The Influence of the Overqualification and Learning on Individuals’ job Satisfaction

Weymer, Alex Sandro Quadros; Maciel, Cristiano de Oliveira; memoriam), Belmiro Valverde Jobim Castor (in

doi:10.7819/rbgn.v16i50.1639

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this work was to check the influence of overqualification and individual’s learning at work about their satisfaction. In order to achieve this objective, a survey was conducted that featured a final sample of 238 observations. The hypotheses held negative influence of overqualification and exploitation learning on satisfaction. Another hypothesis presented the positive influence of the exploration learning on satisfaction. Before the hypotheses checking, the scales were subjected to exploratory factor analysis and their internal consistency and dimensionality were assessed. With the construct validity and consistency of measurements guaranteed, the Multiple Regression Analysis was applied to test the hypotheses. Results showed, as expected, that overqualification and exploration learning influence the satisfaction indeed, but the exploitation learning does not influence satisfaction, as supported by the third hypothesis.

Keywords:
Learning; Overqualification; Job satisfaction

RESUMO

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi verificar a influência da sobrequalificação e da aprendizagem do indivíduo no trabalho sobre sua satisfação. Para sua consecução foi realizado um levantamento (survey) que contou com amostra final de 238 observações. As hipóteses sustentavam influência negativa da sobrequalificação e da aprendizagem do tipo exploitation sobre a satisfação. Outra hipótese apresentava influência positiva da aprendizagem do tipo exploration sobre a satisfação. Antes da verificação das hipóteses, as escalas foram submetidas à Análise Fatorial Exploratória e tiveram dimensionalidade e consistência interna avaliadas. Com a validade de construto e consistência das medidas garantidas, foi aplicada a Análise de Regressão Múltipla para teste das hipóteses. Os resultados apontaram, como previsto, que a sobrequalificação e a aprendizagem tipo exploration influenciam de fato a satisfação, mas que a aprendizagem exploitation não exerce influência como sustentada pela terceira hipótese.

Palavras-chave:
Aprendizagem; Sobrequalificação; Satisfação no trabalho

RESUMEN

El objetivo de este trabajo fue verificar la influencia de la sobrecualificación y el aprendizaje de un individuo y su satisfacción en el trabajo. Para su ejecución, se realizó un análisis (survey) que contó con una muestra final de 238 observaciones. Las hipótesis sostenían una influencia negativa sobre la sobrecualificación y el aprendizaje de tipo explotación sobre la satisfacción. Otra hipótesis presenta la influencia positiva del aprendizaje de tipo explotación sobre la satisfacción. Antes de la verificación de las hipótesis, las escalas se sometieron al Análisis Factorial Exploratorio, evaluándose su dimensionalidad y consistencia interna. Con la validez del constructo y la consistencia de las medidas garantizadas, fue posible aplicar el Análisis de Regresión Múltiple para probar las hipótesis. Los resultados mostraron, como era de esperar, que la exploración del tipo de sobrecualificación y del aprendizaje influyen en la satisfacción, pero no influye en la explotación de aprendizaje sostenida por la tercera hipótesis.

