dhariwal J, d'Ancona G, Douiri A, Roxas C, et al. Real-World Effectiveness of Benralizumab in Severe Eosinophilic Asthma. Chest. 2021;159(2):496-506. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2020.08.2083
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2020.08....
Um estudo britânico que incluiu 130 pacientes portadores de asma grave com EosS ≥ 400 células/μL demonstrou uma redução de 72,8% nas exacerbações. Em 51% dos corticodependentes, foi possível descontinuar o uso de CO. Os pacientes foram classificados como respondedores (86%) e como super-respondedores (39%), sendo essas respostas associadas a maior EosS e doença de menor gravidade (melhor VEF1, melhor controle da asma, melhor qualidade de vida e menor dose de CO).225225 Kavanagh JE, Hearn AP, Dhariwal J, d'Ancona G, Douiri A, Roxas C, et al. Real-World Effectiveness of Benralizumab in Severe Eosinophilic Asthma. Chest. 2021;159(2):496-506. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2020.08.2083
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2020.08....

Preditores de resposta

Os melhores preditores de resposta ao tratamento com benralizumabe são uso crônico de CO, polipose nasal, VEF1 pré-broncodilatador < 65% do previsto e asma de início tardio.222222 Bleecker ER, Wechsler ME, FitzGerald JM, Menzies-Gow A, Wu Y, Hirsch I, et al. Baseline patient factors impact on the clinical efficacy of benralizumab for severe asthma. Eur Respir J. 2018;52(4):1800936. https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.00936-2018
https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.00936-2...

Indicação

O benralizumabe está indicado em pacientes com asma eosinofílica grave com idade ≥ 18 anos.22020 Brazilian Thoracic Association recommendations for the management of asthma. J Bras Pneumol. 2020;46(1):e20190307. https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-3713/e20190307
https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-3713/e20190...
,1414 Global Initiative for Asthma [homepage on the Internet]. Bethesda: Global Initiative for Asthma; c2019 [cited 2019 Mar 1]. Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention (2019 update). [Adobe Acrobat document, 201p.]. Available from: https://ginasthma.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/GINA-2019-main-report-June2019-wms.pdf
https://ginasthma.org/wp-content/uploads...
,151151 Holguin F, Cardet JC, Chung KF, Diver S, Ferreira DS, Fitzpatrick A, et al. Management of severe asthma: a European Respiratory Society/American Thoracic Society guideline. Eur Respir J. 2020;55(1):1900588. https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.00588-2019
https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.00588-2...
É administrado por via subcutânea na dose de 30 mg. As três primeiras aplicações são feitas com intervalos de 4 semanas e, a partir da quarta aplicação, de 8 semanas (Quadro 2). A primeira avaliação da resposta ao tratamento deve ser feita após pelo menos 12 semanas.1414 Global Initiative for Asthma [homepage on the Internet]. Bethesda: Global Initiative for Asthma; c2019 [cited 2019 Mar 1]. Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention (2019 update). [Adobe Acrobat document, 201p.]. Available from: https://ginasthma.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/GINA-2019-main-report-June2019-wms.pdf
https://ginasthma.org/wp-content/uploads...
,151151 Holguin F, Cardet JC, Chung KF, Diver S, Ferreira DS, Fitzpatrick A, et al. Management of severe asthma: a European Respiratory Society/American Thoracic Society guideline. Eur Respir J. 2020;55(1):1900588. https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.00588-2019
https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.00588-2...

Segurança

Os eventos adversos mais comuns são nasofaringite, infecções brônquicas, reações no local de aplicação e cefaleia. Anafilaxia é rara.219219 Busse WW, Bleecker ER, FitzGerald JM, Ferguson GT, Barker P, Sproule S, et al. Long-term safety and efficacy of benralizumab in patients with severe, uncontrolled asthma: 1-year results from the BORA phase 3 extension trial [published correction appears in Lancet Respir Med. 2019 Jan;7(1):e1]. Lancet Respir Med. 2019;7(1):46-59. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(18)30406-5
https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(18)30...
,226226 Cushen B, Menzies-Gow A. Benralizumab: an updated treatment of eosinophilic asthma. Expert Rev Respir Med. 2020;14(5):435-444. https://doi.org/10.1080/17476348.2020.1739526
https://doi.org/10.1080/17476348.2020.17...

Dupilumabe

O dupilumabe é um anticorpo monoclonal humano da classe IgG4 que se liga à subunidade alfa do receptor de IL-4, bloqueando a sinalização comum para a IL-4 e IL-13,227227 Macdonald LE, Karow M, Stevens S, Auerbach W, Poueymirou WT, Yasenchak J, et al. Precise and in situ genetic humanization of 6 Mb of mouse immunoglobulin genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2014;111(14):5147-5152. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1323896111
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1323896111...
) que são mediadores importantes na inflamação T2.

Eficácia e efetividade

Estudos iniciais com o dupilumabe na asma moderada a grave e não controlada mostraram redução das exacerbações, melhora da função pulmonar e do controle da asma.228228 Wenzel S, Ford L, Pearlman D, Spector S, Sher L, Skobieranda F, et al. Dupilumab in persistent asthma with elevated eosinophil levels. N Engl J Med. 2013;368(26):2455-2466. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1304048
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1304048...
,229229 Wenzel S, Castro M, Corren J, Maspero J, Wang L, Zhang B, et al. Dupilumab efficacy and safety in adults with uncontrolled persistent asthma despite use of medium-to-high-dose inhaled corticosteroids plus a long-acting ß2 agonist: a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled pivotal phase 2b dose-ranging trial. Lancet. 2016;388(10039):31-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30307-5
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30...
A eficácia do dupilumabe foi comprovada em um ECR de fase III230230 Castro M, Corren J, Pavord ID, Maspero J, Wenzel S, Rabe KF, et al. Dupilumab Efficacy and Safety in Moderate-to-Severe Uncontrolled Asthma. N Engl J Med. 2018;378(26):2486-2496. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1804092
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1804092...
com seguimento de 52 semanas que incluiu asmáticos com idade ≥ 12 anos e doença moderada a grave não controlada. Em comparação ao uso de placebo, o dupilumabe reduziu em até 48% as exacerbações, aumentou o VEF1 (diferença em relação a placebo de 140 mL) e melhorou os sintomas e a qualidade de vida. Quando os pacientes foram estratificados por EosS, aqueles com ≥ 300 células/µL apresentaram redução mais expressiva das exacerbações (67%) e maior aumento do VEF1 (diferença em relação a placebo de 240 mL). O dupilumabe também reduziu marcadores inflamatórios (FeNO, IgE e periostina).

Outro ERC231231 Rabe KF, Nair P, Brusselle G, Maspero JF, Castro M, Sher L, et al. Efficacy and Safety of Dupilumab in Glucocorticoid-Dependent Severe Asthma. N Engl J Med. 2018;378(26):2475-2485. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1804093
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1804093...
em pacientes corticodependentes com asma grave demonstrou que o dupilumabe foi eficaz na redução da dose de CO (−70% vs. −42% em relação a placebo). Além disso, o tratamento reduziu em 59% as exacerbações graves, aumentou o VEF1 em 220 mL, melhorou o controle da asma e reduziu a FeNO. Os efeitos favoráveis foram independentes dos níveis basais de EosS e FeNO. Os efeitos benéficos do dupilumabe também foram confirmados em um estudo de vida real.232232 Dupin C, Belhadi D, Guilleminault L, Gamez AS, Berger P, De Blay F, et al. Effectiveness and safety of dupilumab for the treatment of severe asthma in a real-life French multi-centre adult cohort. Clin Exp Allergy. 2020;50(7):789-798. https://doi.org/10.1111/cea.13614
https://doi.org/10.1111/cea.13614...

Preditores de resposta

Os principais preditores de resposta ao tratamento com dupilumabe são EosS elevado e FeNO ≥ 25 ppb.44 Global Initiative for Asthma [homepage on the internet]. Bethesda: Global Initiative for Asthma; c2021 [cited 2021 Jun 1]. Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention (2021 update). Available from: https://ginasthma.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/GINA-Main-Report-2021-V2-WMS.pdf
https://ginasthma.org/wp-content/uploads...

