Internacionalização e Networks em Pequenas e Médias Empresas: o papel dos laços de descendência imigratória

Seifriz, Marco Antonio; Gondim, Sonia Maria Guedes; Pereira, Marcos Emanoel

doi:10.7819/rbgn.v16i50.1417

RESUMO

A inserção internacional de pequenas e médias empresas (PMEs) vem chamando a atenção acadêmica com o surgimento de novas correntes teóricas da internacionalização, como a abordagem das networks. Há evidências de que redes de relacionamento baseadas em laços de descendência contribuem para a inserção internacional das empresas, sobretudo as de pequeno porte. O estudo quantitativo de corte transversal realizado com 71 PMEs filiadas à Associação Empresarial de Blumenau, município marcado pela imigração alemã, procurou testar o papel preditor dos laços de descendência (conteúdo dos laços e força dos laços) no grau de internacionalização de PMEs. Os resultados sugerem que somente a força dos laços (frequência de contatos com o país de descendência) contribui para a explicação do grau de internacionalização. Limitações do tamanho da amostra impõem cautela na generalização dos resultados.

Palavras-chave:
Internacionalização; Redes sociais; Pequenas e médias empresas; Imigração

RESUMEN

La expansión internacional de las pequeñas y medianas empresas (PYMEs) ha atraído la atención de los estudiosos con la aparición de nuevas perspectivas teóricas de la internacionalización, como el enfoque de redes. Hay evidencias de que las redes sociales basadas en lazos de descendencia contribuyen a la expansión internacional de las empresas, especialmente las pequeñas. El estudio cuantitativo transversal realizado con 71 PYMEs afiliadas a la Asociación Empresarial de Blumenau, una ciudad marcada por los inmigrantes alemanes, trató de probar el papel predictivo de los lazos de descendencia (contenido de los lazos y fuerza de los lazos) en el grado de internacionalización de las PYMEs. Los resultados sugieren que solo la fuerza de los lazos (frecuencia de los contactos con el país de origen) contribuye a explicar el grado de internacionalización. Las limitaciones del tamaño de la muestra requieren precaución a la hora de generalizar los resultados.

Palabras clave:
Internacionalización; Redes sociales; Pequeñas y medianas empresas; Inmigración

ABSTRACT

The international insertion of small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) has attracted academic attention with the emergence of new internationalization theories based on the network approach. There is evidence that social networks based on descent ties contribute to the international integration of firms, particularly small ones. The quantitative cross-sectional study conducted with 71 SME affiliated with the Business Association of Blumenau, city marked by German immigration, sought to test the predictive role of descent ties (content of ties and strength of ties) in the degree of SME internationalization. The results suggest that only the strength of ties (frequency of contacts with the country of descent) contributes to explaining the degree of internationalization. Limitations of sample size require caution in generalizing the results.

Keywords:
Internationalization; Networks; Small and medium-sized enterprises; Immigration