Indicação

No Brasil, o dupilumabe está indicado para pacientes ≥ 12 anos com asma eosinofílica grave (EosS e/ou FeNO elevados) não controlada. É também indicado para pacientes em uso contínuo de CO, independentemente dos níveis basais de EosS e FeNO. A dose inicial recomendada é de 400 mg por via subcutânea, seguida de 200 mg a cada 2 semanas. Em pacientes corticodependentes e/ou com comorbidades (dermatite atópica, polipose nasal ou esofagite eosinofílica), está indicada uma dose inicial de 600 mg, seguida de 300 mg a cada 2 semanas (Quadro 2).

Segurança

Em estudos clínicos o dupilumabe foi bem tolerado e seguro, podendo alguns pacientes apresentar aumento transitório de EosS.230230 Castro M, Corren J, Pavord ID, Maspero J, Wenzel S, Rabe KF, et al. Dupilumab Efficacy and Safety in Moderate-to-Severe Uncontrolled Asthma. N Engl J Med. 2018;378(26):2486-2496. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1804092
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1804092...

231 Rabe KF, Nair P, Brusselle G, Maspero JF, Castro M, Sher L, et al. Efficacy and Safety of Dupilumab in Glucocorticoid-Dependent Severe Asthma. N Engl J Med. 2018;378(26):2475-2485. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1804093
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1804093...
-232232 Dupin C, Belhadi D, Guilleminault L, Gamez AS, Berger P, De Blay F, et al. Effectiveness and safety of dupilumab for the treatment of severe asthma in a real-life French multi-centre adult cohort. Clin Exp Allergy. 2020;50(7):789-798. https://doi.org/10.1111/cea.13614
https://doi.org/10.1111/cea.13614...
Considerando que pacientes com valor basal de EosS > 1.500 células/μL não foram incluídos nos estudos clínicos de fase III, não existem dados de segurança para sua utilização nessa população, e, por isso, seu uso nesses pacientes não é recomendado até o momento.233233 Wenzel SE. Severe Adult Asthmas: Integrating Clinical Features, Biology, and Therapeutics to Improve Outcomes. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2021;203(7):809-821. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.202009-3631CI
https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.202009-3631...

Azitromicina

O uso intermitente (250 a 500 mg, três vezes/semana) e prolongado (12 meses) de azitromicina como terapêutica adicional na asma grave não controlada tem sido considerado uma opção por várias diretrizes.44 Global Initiative for Asthma [homepage on the internet]. Bethesda: Global Initiative for Asthma; c2021 [cited 2021 Jun 1]. Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention (2021 update). Available from: https://ginasthma.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/GINA-Main-Report-2021-V2-WMS.pdf
https://ginasthma.org/wp-content/uploads...
,151151 Holguin F, Cardet JC, Chung KF, Diver S, Ferreira DS, Fitzpatrick A, et al. Management of severe asthma: a European Respiratory Society/American Thoracic Society guideline. Eur Respir J. 2020;55(1):1900588. https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.00588-2019
https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.00588-2...
,234234 Smith D, Du Rand IA, Addy C, Collyns T, Hart S, Mitchelmore P, et al. British Thoracic Society guideline for the use of long-term macrolides in adults with respiratory disease. BMJ Open Respir Res. 2020;7(1):e000489. A azitromicina reduz exacerbações em outras doenças respiratórias crônicas neutrofílicas, incluindo bronquiectasias e DPOC.168168 Hinks TSC, Levine SJ, Brusselle GG. Treatment options in type-2 low asthma. Eur Respir J. 2021;57(1):2000528. https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.00528-2020
https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.00528-2...
Entretanto, seu lugar na prevenção de exacerbações na asma grave ainda é limitado pela pouca evidência científica associada aos potenciais efeitos colaterais. Na asma seu uso é off-label.22020 Brazilian Thoracic Association recommendations for the management of asthma. J Bras Pneumol. 2020;46(1):e20190307. https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-3713/e20190307
https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-3713/e20190...
,33 Chung KF, Wenzel SE, Brozek JL, Bush A, Castro M, Sterk PJ, et al. International ERS/ATS guidelines on definition, evaluation and treatment of severe asthma [published correction appears in Eur Respir J. 2014 Apr;43(4):1216. Dosage error in article text] [published correction appears in Eur Respir J. 2018 Jul 27;52(1):]. Eur Respir J. 2014;43(2):343-373. https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00202013
https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.0020201...
,1414 Global Initiative for Asthma [homepage on the Internet]. Bethesda: Global Initiative for Asthma; c2019 [cited 2019 Mar 1]. Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention (2019 update). [Adobe Acrobat document, 201p.]. Available from: https://ginasthma.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/GINA-2019-main-report-June2019-wms.pdf
https://ginasthma.org/wp-content/uploads...

A azitromicina é um antibiótico macrolídeo com propriedades antibacterianas, antivirais e imunomodulatórias. Entre essas últimas estão inibição de citocinas e quimiocinas, diminuição da expressão de moléculas de adesão e aumento da apoptose neutrofílica.235235 Altenburg J, de Graaff CS, van der Werf TS, Boersma WG. Immunomodulatory effects of macrolide antibiotics - part 1: biological mechanisms. Respiration. 2011;81(1):67-74. https://doi.org/10.1159/000320319
https://doi.org/10.1159/000320319...
Porém, o exato mecanismo pelo qual a azitromicina é eficaz em prevenir exacerbações da asma ainda não está claro.168168 Hinks TSC, Levine SJ, Brusselle GG. Treatment options in type-2 low asthma. Eur Respir J. 2021;57(1):2000528. https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.00528-2020
https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.00528-2...

Embora os estudos iniciais fossem dirigidos para a asma não eosinofílica e apresentassem resultados controversos, ERC produziram evidências do benefício da adição de azitromicina ao tratamento da asma não controlada.236236 Brusselle GG, Vanderstichele C, Jordens P, Deman R, Slabbynck H, Ringoet V, et al. Azithromycin for prevention of exacerbations in severe asthma (AZISAST): a multicentre randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Thorax. 2013;68(4):322-329. https://doi.org/10.1136/thoraxjnl-2012-202698
https://doi.org/10.1136/thoraxjnl-2012-2...
,237237 Gibson PG, Yang IA, Upham JW, Reynolds PN, Hodge S, James AL, et al. Effect of azithromycin on asthma exacerbations and quality of life in adults with persistent uncontrolled asthma (AMAZES): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2017;390(10095):659-668. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)31281-3
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)31...
No maior desses estudos,237237 Gibson PG, Yang IA, Upham JW, Reynolds PN, Hodge S, James AL, et al. Effect of azithromycin on asthma exacerbations and quality of life in adults with persistent uncontrolled asthma (AMAZES): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2017;390(10095):659-668. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)31281-3
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)31...
foram incluídos 420 adultos com asma moderada a grave não controlada. A adição de azitromicina reduziu as exacerbações em 40% e melhorou a qualidade de vida, com eficácia similar nos fenótipos eosinofílico e não eosinofílico.

Os efeitos colaterais do uso prolongado da azitromicina incluem diarreia, prolongamento do intervalo QT, perda auditiva e aumento da resistência antimicrobiana a Streptococcus pneumoniae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae e micobactérias não tuberculosas (MNT). Antes de iniciar o tratamento, recomenda-se realizar eletrocardiograma e afastar infecção ativa por MNT. No caso de tratamento prolongado, deve-se realizar rastreamento para MNT com cultura de escarro a cada 6 meses.238238 Pereira MC, Athanazio RA, Dalcin PTR, Figueiredo MRF, Gomes M, Freitas CG, et al. Brazilian consensus on non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis. J Bras Pneumol. 2019;45(4):e20190122. https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-3713/e20190122
https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-3713/e20190...

COMO AVALIAR A RESPOSTA AO TRATAMENTO COM IMUNOBIOLÓGICOS NA ASMA GRAVE

Estudos pivotais e de vida real mostraram que a maioria dos pacientes com asma grave com perfil T2 alto, quando adequadamente investigados, fenotipados e elegíveis para o uso de imunobiológicos, responde bem ao tratamento.204204 Ortega HG, Liu MC, Pavord ID, Brusselle GG, FitzGerald JM, Chetta A, et al. Mepolizumab treatment in patients with severe eosinophilic asthma [published correction appears in N Engl J Med. 2015 Apr 30;372(18):1777]. N Engl J Med. 2014;371(13):1198-1207. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1403290
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1403290...
,209209 Harvey ES, Langton D, Katelaris C, Stevens S, Farah CS, Gillman A, et al. Mepolizumab effectiveness and identification of super-responders in severe asthma. Eur Respir J. 2020;55(5):1902420. https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.02420-2019
https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.02420-2...
,218218 Nair P, Wenzel S, Rabe KF, Bourdin A, Lugogo NL, Kuna P, et al. Oral Glucocorticoid-Sparing Effect of Benralizumab in Severe Asthma. N Engl J Med. 2017;376(25):2448-2458. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1703501
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1703501...
,225225 Kavanagh JE, Hearn AP, Dhariwal J, d'Ancona G, Douiri A, Roxas C, et al. Real-World Effectiveness of Benralizumab in Severe Eosinophilic Asthma. Chest. 2021;159(2):496-506. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2020.08.2083
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2020.08....
,231231 Rabe KF, Nair P, Brusselle G, Maspero JF, Castro M, Sher L, et al. Efficacy and Safety of Dupilumab in Glucocorticoid-Dependent Severe Asthma. N Engl J Med. 2018;378(26):2475-2485. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1804093
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1804093...
É possível que nem todos os pacientes respondam da mesma forma e não existem estudos comparativos diretos entre os imunobiológicos disponíveis. Portanto, a escolha de um determinado imunobiológico deve ser individualizada de acordo com os possíveis preditores de resposta e acessibilidade ao medicamento.

Asmáticos graves devem ser avaliados mais frequentemente, especialmente se estiverem em uso de imunobiológicos.22020 Brazilian Thoracic Association recommendations for the management of asthma. J Bras Pneumol. 2020;46(1):e20190307. https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-3713/e20190307
https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-3713/e20190...
É importante identificar com clareza os objetivos do tratamento e estabelecer os parâmetros que serão sistematicamente avaliados em cada consulta.

Apesar da escassez de publicações a respeito de como avaliar a resposta aos imunobiológicos, o tema é de extrema relevância na prática clínica. Para propor uma abordagem sistematizada de avaliação da resposta ao tratamento com imunobiológicos, o presente documento fundamentou-se em ERC202202 Smith DA, Minthorn EA, Beerahee M. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of mepolizumab, an anti-interleukin-5 monoclonal antibody. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2011;50(4):215-227. https://doi.org/10.2165/11584340-000000000-00000
https://doi.org/10.2165/11584340-0000000...

203 Pavord ID, Korn S, Howarth P, Bleecker ER, Buhl R, Keene ON, et al. Mepolizumab for severe eosinophilic asthma (DREAM): a multicentre, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2012;380(9842):651-659. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60988-X
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60...

204 Ortega HG, Liu MC, Pavord ID, Brusselle GG, FitzGerald JM, Chetta A, et al. Mepolizumab treatment in patients with severe eosinophilic asthma [published correction appears in N Engl J Med. 2015 Apr 30;372(18):1777]. N Engl J Med. 2014;371(13):1198-1207. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1403290
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1403290...
-205205 Chupp GL, Bradford ES, Albers FC, Bratton DJ, Wang-Jairaj J, Nelsen LM, et al. Efficacy of mepolizumab add-on therapy on health-related quality of life and markers of asthma control in severe eosinophilic asthma (MUSCA): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, multicentre, phase 3b trial. Lancet Respir Med. 2017;5(5):390-400. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(17)30125-X
https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(17)30...
,215215 Laviolette M, Gossage DL, Gauvreau G, Leigh R, Olivenstein R, Katial R, et al. Effects of benralizumab on airway eosinophils in asthmatic patients with sputum eosinophilia [published correction appears in J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2014 Apr;133(4):1232]. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2013;132(5):1086-1096.e5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2013.05.020
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2013.05.0...

216 FitzGerald JM, Bleecker ER, Nair P, Korn S, Ohta K, Lommatzsch M, et al. Benralizumab, an anti-interleukin-5 receptor a monoclonal antibody, as add-on treatment for patients with severe, uncontrolled, eosinophilic asthma (CALIMA): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2016;388(10056):2128-2141. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31322-8
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31...

217 Bleecker ER, FitzGerald JM, Chanez P, Papi A, Weinstein SF, Barker P, et al. Efficacy and safety of benralizumab for patients with severe asthma uncontrolled with high-dosage inhaled corticosteroids and long-acting ß2-agonists (SIROCCO): a randomised, multicentre, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2016;388(10056):2115-2127. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31324-1
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31...
-218218 Nair P, Wenzel S, Rabe KF, Bourdin A, Lugogo NL, Kuna P, et al. Oral Glucocorticoid-Sparing Effect of Benralizumab in Severe Asthma. N Engl J Med. 2017;376(25):2448-2458. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1703501
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1703501...
,228228 Wenzel S, Ford L, Pearlman D, Spector S, Sher L, Skobieranda F, et al. Dupilumab in persistent asthma with elevated eosinophil levels. N Engl J Med. 2013;368(26):2455-2466. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1304048
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1304048...

229 Wenzel S, Castro M, Corren J, Maspero J, Wang L, Zhang B, et al. Dupilumab efficacy and safety in adults with uncontrolled persistent asthma despite use of medium-to-high-dose inhaled corticosteroids plus a long-acting ß2 agonist: a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled pivotal phase 2b dose-ranging trial. Lancet. 2016;388(10039):31-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30307-5
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30...
-230230 Castro M, Corren J, Pavord ID, Maspero J, Wenzel S, Rabe KF, et al. Dupilumab Efficacy and Safety in Moderate-to-Severe Uncontrolled Asthma. N Engl J Med. 2018;378(26):2486-2496. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1804092
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1804092...
,238238 Pereira MC, Athanazio RA, Dalcin PTR, Figueiredo MRF, Gomes M, Freitas CG, et al. Brazilian consensus on non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis. J Bras Pneumol. 2019;45(4):e20190122. https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-3713/e20190122
https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-3713/e20190...

239 Haldar P, Brightling CE, Hargadon B, Gupta S, Monteiro W, Sousa A, et al. Mepolizumab and exacerbations of refractory eosinophilic asthma [published correction appears in N Engl J Med. 2011 Feb 10;364(6):588]. N Engl J Med. 2009;360(10):973-984. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0808991
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0808991...

240 Busse WW, Maspero JF, Rabe KF, Papi A, Wenzel SE, Ford LB, et al. Liberty Asthma QUEST: Phase 3 Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel-Group Study to Evaluate Dupilumab Efficacy/Safety in Patients with Uncontrolled, Moderate-to-Severe Asthma. Adv Ther. 2018;35(5):737-748. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12325-018-0702-4
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12325-018-0702-...
-241241 Corren J, Castro M, O'Riordan T, Hanania NA, Pavord ID, Quirce S, et al. Dupilumab Efficacy in Patients with Uncontrolled, Moderate-to-Severe Allergic Asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2020;8(2):516-526. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2019.08.050
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2019.08.0...
e em estudos de vida real.193193 MacDonald KM, Kavati A, Ortiz B, Alhossan A, Lee CS, Abraham I. Short- and long-term real-world effectiveness of omalizumab in severe allergic asthma: systematic review of 42 studies published 2008-2018. Expert Rev Clin Immunol. 2019;15(5):553-569. https://doi.org/10.1080/1744666X.2019.1574571
https://doi.org/10.1080/1744666X.2019.15...
,208208 Kavanagh JE, d'Ancona G, Elstad M, Green L, Fernandes M, Thomson L, et al. Real-World Effectiveness and the Characteristics of a "Super-Responder" to Mepolizumab in Severe Eosinophilic Asthma. Chest. 2020;158(2):491-500. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2020.03.042
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2020.03....
,209209 Harvey ES, Langton D, Katelaris C, Stevens S, Farah CS, Gillman A, et al. Mepolizumab effectiveness and identification of super-responders in severe asthma. Eur Respir J. 2020;55(5):1902420. https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.02420-2019
https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.02420-2...
,225225 Kavanagh JE, Hearn AP, Dhariwal J, d'Ancona G, Douiri A, Roxas C, et al. Real-World Effectiveness of Benralizumab in Severe Eosinophilic Asthma. Chest. 2021;159(2):496-506. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2020.08.2083
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2020.08....
,243243 Rubin AS, Souza-Machado A, Andradre-Lima M, Ferreira F, Honda A, Matozo TM, et al. Effect of omalizumab as add-on therapy on asthma-related quality of life in severe allergic asthma: a Brazilian study (QUALITX). J Asthma. 2012;49(3):288-293. https://doi.org/10.3109/02770903.2012.660297
https://doi.org/10.3109/02770903.2012.66...