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REFERÊNCIAS

AHARONI, Y. The foreign investment decision process. Boston, MA: Division of Research, Graduate School of Business Administration, Harvard University, 1966.
AMAL, M.; FREITAG, A.; MIRANDA, C. Algumas evidências sobre o papel das redes de relacionamento e empreendedorismo na internacionalização das Pequenas e Médias Empresas. FACES Revista de Administração, Belo Horizonte, v. 7, n. 1, p. 63-80, jan./mar. 2008.
ANDERSSON, S. The internationalization of the firm from an entrepreneurial perspective. International Studies of Management & Organization, Armonk, v. 30, n. 1, p. 63-92, Spring 2000.
BARBOSA, T. R.; FULLER, T.; FERREIRA, C. R. The role of networks on the internationalization process of small and medium-sized companies: propositions for theory development. In: ENCONTRO DA ASSOCIAÇÃO NACIONAL DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO E PESQUISA EM ADMINISTRAÇÃO, 29., 2005, Brasília, DF. Anais… Rio de Janeiro: ANPAD, 2005.
BELL, J. The internationalization of small computer software firms: a further challenge to “stage” theories. European Journal of Marketing, [S. l.], v.29, n. 8, p. 60-75, 1995.
BJÖRKMAN, I.; FORSGREN, M. Nordic international business research: a review of its development. International Studies of Management and Organization, Armonk, v. 30, n. 1, p. 6-25, Spring 2000.
CHETTY, S. Dimensions of internationalisation of manufacturing firms in the apparel industry. European Journal of Marketing, Bradford, v. 33, n. 1/2, p. 121-142, 1999.
CHETTY, S.; HOLM, D. B. Internationalization of small to medium-sized manufacturing firms: a network approach. International Business Review, Oxford, v. 9, n. 1, p. 77-95, Feb. 2000.
COSTA, C. Proximidade cultural e dinamismo econômico: por que investem as empresas portuguesas no Brasil. Revista de Administração de Empresas, São Paulo, v. 46, n. esp., p. 35-47, nov./dez. 2006.
COVIELLO, N. E. The network dynamics of international new ventures. Journal of International Business Studies, Basingstoke, v. 37, n. 5, p. 713-731, Sept. 2006.
COVIELLO, N. E.; MUNRO, H. J. Growing the entrepreneurial firm: networking for international market development. European Journal of Marketing, Bingley, UK, v. 29, n. 7, p. 49-62, 1995.
CYERT, R.; MARCH, J. A behavioral theory of the firm. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1963.
FREEMAN, S.; EDWARDS, R.; SCHRADER, B. How smaller Born-Global firms use networks and alliances to overcome constraints to rapid internationalization. Journal of International Marketing, Chicago, v. 14, n. 3, p. 33-63, Sept. 2006.
FURB. Universidade de Blumenau. Sistema de informações gerenciais e de apoio a decisão. 2011. Disponível em: <Disponível em: https://www.furb.br/especiais/download >. Acesso em: 10 dez. 2011.
» https://www.furb.br/especiais/download
GOULART, L.; BRASIL, H; ARRUDA, C. Internacionalização das empresas brasileiras. Rio de Janeiro: Qualitymark, 1996.
GRANOVETTER, M. Economic action and social structure: the problem of embeddedness. American Journal of Sociology, Chicago, v. 91, n. 3, p. 481-510, Nov. 1985.
GRANOVETTER, M., et al. Social networks in Silicon Valley. In: LEE, C. M. et al. (Ed.). The Silicon Valley Edge. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2000. p. 218-247.
HAYER, J.; IBEH, K. Ethnic networks and small firm internationalisation: a study of UK-based Indian enterprises. International Journal of Entrepreneurship & Innovation Management, [S.l.], v. 6, n. 6, p. 2-22, 2006.
HOLLENSTEIN, H. Determinants of international activities: are SMEs different? Small Business Economics, Dordrecht, v. 24, n. 6, p. 431-450, 2005.
HEMAIS, C; HILAL, A. O processo de internacionalização da firma segundo a escola nórdica. In: ROCHA, A (Org.). A internacionalização das empresas brasileiras: estudos de gestão internacional. Rio de Janeiro: Mauad, 2002. p. 15-40.
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JOÃO, B. N. et al. Empreendedorismo e internacionalização: um caso no setor de eventos de gestão. Revista Ibero-Americana de Estratégia, São Paulo, v. 9, n. 1, p. 4-31, 2010.
JOHANSON, J.; MATTSSON, L. G. Internationalization in industrial systems: a network approach. In: HOOD, N.; VAHLNE, J. (Eds.) Strategies in global competition. London: Croom Helm, 1988. p. 287-314.
JOHANSON, J.; VAHLNE, J. E. Business relationship learning and commitment in the internationalization process. Journal of International Entrepreneurship, Dordrecht, v. 1, p.83-101. 2003.