244 Gibson PG, Reddel H, McDonald VM, Marks G, Jenkins C, Gillman A, et al. Effectiveness and response predictors of omalizumab in a severe allergic asthma population with a high prevalence of comorbidities: the Australian Xolair Registry. Intern Med J. 2016;46(9):1054-1062. https://doi.org/10.1111/imj.13166
https://doi.org/10.1111/imj.13166...

245 Niven RM, Saralaya D, Chaudhuri R, Masoli M, Clifton I, Mansur AH, et al. Impact of omalizumab on treatment of severe allergic asthma in UK clinical practice: a UK multicentre observational study (the APEX II study). BMJ Open. 2016;6(8):e011857. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2016-011857
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2016-011...
-246246 Carvalho-Pinto RM, Agondi RC, Giavina-Bianchi P, Cukier A, Stelmach R. Omalizumab in patients with severe uncontrolled asthma: well-defined eligibility criteria to promote asthma control. J Bras Pneumol. 2017;43(6):487-489. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1806-37562017000000012
https://doi.org/10.1590/s1806-3756201700...
ERC avaliaram o efeito dos imunobiológicos em um ou mais dos seguintes desfechos: redução das exacerbações, efeito poupador de CO, melhora do controle da asma, aumento do VEF1 e melhora da qualidade de vida.203203 Pavord ID, Korn S, Howarth P, Bleecker ER, Buhl R, Keene ON, et al. Mepolizumab for severe eosinophilic asthma (DREAM): a multicentre, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2012;380(9842):651-659. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60988-X
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60...
,206206 Bel EH, Wenzel SE, Thompson PJ, Prazma CM, Keene ON, Yancey SW, et al. Oral glucocorticoid-sparing effect of mepolizumab in eosinophilic asthma. N Engl J Med. 2014;371(13):1189-1197. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1403291
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1403291...
,216216 FitzGerald JM, Bleecker ER, Nair P, Korn S, Ohta K, Lommatzsch M, et al. Benralizumab, an anti-interleukin-5 receptor a monoclonal antibody, as add-on treatment for patients with severe, uncontrolled, eosinophilic asthma (CALIMA): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2016;388(10056):2128-2141. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31322-8
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31...

217 Bleecker ER, FitzGerald JM, Chanez P, Papi A, Weinstein SF, Barker P, et al. Efficacy and safety of benralizumab for patients with severe asthma uncontrolled with high-dosage inhaled corticosteroids and long-acting ß2-agonists (SIROCCO): a randomised, multicentre, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2016;388(10056):2115-2127. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31324-1
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31...

218 Nair P, Wenzel S, Rabe KF, Bourdin A, Lugogo NL, Kuna P, et al. Oral Glucocorticoid-Sparing Effect of Benralizumab in Severe Asthma. N Engl J Med. 2017;376(25):2448-2458. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1703501
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1703501...
-219219 Busse WW, Bleecker ER, FitzGerald JM, Ferguson GT, Barker P, Sproule S, et al. Long-term safety and efficacy of benralizumab in patients with severe, uncontrolled asthma: 1-year results from the BORA phase 3 extension trial [published correction appears in Lancet Respir Med. 2019 Jan;7(1):e1]. Lancet Respir Med. 2019;7(1):46-59. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(18)30406-5
https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(18)30...
,229229 Wenzel S, Castro M, Corren J, Maspero J, Wang L, Zhang B, et al. Dupilumab efficacy and safety in adults with uncontrolled persistent asthma despite use of medium-to-high-dose inhaled corticosteroids plus a long-acting ß2 agonist: a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled pivotal phase 2b dose-ranging trial. Lancet. 2016;388(10039):31-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30307-5
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30...

230 Castro M, Corren J, Pavord ID, Maspero J, Wenzel S, Rabe KF, et al. Dupilumab Efficacy and Safety in Moderate-to-Severe Uncontrolled Asthma. N Engl J Med. 2018;378(26):2486-2496. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1804092
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1804092...
-231231 Rabe KF, Nair P, Brusselle G, Maspero JF, Castro M, Sher L, et al. Efficacy and Safety of Dupilumab in Glucocorticoid-Dependent Severe Asthma. N Engl J Med. 2018;378(26):2475-2485. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1804093
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1804093...
,239239 Haldar P, Brightling CE, Hargadon B, Gupta S, Monteiro W, Sousa A, et al. Mepolizumab and exacerbations of refractory eosinophilic asthma [published correction appears in N Engl J Med. 2011 Feb 10;364(6):588]. N Engl J Med. 2009;360(10):973-984. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0808991
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0808991...

240 Busse WW, Maspero JF, Rabe KF, Papi A, Wenzel SE, Ford LB, et al. Liberty Asthma QUEST: Phase 3 Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel-Group Study to Evaluate Dupilumab Efficacy/Safety in Patients with Uncontrolled, Moderate-to-Severe Asthma. Adv Ther. 2018;35(5):737-748. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12325-018-0702-4
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12325-018-0702-...

241 Corren J, Castro M, O'Riordan T, Hanania NA, Pavord ID, Quirce S, et al. Dupilumab Efficacy in Patients with Uncontrolled, Moderate-to-Severe Allergic Asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2020;8(2):516-526. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2019.08.050
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2019.08.0...
-242242 Nair P, Pizzichini MM, Kjarsgaard M, Inman MD, Efthimiadis A, Pizzichini E, et al. Mepolizumab for prednisone-dependent asthma with sputum eosinophilia. N Engl J Med. 2009;360(10):985-993. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0805435
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0805435...
Estudos de vida real com duração de 24-48 semanas, utilizando critérios de inclusão similares aos dos ERC, identificaram respondedores, super-respondedores e não respondedores ao tratamento.208208 Kavanagh JE, d'Ancona G, Elstad M, Green L, Fernandes M, Thomson L, et al. Real-World Effectiveness and the Characteristics of a "Super-Responder" to Mepolizumab in Severe Eosinophilic Asthma. Chest. 2020;158(2):491-500. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2020.03.042
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2020.03....
,209209 Harvey ES, Langton D, Katelaris C, Stevens S, Farah CS, Gillman A, et al. Mepolizumab effectiveness and identification of super-responders in severe asthma. Eur Respir J. 2020;55(5):1902420. https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.02420-2019
https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.02420-2...
,225225 Kavanagh JE, Hearn AP, Dhariwal J, d'Ancona G, Douiri A, Roxas C, et al. Real-World Effectiveness of Benralizumab in Severe Eosinophilic Asthma. Chest. 2021;159(2):496-506. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2020.08.2083
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2020.08....

Respondedores

São considerados respondedores208208 Kavanagh JE, d'Ancona G, Elstad M, Green L, Fernandes M, Thomson L, et al. Real-World Effectiveness and the Characteristics of a "Super-Responder" to Mepolizumab in Severe Eosinophilic Asthma. Chest. 2020;158(2):491-500. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2020.03.042
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2020.03....
,209209 Harvey ES, Langton D, Katelaris C, Stevens S, Farah CS, Gillman A, et al. Mepolizumab effectiveness and identification of super-responders in severe asthma. Eur Respir J. 2020;55(5):1902420. https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.02420-2019
https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.02420-2...
,225225 Kavanagh JE, Hearn AP, Dhariwal J, d'Ancona G, Douiri A, Roxas C, et al. Real-World Effectiveness of Benralizumab in Severe Eosinophilic Asthma. Chest. 2021;159(2):496-506. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2020.08.2083
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2020.08....
,247247 Mukherjee M, Forero DF, Tran S, Boulay ME, Bertrand M, Bhalla A, et al. Suboptimal treatment response to anti-IL-5 monoclonal antibodies in severe eosinophilic asthmatics with airway autoimmune phenomena. Eur Respir J. 2020;56(4):2000117. https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.00117-2020
https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.00117-2...
os pacientes com melhora do controle da asma (redução de 0,5 ponto no ACQ) e/ou redução de exacerbações ≥ 50% e/ou redução da dose de CO ≥ 50%.