JOHANSON, J.; VAHLNE, J. E. The internationalization process of the firm: a model of knowledge development and increasing foreign market commitments. Journal of International Business Studies, Basingstoke, v. 8, n. 1, p. 22-32, Spring/Summer, 1977.
JOHANSON, J.; VAHLNE, J. E. The Uppsala internationalization process model revisited: From liability of foreignness to liability of outsidership. Journal of International Business Studies, Basingstoke, v. 40, n. 9, p. 1411-1431, May 2009.
LEVY, B.; MOTA, M.; WERMELINGER, M. O uso de networks no processo de internacionalização de empresas: aplicação a pequenas e médias empresas. Revista Eletrônica de Negócios Internacionais da ESPM, São Paulo, v. 5, p. 50-83, jan./jun. 2010.
JUDD, C. M.; MCCLELLAND, G. H.; RYAN, C. S. Data analysis: a model comparison approach. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Routledge, 2009.
MARTES, A. C. et al. Redes sociais e interorganizacionais. Revista de Administração de Empresas, São Paulo, v. 46, n. 3, p. 10-15, jul./set. 2006.
MINHOTO, L.; MARTINS, C. As redes e o desenvolvimento social. Cadernos FUNDAP, São Paulo, n. 22, p. 81-101, 2001.
MOEN, O.; SERVAIS, P. Born global or gradual global? Examining the export behavior of small and medium-sized enterprises. Journal of International Marketing, Chicago, v. 10, n. 3, p. 49-72, 2002.
MTIGWE, B. Theoretical milestones in international business: the journey to international entrepreneurship theory. Journal of International Entrepreneurship, Dordrecht, v. 4, n. 1, p. 5-25, Mar. 2006.
MUSTAFA, M.; CHEN, S. The strength of family networks in transnational immigrant entrepreneurship. Thunderbird International Business Review, New York, v. 52, n. 2, p. 97-106, 2010.
MUSTEEN, M.; FRANCIS, J.; DATTA, D. The influence of international networks on internationalization speed and performance: a study of Czech SMEs. Journal of World Business, Oxford, v. 45, n. 3, p. 197-205, July 2010.
OJALA, A.; TYRVÄINEN, P. Market entry and priority of small and medium-sized enterprises in the software industry: an empirical analysis of cultural distance, geographic distance, and market size. Journal of International Marketing, Chicago, v. 15, n. 3, p. 123-149, Sept. 2007.
OVIATT, B.; MCDOUGALL, P. A framework for understanding accelerated international entrepreneurship. In: RUGMAN, A.; WRIGHT, R. (Eds.) Research in global strategic management: international entrepreneurship. Stamford, CT: JAI Press Inc., 1999. p. 23-40.
PENROSE, E. The theory of the growth of the firm. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1963.
POWELL, W.; SMITH-DOERR, L. Networks and economic life. In: SMELSER, N. J.; SWEDBERG, R. (Orgs.). The handbook of economic sociology. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994. p. 379-402.
RAMASWAMY, K.; KROECK, K. G.; RENFORTH, W. Measuring the degree of internationalization of a firm: a comment. Journal of International Business Studies, p. 167-77, first quarter, 1996.
RAUCH, J. Business and social networks in international trade. Journal of Economic Literature, Nashville, v. 39, n. 4, p. 1177-1203, Dec. 2001.
REZENDE, S. Gradualismo e descontinuidade em processos de internacionalização. Revista de Administração, São Paulo, v. 37, n. 1, p. 39-50, jan./mar. 2002.
SANTIAGO, N. ACIB - 100 anos construindo Blumenau. Blumenau: Ed. Expressão, 2001.
SEBRAE. As micro e pequenas empresas na exportação brasileira: Brasil: 1998-2009. Brasília: Sebrae, 2010.
STEWART, A. Help one another, use one another: toward an anthropology of family business. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, Malden, v. 27, n. 4, p. 383-396, June, 2003.
SULLIVAN, D. Measuring the degree of internationalization of a firm. Journal of International Business Studies, Basingstoke, v. 25, n. 2, p. 325-342, Second Quarter 1994.
SULLIVAN, D. Measuring the degree of internationalization of a firm: a reply. Journal of International Business Studies, Basingstoke, v. 27, n. 1, p. 179-192, First Quarter, 1996.
TRUZZI, O.; SACOMANI, M. Economia e empreendedorismo étnico: balanço histórico da experiência paulista. Revista de Administração de Empresas, São Paulo, v. 47, n. 2, p. 37- 48, abr./jun. 2007.
WILLIAMSON, O. Markets and hierarchies. New York: Free Press, 1975.
XIE, Y.; AMINE, L. Social networks and the internationalization of chinese entrepreneurs. Global Business and Organizational Excellence, New York, v. 29, n. 1, p. 61-78, Nov./Dec. 2009.

4
Processo de avaliação: Double Blind Review

1.
disponível em http://www.softpedia.com/get/Science-CAD/G-Power.shtml.
2.
As categorias de frequência e intensidade exportadora foram ajustadas (reduzidas) em virtude do baixo número de respostas válidas. Desta forma, obteve-se maior representatividade numérica dentro de cada nova categoria.

Datas de Publicação

Publicação nesta coleção
Jan-Mar 2014

Histórico

Recebido
15 Set 2012
Aceito
12 Mar 2014

Este é um artigo publicado em acesso aberto sob uma licença Creative Commons

[1] AHARONI, Y. The foreign investment decision process. Boston, MA: Division of Research, Graduate School of Business Administration, Harvard University, 1966.

[2] AMAL, M.; FREITAG, A.; MIRANDA, C. Algumas evidências sobre o papel das redes de relacionamento e empreendedorismo na internacionalização das Pequenas e Médias Empresas. FACES Revista de Administração, Belo Horizonte, v. 7, n. 1, p. 63-80, jan./mar. 2008.

[3] ANDERSSON, S. The internationalization of the firm from an entrepreneurial perspective. International Studies of Management & Organization, Armonk, v. 30, n. 1, p. 63-92, Spring 2000.

[4] BARBOSA, T. R.; FULLER, T.; FERREIRA, C. R. The role of networks on the internationalization process of small and medium-sized companies: propositions for theory development. In: ENCONTRO DA ASSOCIAÇÃO NACIONAL DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO E PESQUISA EM ADMINISTRAÇÃO, 29., 2005, Brasília, DF. Anais… Rio de Janeiro: ANPAD, 2005.

[5] BELL, J. The internationalization of small computer software firms: a further challenge to “stage” theories. European Journal of Marketing, [S. l.], v.29, n. 8, p. 60-75, 1995.

[6] BJÖRKMAN, I.; FORSGREN, M. Nordic international business research: a review of its development. International Studies of Management and Organization, Armonk, v. 30, n. 1, p. 6-25, Spring 2000.

[7] CHETTY, S. Dimensions of internationalisation of manufacturing firms in the apparel industry. European Journal of Marketing, Bradford, v. 33, n. 1/2, p. 121-142, 1999.

[8] CHETTY, S.; HOLM, D. B. Internationalization of small to medium-sized manufacturing firms: a network approach. International Business Review, Oxford, v. 9, n. 1, p. 77-95, Feb. 2000.

[9] COSTA, C. Proximidade cultural e dinamismo econômico: por que investem as empresas portuguesas no Brasil. Revista de Administração de Empresas, São Paulo, v. 46, n. esp., p. 35-47, nov./dez. 2006.

[10] COVIELLO, N. E. The network dynamics of international new ventures. Journal of International Business Studies, Basingstoke, v. 37, n. 5, p. 713-731, Sept. 2006.