Super-respondedores

São considerados super-respondedores208208 Kavanagh JE, d'Ancona G, Elstad M, Green L, Fernandes M, Thomson L, et al. Real-World Effectiveness and the Characteristics of a "Super-Responder" to Mepolizumab in Severe Eosinophilic Asthma. Chest. 2020;158(2):491-500. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2020.03.042
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2020.03....
,209209 Harvey ES, Langton D, Katelaris C, Stevens S, Farah CS, Gillman A, et al. Mepolizumab effectiveness and identification of super-responders in severe asthma. Eur Respir J. 2020;55(5):1902420. https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.02420-2019
https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.02420-2...
,225225 Kavanagh JE, Hearn AP, Dhariwal J, d'Ancona G, Douiri A, Roxas C, et al. Real-World Effectiveness of Benralizumab in Severe Eosinophilic Asthma. Chest. 2021;159(2):496-506. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2020.08.2083
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2020.08....
os pacientes com asma bem controlada (ACQ < 1,5), sem exacerbações e com redução da dose de CO ≥ 80% nos pacientes corticodependentes.

Não respondedores

São considerados não respondedores209209 Harvey ES, Langton D, Katelaris C, Stevens S, Farah CS, Gillman A, et al. Mepolizumab effectiveness and identification of super-responders in severe asthma. Eur Respir J. 2020;55(5):1902420. https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.02420-2019
https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.02420-2...
,247247 Mukherjee M, Forero DF, Tran S, Boulay ME, Bertrand M, Bhalla A, et al. Suboptimal treatment response to anti-IL-5 monoclonal antibodies in severe eosinophilic asthmatics with airway autoimmune phenomena. Eur Respir J. 2020;56(4):2000117. https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.00117-2020
https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.00117-2...
os pacientes que não obtiveram pelo menos dois dos seguintes critérios: melhora do controle da asma (redução de 0,5 ponto no ACQ), redução de exacerbações ≥ 50% ou redução da dose de CO ≥ 25% nos corticodependentes.

A Figura 3 apresenta uma sugestão de avaliação da resposta ao tratamento com imunobiológico após 6 a 12 meses.

Figura 3
Avaliação da resposta ao tratamento com imunobiológicos. ACQ: Asthma Control Questionnaire; ACT: Asthma Control Test; CO: corticoide oral.

Alguns pacientes previamente considerados respondedores, podem, no decorrer do tempo, apresentar piora da resposta, identificada através da redução ≥ 25% no VEF1 basal, necessidade de aumento da dose do corticoide de manutenção ou aumento ≥ 0,5 ponto no ACQ-5.247247 Mukherjee M, Forero DF, Tran S, Boulay ME, Bertrand M, Bhalla A, et al. Suboptimal treatment response to anti-IL-5 monoclonal antibodies in severe eosinophilic asthmatics with airway autoimmune phenomena. Eur Respir J. 2020;56(4):2000117. https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.00117-2020
https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.00117-2...
A piora clínica pode ser resultado de baixa adesão, técnica inalatória incorreta, exposições ocupacionais/ambientais e infecções. Nesses casos, a TC de tórax e a broncoscopia podem ser necessárias para investigar diagnósticos alternativos ou concomitantes. A produção de anticorpos contra o imunobiológico também pode ser a causa da perda de resposta ao tratamento.225225 Kavanagh JE, Hearn AP, Dhariwal J, d'Ancona G, Douiri A, Roxas C, et al. Real-World Effectiveness of Benralizumab in Severe Eosinophilic Asthma. Chest. 2021;159(2):496-506. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2020.08.2083
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2020.08....
,247247 Mukherjee M, Forero DF, Tran S, Boulay ME, Bertrand M, Bhalla A, et al. Suboptimal treatment response to anti-IL-5 monoclonal antibodies in severe eosinophilic asthmatics with airway autoimmune phenomena. Eur Respir J. 2020;56(4):2000117. https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.00117-2020
https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.00117-2...
,248248 Mukherjee M, Nair P. Autoimmune Responses in Severe Asthma. Allergy Asthma Immunol Res. 2018;10(5):428-447. https://doi.org/10.4168/aair.2018.10.5.428
https://doi.org/10.4168/aair.2018.10.5.4...

Na ausência ou perda de resposta, deve-se interromper o tratamento e reavaliar o paciente para a possível introdução de outro imunobiológico. Nos casos de resposta intermediária, o tratamento pode ser mantido por até 12 meses. Quando a resposta for adequada, o tratamento deverá ser continuado; se a resposta for inadequada, deverá ser considerada a troca por outro imunobiológico.249249 Buhl R, Humbert M, Bjermer L, Chanez P, Heaney LG, Pavord I, et al. Severe eosinophilic asthma: a roadmap to consensus. Eur Respir J. 2017;49(5):1700634. https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.00634-2017
https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.00634-2...

A duração do tratamento ainda não está estabelecida. Entretanto, sabe-se que a interrupção do mesmo em respondedores acompanha-se de eosinofilia250250 Haldar P, Brightling CE, Singapuri A, Hargadon B, Gupta S, Monteiro W, et al. Outcomes after cessation of mepolizumab therapy in severe eosinophilic asthma: a 12-month follow-up analysis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2014;133(3):921-923. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2013.11.026
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2013.11.0...
,251251 Ortega H, Lemiere C, Llanos JP, Forshag M, Price R, Albers F, et al. Outcomes following mepolizumab treatment discontinuation: real-world experience from an open-label trial. Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol. 2019;15:37. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13223-019-0348-z
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13223-019-0348-...
) e exacerbações.250250 Haldar P, Brightling CE, Singapuri A, Hargadon B, Gupta S, Monteiro W, et al. Outcomes after cessation of mepolizumab therapy in severe eosinophilic asthma: a 12-month follow-up analysis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2014;133(3):921-923. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2013.11.026
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2013.11.0...

CO EM BAIXA DOSE

O CO é uma opção alternativa na etapa V, devendo ser usado na menor dose possível,22020 Brazilian Thoracic Association recommendations for the management of asthma. J Bras Pneumol. 2020;46(1):e20190307. https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-3713/e20190307
https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-3713/e20190...
,44 Global Initiative for Asthma [homepage on the internet]. Bethesda: Global Initiative for Asthma; c2021 [cited 2021 Jun 1]. Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention (2021 update). Available from: https://ginasthma.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/GINA-Main-Report-2021-V2-WMS.pdf
https://ginasthma.org/wp-content/uploads...
pois embora seja eficaz para atingir e manter o controle da asma, seu uso regular ou em cursos repetidos está associado a efeitos adversos graves.252252 Ramsahai JM, Wark PA. Appropriate use of oral corticosteroids for severe asthma. Med J Aust. 2018;209(S2):S18-S21. https://doi.org/10.5694/mja18.00134
https://doi.org/10.5694/mja18.00134...
Os principais efeitos adversos são a perda de massa óssea com maior risco de fratura, ganho de peso, síndrome metabólica, diabetes mellitus, hipertensão arterial sistêmica, insuficiência adrenal e imunossupressão.33 Chung KF, Wenzel SE, Brozek JL, Bush A, Castro M, Sterk PJ, et al. International ERS/ATS guidelines on definition, evaluation and treatment of severe asthma [published correction appears in Eur Respir J. 2014 Apr;43(4):1216. Dosage error in article text] [published correction appears in Eur Respir J. 2018 Jul 27;52(1):]. Eur Respir J. 2014;43(2):343-373. https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00202013
https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.0020201...
,99 Sweeney J, Patterson CC, Menzies-Gow A, Niven RM, Mansur AH, Bucknall C, et al. Comorbidity in severe asthma requiring systemic corticosteroid therapy: cross-sectional data from the Optimum Patient Care Research Database and the British Thoracic Difficult Asthma Registry. Thorax. 2016;71(4):339-346. https://doi.org/10.1136/thoraxjnl-2015-207630
https://doi.org/10.1136/thoraxjnl-2015-2...
,1414 Global Initiative for Asthma [homepage on the Internet]. Bethesda: Global Initiative for Asthma; c2019 [cited 2019 Mar 1]. Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention (2019 update). [Adobe Acrobat document, 201p.]. Available from: https://ginasthma.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/GINA-2019-main-report-June2019-wms.pdf
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,151151 Holguin F, Cardet JC, Chung KF, Diver S, Ferreira DS, Fitzpatrick A, et al. Management of severe asthma: a European Respiratory Society/American Thoracic Society guideline. Eur Respir J. 2020;55(1):1900588. https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.00588-2019
https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.00588-2...
,253253 O'Byrne P, Fabbri LM, Pavord ID, Papi A, Petruzzelli S, Lange P. Asthma progression and mortality: the role of inhaled corticosteroids. Eur Respir J. 2019;54(1):1900491. https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.00491-2019
https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.00491-2...