[11] COVIELLO, N. E.; MUNRO, H. J. Growing the entrepreneurial firm: networking for international market development. European Journal of Marketing, Bingley, UK, v. 29, n. 7, p. 49-62, 1995.

[12] CYERT, R.; MARCH, J. A behavioral theory of the firm. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1963.

[13] FREEMAN, S.; EDWARDS, R.; SCHRADER, B. How smaller Born-Global firms use networks and alliances to overcome constraints to rapid internationalization. Journal of International Marketing, Chicago, v. 14, n. 3, p. 33-63, Sept. 2006.

[14] FURB. Universidade de Blumenau. Sistema de informações gerenciais e de apoio a decisão. 2011. Disponível em: <Disponível em: https://www.furb.br/especiais/download >. Acesso em: 10 dez. 2011.
» https://www.furb.br/especiais/download

[15] GOULART, L.; BRASIL, H; ARRUDA, C. Internacionalização das empresas brasileiras. Rio de Janeiro: Qualitymark, 1996.

[16] GRANOVETTER, M. Economic action and social structure: the problem of embeddedness. American Journal of Sociology, Chicago, v. 91, n. 3, p. 481-510, Nov. 1985.

[17] GRANOVETTER, M., et al. Social networks in Silicon Valley. In: LEE, C. M. et al. (Ed.). The Silicon Valley Edge. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2000. p. 218-247.

[18] HAYER, J.; IBEH, K. Ethnic networks and small firm internationalisation: a study of UK-based Indian enterprises. International Journal of Entrepreneurship & Innovation Management, [S.l.], v. 6, n. 6, p. 2-22, 2006.

[19] HOLLENSTEIN, H. Determinants of international activities: are SMEs different? Small Business Economics, Dordrecht, v. 24, n. 6, p. 431-450, 2005.

[20] HEMAIS, C; HILAL, A. O processo de internacionalização da firma segundo a escola nórdica. In: ROCHA, A (Org.). A internacionalização das empresas brasileiras: estudos de gestão internacional. Rio de Janeiro: Mauad, 2002. p. 15-40.

[21] JEAN, R.; TAN, D.; SINCOWICZ, R. Ethnic ties, locational choice, and firm performance in foreign direct investment: a study of Taiwanese business groups FDI in China. International Business Review, [S.l.], v. 20, n. 6, p. 627‐635, Dec. 2011.

[22] JOÃO, B. N. et al. Empreendedorismo e internacionalização: um caso no setor de eventos de gestão. Revista Ibero-Americana de Estratégia, São Paulo, v. 9, n. 1, p. 4-31, 2010.

[23] JOHANSON, J.; MATTSSON, L. G. Internationalization in industrial systems: a network approach. In: HOOD, N.; VAHLNE, J. (Eds.) Strategies in global competition. London: Croom Helm, 1988. p. 287-314.

[24] JOHANSON, J.; VAHLNE, J. E. Business relationship learning and commitment in the internationalization process. Journal of International Entrepreneurship, Dordrecht, v. 1, p.83-101. 2003.

[25] JOHANSON, J.; VAHLNE, J. E. The internationalization process of the firm: a model of knowledge development and increasing foreign market commitments. Journal of International Business Studies, Basingstoke, v. 8, n. 1, p. 22-32, Spring/Summer, 1977.

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[27] LEVY, B.; MOTA, M.; WERMELINGER, M. O uso de networks no processo de internacionalização de empresas: aplicação a pequenas e médias empresas. Revista Eletrônica de Negócios Internacionais da ESPM, São Paulo, v. 5, p. 50-83, jan./jun. 2010.

[28] JUDD, C. M.; MCCLELLAND, G. H.; RYAN, C. S. Data analysis: a model comparison approach. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Routledge, 2009.

[29] MARTES, A. C. et al. Redes sociais e interorganizacionais. Revista de Administração de Empresas, São Paulo, v. 46, n. 3, p. 10-15, jul./set. 2006.