254 Bleecker ER, Menzies-Gow AN, Price DB, Bourdin A, Sweet S, Martin AL, et al. Systematic Literature Review of Systemic Corticosteroid Use for Asthma Management. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2020;201(3):276-293. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201904-0903SO
https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201904-0903...
-255255 Choo XN, Pavord ID. Morbidity associated with oral corticosteroids in patients with severe asthma. Thorax. 2016;71(4):302-304. https://doi.org/10.1136/thoraxjnl-2015-208242
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Esses efeitos indesejáveis são dose-dependentes.256256 Lefebvre P, Duh MS, Lafeuille MH, Gozalo L, Desai U, Robitaille MN, et al. Acute and chronic systemic corticosteroid-related complications in patients with severe asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2015;136(6):1488-1495. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2015.07.046
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2015.07.0...

Redução gradual e cessação do CO de manutenção

Devido aos efeitos adversos, deve-se tentar reduzir a dose de CO em todos os pacientes. Não existem diretrizes baseadas em evidências sobre a melhor forma de redução da dose. Entretanto, recomendações de especialistas254254 Bleecker ER, Menzies-Gow AN, Price DB, Bourdin A, Sweet S, Martin AL, et al. Systematic Literature Review of Systemic Corticosteroid Use for Asthma Management. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2020;201(3):276-293. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201904-0903SO
https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201904-0903...
sugerem que essa seja feita de forma gradual até que se atinja uma dose mínima eficaz ou o desmame completo. O ritmo e a velocidade da redução devem ser personalizados, com base no histórico de exacerbação grave, no tempo de tratamento prévio e no risco e tipo de efeitos adversos. Recomenda-se a avaliação da possibilidade de insuficiência suprarrenal durante e após o processo de redução do tratamento com CO.257257 Suehs CM, Menzies-Gow A, Price D, Bleecker ER, Canonica GW, Gurnell M, et al. Expert Consensus on the Tapering of Oral Corticosteroids for the Treatment of Asthma. A Delphi Study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2021;203(7):871-881. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.202007-2721OC
https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.202007-2721...

TRATAMENTO NÃO FARMACOLÓGICO

Termoplastia brônquica

A termoplastia brônquica é um procedimento não farmacológico aprovado para o tratamento da asma grave em pacientes não controlados com o tratamento usual.258258 Cox G, Thomson NC, Rubin AS, Niven RM, Corris PA, Siersted HC, et al. Asthma control during the year after bronchial thermoplasty. N Engl J Med. 2007;356(13):1327-1337. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa064707
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Através de uma broncoscopia, um cateter é inserido nas vias aéreas, gerando energia por radiofrequência e aquecendo as paredes brônquicas de maneira controlada. O mecanismo de ação envolve a redução da musculatura lisa e das terminações nervosas das vias aéreas, bem como ações mecânicas e fisiológicas resultantes dessas reduções. O procedimento deve ser realizado em centros treinados e consiste de três sessões com intervalo de 21 dias.259259 Torrego Fernández A. Bronchial thermoplasty in the treatment of asthma. Arch Bronconeumol. 2010;46(2):85-91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arbres.2008.12.005
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arbres.2008.12...
Três ERC258258 Cox G, Thomson NC, Rubin AS, Niven RM, Corris PA, Siersted HC, et al. Asthma control during the year after bronchial thermoplasty. N Engl J Med. 2007;356(13):1327-1337. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa064707
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa064707...
,260260 Pavord ID, Cox G, Thomson NC, Rubin AS, Corris PA, Niven RM, et al. Safety and efficacy of bronchial thermoplasty in symptomatic, severe asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2007;176(12):1185-1191. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.200704-571OC
https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.200704-571O...
,261261 Castro M, Rubin AS, Laviolette M, Fiterman J, De Andrade Lima M, Shah PL, et al. Effectiveness and safety of bronchial thermoplasty in the treatment of severe asthma: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled clinical trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2010;181(2):116-124. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.200903-0354OC
https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.200903-0354...
investigaram a segurança e a eficácia da termoplastia brônquica demonstrando melhora da qualidade de vida e do controle da asma, com redução das exacerbações, consultas de emergência, hospitalizações e dose de CO. Esses efeitos foram mantidos por pelo menos 10 anos, com um perfil de segurança aceitável.262262 Chaudhuri R, Rubin A, Sumino K, Lapa E Silva JR, Niven R, Siddiqui S, et al. Safety and effectiveness of bronchial thermoplasty after 10 years in patients with persistent asthma (BT10+): a follow-up of three randomised controlled trials. Lancet Respir Med. 2021;9(5):457-466. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30408-2
https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30...
A termoplastia brônquica pode ser considerada uma opção de tratamento para aqueles pacientes com asma grave que não se qualificaram ou que não responderam adequadamente ao tratamento com imunobiológicos.

Atividade física

O paradigma sobre a prática de exercícios por pacientes com asma começou a mudar na virada do século com os dados de uma revisão sistemática263263 Ram FS, Robinson SM, Black PN. Effects of physical training in asthma: a systematic review. Br J Sports Med. 2000;34(3):162-167. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.34.3.162
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que comparou estudos que avaliaram asmáticos participantes de um programa de treinamento e um grupo que não realizou atividades físicas. O grupo de asmáticos que realizou exercícios apresentou melhora significativa da capacidade aeróbia, mas não foi observada melhora nos parâmetros de função pulmonar avaliados no repouso.

Nos anos seguintes, estudos experimentais mostraram redução de IL-4 e IL-13 (citocinas pró-inflamatórias), sugerindo um efeito do treinamento na redução da inflamação das vias aéreas264264 Olivo CR, Vieira RP, Arantes-Costa FM, Perini A, Martins MA, Carvalho CR. Effects of aerobic exercise on chronic allergic airway inflammation and remodeling in guinea pigs. Respir Physiol Neurobiol. 2012;182(2-3):81-87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resp.2012.05.004
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e aumento significativo da expressão de IL-10 (citocina anti-inflamatória).265265 Silva RA, Vieira RP, Duarte AC, Lopes FD, Perini A, Mauad T, et al. Aerobic training reverses airway inflammation and remodelling in an asthma murine model. Eur Respir J. 2010;35(5):994-1002. https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00049509
https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.0004950...
) A redução de EosEI e FeNO foram demonstrados em um ensaio clínico266266 Mendes FA, Almeida FM, Cukier A, Stelmach R, Jacob-Filho W, Martins MA, et al. Effects of aerobic training on airway inflammation in asthmatic patients. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2011;43(2):197-203. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181ed0ea3
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que, comparando asmáticos que realizaram treinamento aeróbio com um grupo controle, indicou que o treinamento reduz a inflamação das vias aéreas. Entretanto, esse achado não foi observado em um estudo posterior.267267 França-Pinto A, Mendes FA, de Carvalho-Pinto RM, Agondi RC, Cukier A, Stelmach R, et al. Aerobic training decreases bronchial hyperresponsiveness and systemic inflammation in patients with moderate or severe asthma: a randomised controlled trial. Thorax. 2015;70(8):732-739. https://doi.org/10.1136/thoraxjnl-2014-206070
https://doi.org/10.1136/thoraxjnl-2014-2...

Um estudo que avaliou programas de treinamento físico em asmáticos mostrou melhora da qualidade de vida e redução de sintomas de ansiedade/depressão e de asma.268268 Mendes FA, Gonçalves RC, Nunes MP, Saraiva-Romanholo BM, Cukier A, Stelmach R, et al. Effects of aerobic training on psychosocial morbidity and symptoms in patients with asthma: a randomized clinical trial. Chest. 2010;138(2):331-337. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.09-2389
https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.09-2389...
Em outro estudo o treinamento físico melhorou o controle da asma e promoveu a perda de peso e a redução da inflamação sistêmica e de vias aéreas.122122 Freitas PD, Ferreira PG, Silva AG, Stelmach R, Carvalho-Pinto RM, Fernandes FL, et al. The Role of Exercise in a Weight-Loss Program on Clinical Control in Obese Adults with Asthma. A Randomized Controlled Trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2017;195(1):32-42. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201603-0446OC
https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201603-0446...
) Uma revisão sistemática269269 Hansen ESH, Pitzner-Fabricius A, Toennesen LL, Rasmusen HK, Hostrup M, Hellsten Y, et al. Effect of aerobic exercise training on asthma in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Respir J. 2020;56(1):2000146. https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.00146-2020
https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.00146-2...
incluindo estudos com asmáticos adultos que realizaram treinamento físico aeróbio demonstrou melhora no controle da asma e na função pulmonar. Em asmáticos obesos os exercícios físicos também auxiliam na perda peso.270270 Freitas PD, Ferreira PG, da Silva A, Trecco S, Stelmach R, Cukier A, et al. The effects of exercise training in a weight loss lifestyle intervention on asthma control, quality of life and psychosocial symptoms in adult obese asthmatics: protocol of a randomized controlled trial. BMC Pulm Med. 2015;15:124. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12890-015-0111-2
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12890-015-0111-...

Nessa linha, intervenções realizadas com o objetivo de promover mudanças de comportamento para aumentar a atividade física em asmáticos adultos fisicamente inativos resultaram em melhora no controle da asma e redução de exacerbações, do uso de medicação de resgate e de cursos de CO, assim como aumento na prática de atividades físicas.271271 Freitas PD, Passos NFP, Carvalho-Pinto RM, Martins MA, Cavalheri V, Hill K, et al. A Behavior Change Intervention Aimed at Increasing Physical Activity Improves Clinical Control in Adults With Asthma: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Chest. 2021;159(1):46-57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2020.08.2113
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2020.08....
) Por outro lado, outros estudos não observaram melhora clinicamente significativa no controle da asma com o aumento de atividade física após intervenções de mudança de comportamento. Isso pode indicar que os possíveis benefícios clínicos sejam dependentes da magnitude do aumento da atividade física regular nos asmáticos.272272 Coelho CM, Reboredo MM, Valle FM, Malaguti C, Campos LA, Nascimento LM, et al. Effects of an unsupervised pedometer-based physical activity program on daily steps of adults with moderate to severe asthma: a randomized controlled trial. J Sports Sci. 2018;36(10):1186-1193. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2017.1364402
https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2017.13...
,273273 Ma J, Strub P, Xiao L, Lavori PW, Camargo CA Jr, Wilson SR, et al. Behavioral weight loss and physical activity intervention in obese adults with asthma. A randomized trial. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2015;12(1):1-11. https://doi.org/10.1513/AnnalsATS.201406-271OC
https://doi.org/10.1513/AnnalsATS.201406...

Apesar do potencial dos exercícios físicos supervisionados, em programas estruturados, na melhora da asma,269269 Hansen ESH, Pitzner-Fabricius A, Toennesen LL, Rasmusen HK, Hostrup M, Hellsten Y, et al. Effect of aerobic exercise training on asthma in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Respir J. 2020;56(1):2000146. https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.00146-2020
https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.00146-2...
devem-se levar em consideração as preferências pessoais dos pacientes, bem como as barreiras encontradas para a prática da atividade física.274274 Mancuso CA, Sayles W, Robbins L, Phillips EG, Ravenell K, Duffy C, et al. Barriers and facilitators to healthy physical activity in asthma patients. J Asthma. 2006;43(2):137-143. https://doi.org/10.1080/02770900500498584
https://doi.org/10.1080/0277090050049858...
Esses achados apontam para o papel importante da atividade física no manejo da asma, indicando a necessidade de se considerar a implantação de medidas não farmacológicas, como a prática de atividade física, em associação ao tratamento farmacológico também em pacientes com asma grave ou ADC. A GINA recomenda que adultos com asma façam atividade física regular.44 Global Initiative for Asthma [homepage on the internet]. Bethesda: Global Initiative for Asthma; c2021 [cited 2021 Jun 1]. Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention (2021 update). Available from: https://ginasthma.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/GINA-Main-Report-2021-V2-WMS.pdf
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DIAGNÓSTICO E MANEJO DA ASMA GRAVE EM CRIANÇAS E ADOLESCENTES

Aspectos diagnósticos

Os critérios diagnósticos de asma em crianças são os mesmos estabelecidos para adultos. Salientamos, no entanto, que, na faixa etária de 6-11 anos, existem diferenças nos parâmetros de função pulmonar: relação VEF1/CVF < 0,9; reversibilidade ao uso de broncodilatador > 12% do valor basal; variabilidade da média do PFE > 13%; e redução do VEF1 > 12% após broncoprovocação por exercício.44 Global Initiative for Asthma [homepage on the internet]. Bethesda: Global Initiative for Asthma; c2021 [cited 2021 Jun 1]. Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention (2021 update). Available from: https://ginasthma.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/GINA-Main-Report-2021-V2-WMS.pdf
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Além disso, crianças com asma grave não costumam apresentar alterações ou perda de função pulmonar importante.275275 Bacharier LB, Strunk RC, Mauger D, White D, Lemanske RF Jr, Sorkness CA. Classifying asthma severity in children: mismatch between symptoms, medication use, and lung function. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2004;170(4):426-432. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.200308-1178OC
https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.200308-1178...
O TBP deve ser restrito a casos com espirometria normal e sintomas sugestivos de asma. O teste negativo torna o diagnóstico de asma improvável.276276 Hallstrand TS, Leuppi JD, Joos G, Hall GL, Carlsen KH, Kaminsky DA, et al. ERS technical standard on bronchial challenge testing: pathophysiology and methodology of indirect airway challenge testing. Eur Respir J. 2018;52(5):1801033. https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.01033-2018
https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.01033-2...