[30] MINHOTO, L.; MARTINS, C. As redes e o desenvolvimento social. Cadernos FUNDAP, São Paulo, n. 22, p. 81-101, 2001.

[31] MOEN, O.; SERVAIS, P. Born global or gradual global? Examining the export behavior of small and medium-sized enterprises. Journal of International Marketing, Chicago, v. 10, n. 3, p. 49-72, 2002.

[32] MTIGWE, B. Theoretical milestones in international business: the journey to international entrepreneurship theory. Journal of International Entrepreneurship, Dordrecht, v. 4, n. 1, p. 5-25, Mar. 2006.

[33] MUSTAFA, M.; CHEN, S. The strength of family networks in transnational immigrant entrepreneurship. Thunderbird International Business Review, New York, v. 52, n. 2, p. 97-106, 2010.

[34] MUSTEEN, M.; FRANCIS, J.; DATTA, D. The influence of international networks on internationalization speed and performance: a study of Czech SMEs. Journal of World Business, Oxford, v. 45, n. 3, p. 197-205, July 2010.

[35] OJALA, A.; TYRVÄINEN, P. Market entry and priority of small and medium-sized enterprises in the software industry: an empirical analysis of cultural distance, geographic distance, and market size. Journal of International Marketing, Chicago, v. 15, n. 3, p. 123-149, Sept. 2007.

[36] OVIATT, B.; MCDOUGALL, P. A framework for understanding accelerated international entrepreneurship. In: RUGMAN, A.; WRIGHT, R. (Eds.) Research in global strategic management: international entrepreneurship. Stamford, CT: JAI Press Inc., 1999. p. 23-40.

[37] PENROSE, E. The theory of the growth of the firm. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1963.

[38] POWELL, W.; SMITH-DOERR, L. Networks and economic life. In: SMELSER, N. J.; SWEDBERG, R. (Orgs.). The handbook of economic sociology. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994. p. 379-402.

[39] RAMASWAMY, K.; KROECK, K. G.; RENFORTH, W. Measuring the degree of internationalization of a firm: a comment. Journal of International Business Studies, p. 167-77, first quarter, 1996.

[40] RAUCH, J. Business and social networks in international trade. Journal of Economic Literature, Nashville, v. 39, n. 4, p. 1177-1203, Dec. 2001.

[41] REZENDE, S. Gradualismo e descontinuidade em processos de internacionalização. Revista de Administração, São Paulo, v. 37, n. 1, p. 39-50, jan./mar. 2002.

[42] SANTIAGO, N. ACIB - 100 anos construindo Blumenau. Blumenau: Ed. Expressão, 2001.

[43] SEBRAE. As micro e pequenas empresas na exportação brasileira: Brasil: 1998-2009. Brasília: Sebrae, 2010.

[44] STEWART, A. Help one another, use one another: toward an anthropology of family business. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, Malden, v. 27, n. 4, p. 383-396, June, 2003.

[45] SULLIVAN, D. Measuring the degree of internationalization of a firm. Journal of International Business Studies, Basingstoke, v. 25, n. 2, p. 325-342, Second Quarter 1994.

[46] SULLIVAN, D. Measuring the degree of internationalization of a firm: a reply. Journal of International Business Studies, Basingstoke, v. 27, n. 1, p. 179-192, First Quarter, 1996.

[47] TRUZZI, O.; SACOMANI, M. Economia e empreendedorismo étnico: balanço histórico da experiência paulista. Revista de Administração de Empresas, São Paulo, v. 47, n. 2, p. 37- 48, abr./jun. 2007.

[48] WILLIAMSON, O. Markets and hierarchies. New York: Free Press, 1975.

[49] XIE, Y.; AMINE, L. Social networks and the internationalization of chinese entrepreneurs. Global Business and Organizational Excellence, New York, v. 29, n. 1, p. 61-78, Nov./Dec. 2009.

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