A definição de asma grave em pacientes de 6-11 anos não difere da em adolescentes e adultos. Entretanto, é importante destacar que as doses de CI diferem nessa faixa etária, sendo considerada como dose alta > 400 µg/dia de dipropionato de beclometasona (partícula fina - hidrofluoralcano) ou equivalente.44 Global Initiative for Asthma [homepage on the internet]. Bethesda: Global Initiative for Asthma; c2021 [cited 2021 Jun 1]. Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention (2021 update). Available from: https://ginasthma.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/GINA-Main-Report-2021-V2-WMS.pdf
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Crianças com suspeita de asma grave devem ser sempre avaliadas e manejadas por um especialista.22020 Brazilian Thoracic Association recommendations for the management of asthma. J Bras Pneumol. 2020;46(1):e20190307. https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-3713/e20190307
https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-3713/e20190...
,44 Global Initiative for Asthma [homepage on the internet]. Bethesda: Global Initiative for Asthma; c2021 [cited 2021 Jun 1]. Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention (2021 update). Available from: https://ginasthma.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/GINA-Main-Report-2021-V2-WMS.pdf
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O diagnóstico diferencial de asma grave nessa faixa etária inclui fibrose cística, bronquiolite obliterante pós-infecciosa, aspiração de corpo estranho, discinesia ciliar primária, imunodeficiências congênitas, cardiopatia congênita, entre outros.44 Global Initiative for Asthma [homepage on the internet]. Bethesda: Global Initiative for Asthma; c2021 [cited 2021 Jun 1]. Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention (2021 update). Available from: https://ginasthma.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/GINA-Main-Report-2021-V2-WMS.pdf
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A investigação de asma grave nessa faixa etária inclui alguns aspectos que merecem destaque. Não há evidências para indicar a TC de tórax de rotina. Na asma grave, essa deve ser realizada somente para exclusão de outras doenças.277277 Bush A, Saglani S. Management of severe asthma in children. Lancet. 2010;376(9743):814-825. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61054-9
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61...
A investigação de refluxo gastresofágico deve ser realizada somente em casos selecionados. O tratamento do refluxo assintomático raramente resulta em melhora clínica da asma.277277 Bush A, Saglani S. Management of severe asthma in children. Lancet. 2010;376(9743):814-825. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61054-9
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61...
A medida da FeNO na orientação do tratamento farmacológico em crianças reduz o risco de exacerbações.278278 Petsky HL, Kew KM, Chang AB. Exhaled nitric oxide levels to guide treatment for children with asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;11(11):CD011439. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD011439.pub2
https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD01143...
O EI não é recomendado para o manejo farmacológico em crianças.279279 Petsky HL, Li A, Chang AB. Tailored interventions based on sputum eosinophils versus clinical symptoms for asthma in children and adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;8(8):CD005603. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD005603.pub3
https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD00560...

A asma grave em crianças de 6-11 anos deve ser fenotipada para perfil inflamatório T2 alto através de teste de sensibilização a alérgenos, EosS ou EosEI (quando disponível) e FeNO.44 Global Initiative for Asthma [homepage on the internet]. Bethesda: Global Initiative for Asthma; c2021 [cited 2021 Jun 1]. Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention (2021 update). Available from: https://ginasthma.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/GINA-Main-Report-2021-V2-WMS.pdf
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O fenótipo predominante em crianças com asma grave é o eosinofílico alérgico, T2 alto.280280 Wenzel SE. Asthma phenotypes: the evolution from clinical to molecular approaches. Nat Med. 2012;18(5):716-725. https://doi.org/10.1038/nm.2678
https://doi.org/10.1038/nm.2678...

Tratamento em crianças de 6-11 anos

No tratamento da asma grave em crianças de 6-11 anos (etapa V) está indicada dose alta de CI + LABA. Antes da fenotipagem recomenda-se associar tiotrópio a CI + LABA com o objetivo de se atingir e manter o controle da asma.22020 Brazilian Thoracic Association recommendations for the management of asthma. J Bras Pneumol. 2020;46(1):e20190307. https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-3713/e20190307
https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-3713/e20190...
,281281 Rodrigo GJ, Neffen H. Efficacy and safety of tiotropium in school-age children with moderate-to-severe symptomatic asthma: A systematic review. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2017;28(6):573-578. https://doi.org/10.1111/pai.12759
https://doi.org/10.1111/pai.12759...
) Recomenda-se a fenotipagem em pacientes que não atingirem o controle.

No Brasil, para asmáticos nessa faixa etária com o fenótipo T2 alto, dois imunobiológicos estão aprovados: omalizumabe (anti-IgE) e mepolizumabe (anti-IL-5). A escolha do imunobiológico deve ser definida individualmente, considerando biomarcadores e acesso ao tratamento.

A eficácia e segurança do omalizumabe em crianças com asma grave foi comprovada em um ERC282282 Corren J, Kavati A, Ortiz B, Colby JA, Ruiz K, Maiese BA, et al. Efficacy and safety of omalizumab in children and adolescents with moderate-to-severe asthma: A systematic literature review. Allergy Asthma Proc. 2017;38(4):250-263. https://doi.org/10.2500/aap.2017.38.4067
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e em um estudo de vida real.283283 Deschildre A, Marguet C, Salleron J, Pin I, Rittié JL, Derelle J, et al. Add-on omalizumab in children with severe allergic asthma: a 1-year real life survey. Eur Respir J. 2013;42(5):1224-1233. https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00149812
https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.0014981...
Um estudo em crianças e adolescentes no Brasil mostrou que a adição de omalizumabe melhorou o controle da asma, reduziu hospitalizações e a dose de CO.284284 Pitrez PM, de Souza RG, Roncada C, Heinzmann-Filho JP, Santos G, Pinto LA, et al. Impact of omalizumab in children from a middle-income country with severe therapy-resistant asthma: A real-life study. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2017;52(11):1408-1413. https://doi.org/10.1002/ppul.23845
https://doi.org/10.1002/ppul.23845...
Em algumas crianças, o valor da IgE total é mais elevado do que os limites recomendados na bula do omalizumabe, contraindicando seu uso.285285 Bossley CJ, Saglani S, Kavanagh C, Payne DN, Wilson N, Tsartsali L, et al. Corticosteroid responsiveness and clinical characteristics in childhood difficult asthma. Eur Respir J. 2009;34(5):1052-1059. https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00186508
https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.0018650...

A eficácia e a segurança do mepolizumabe para crianças de 6-11 anos foi demonstrada em um estudo.286286 Gupta A, Ikeda M, Geng B, Azmi J, Price RG, Bradford ES, et al. Long-term safety and pharmacodynamics of mepolizumab in children with severe asthma with an eosinophilic phenotype. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2019;144(5):1336-1342.e7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2019.08.005
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2019.08.0...
As doses de imunobiológicos em crianças de 6-11 anos encontram-se descritas no Quadro 2.

A resposta ao tratamento com imunobiológicos deve ser avaliada periodicamente através de medida objetiva do controle da asma, redução do número de exacerbações/hospitalizações e da dose de CO. A duração do tratamento em pacientes com boa resposta clínica e as recomendações sobre a troca de imunobiológicos na falha de tratamento ainda não estão estabelecidas.

SUMÁRIO DAS RECOMENDAÇÕES DE MANEJO DA ASMA GRAVE

  • Pacientes com diagnóstico ou suspeita de asma grave devem ser encaminhados para um especialista

  • Adesão ao tratamento e técnica inalatória adequadas devem ser verificadas em todas as consultas

  • Comorbidades e exposições ambientais/ocupacionais que possam piorar o controle da asma devem ser investigadas e, se presentes, devem ser eliminadas ou minimizadas

  • Deve ser considerado como asmático grave o paciente que necessita tratamento com CI em dose alta (budesonida ≥ 1.600 µg ou seu equivalente) associado a LABA e/ou LAMA e/ou antileucotrienos e/ou CO para manter o controle ou que ainda assim permaneça não controlado, devido sua gravidade intrínseca

  • A adição de brometo de tiotrópio ao tratamento da asma grave está indicada preferencialmente antes do uso de imunobiológicos

  • Pacientes com diagnóstico confirmado de asma grave e com indicação de tratamento com imunobiológicos devem ser fenotipados

  • Quando disponível, a análise do EI deve ser realizada para fenotipar a asma grave

  • A dosagem de EosS deve ser utilizada para a fenotipagem da asma grave na indisponibilidade da análise do EosEI

  • A dosagem da IgE específica e/ou teste por puntura devem ser utilizados para a fenotipagem em todos os pacientes com asma grave

  • O valor da IgE sérica total deve ser utilizado para o cálculo da dose de omalizumabe mas não para a fenotipagem ou o acompanhamento do tratamento

  • Não se recomenda o uso de rotina da FeNO para fenotipagem ou como estratégia de manejo da asma grave

  • A escolha do imunobiológico deve ser baseada no fenótipo e no acesso ao medicamento

  • A avaliação da resposta ao tratamento deve ser objetiva, utilizando como parâmetros o controle da asma, a redução de exacerbações e a redução da dose de corticoides

  • Para pacientes respondedores o tratamento deve ser mantido por tempo indeterminado

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  • Apoio financeiro:

    Nenhum.

Datas de Publicação

  • Publicação nesta coleção
    15 Dez 2021
  • Data do Fascículo
    2021

Histórico

  • Recebido
    06 Jul 2021
  • Aceito
    05 Ago 2021
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