Palabras clave:
Aprendizaje; Sobrecualificación; Satisfacción en el trabajo

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REFERÊNCIAS

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ANTONELLO, C. S.; GODOY, A. S. A Encruzilhada da aprendizagem organizacional: uma visão multiparadigmática. RAC, Curitiba, v. 14, n. 2, p. 310-332, mar./abr. 2010.
ARGYRIS, C.; SCHON, D. A. Organizational learning: a theory of action perspective. Workingham: Addison-Wesley, 1978.
BABBIE, E. R. The practice of social research. 8th ed. California: Wadsworth, 1998.
BOUCINHAS FILHO, J. C. Discriminação por sobrequalificação. 2008. 237 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Direito do Trabalho) - Faculdade de Direito da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 2008.
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BURRIS, B. H. The human effects of underemployment. Social Problems, Berkeley, v. 31, n. 1, p. 96-110, Oct. 1983.
DORMANN, C.; ZAPF, D. Job satisfaction: a meta-analysis os stabilities. Journal of Organizational Behavior, [S.l.], v. 22, n. 5, p. 483-504, Aug. 2001.
ERDOGAN, B.; BAUER, T. N. Perceived overqualification and its outcomes: the moderating role of empowerment. Journal of Applied Psychology, Washington, D.C, v. 94, n. 2, /p. 557-565, Mar. 2009.
FELDMAN, D.C. The nature, antecedents and consequences of underemployment. Journal of Management, Thousand Oaks, v. 22, n. 3, p. 385-407, June 1996.
FELDMAN, D.C.; LEANA, C. R.; BOLINO, M. C. Underemployment and relative deprivation among re-employed executives. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, London, v. 75, n. 4, p. 453-471, Dec. 2002.
FINE, S.; NEVO, B. Too smart for their own good? A study of perceived cognitive overqualification in the workforce. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, London, v. 19, n. 2, p. 346-355, 2008.
FORNELL, C.; LARCKER, D. F. Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, Chicago, v.18, n.1, p. 39-50, Aug. 1981.
FRASER, T. M. Human stress, work and job satisfaction: a critical approach. Germany: International Labour Office, 1983.
GIOIA, D. A.; PITRE, E. Multiparadigm perspectives on theory building. Academy of Management Review, Briarcliff Manor, v. 15, n. 4, p. 584-602, Oct. 1990.
GUPTA, A. K.; SMITH, K.; SHALLEY, C. E. The interplay between exploration and exploitation. Academy of Management Journal, New York, v. 49, n. 4, p. 693-706, Aug. 2006.
GURR, T. R. Why men rebel. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1970.
KHAN, L. J.; MORROW, P. C. Objective and subjective underem- ployment relationships to job satisfaction. Journal of Business Research, New York, v. 22, n. 3, p. 211-218, May 1991.
KURAN, T. The tenacious past: theories of personal and colletive conservatism. Journal of Economic Behavioral and Organization, [S.l.], v. 10, n. 2, p. 143-171, Sept. 1988.
HAIR JR., J. F. et al. Multivariate data analysis. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 2009.
HE, Z.; WONG, P. Exploration vs. Exploitation: an empirical test of the ambidexterity hypothesis. Organization Science, Linthicum, v. 15, n. 4, p. 481-494, July/Aug. 2004.
HOLLAND. J. H. Adaptation in natural and artificial systems. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1975.
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LEVINTHAL, D.; MARCH, J. The myopia of learning. Strategic Management Journal, Chichester, v. 14, n. S2, p. 95-112, Winter 1993.
LEWIS, M. W.; GRIMES, A. J. Metatriangulação: a construção de teorias a partir de múltiplos paradigmas. Revista de Administração de Empresas, São Paulo, v. 45, n. 1, p. 72-91, jan./mar. 2005.
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MACIEL, C. O.; CAMARGO, C. Sobrequalificação no trabalho e sua influência sobre atitudes e comportamentos. Revista de Administração Contemporânea - RAC, Rio de Janeiro, v. 17, n. 2, p. 218-238, mar./abr. 2013.
MARCH, J. G. Exploration e exploitation in organizational learning. Organizational Science, [S.l.], v. 2, n. 1, p. 71-87, May 1991.
MAYNARD, D. C.; JOSEPH, T. A.; MAYNARD, A. M. Underemploy- ment, job attitudes, and turnover intentions. Journal of Organizational Behavior, [S.l.], n. 4, v. 27, p. 509-536, June 2006.
RAFFERTY, A. E.; GRIFFIN, M. A. Job satisfaction in organizational research. In: BUCHANAN, D.; BRYMAN, A. (Eds). The Sage handbook of organizational research methods. Los Angeles: Sage, 2009. p. 196-212.
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SCHUMACKER, R. E.; LOMAX, R. G. A beginner’s guide to structural equation modeling. Mah-Wah: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers, 2004.
SCHUMPETER, J. A. The theory of economic development. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1934.
SMITH, P. C.; KENDALL, L. M.; HULIN, C. L. The measurement of satisfaction in work and retirement. Rand McNally & Company: Chicago, 1969.
SMITH, H. L. Over-education and underemployment: an agnostic review. Sociology of Education, New York, v. 59, n. 2, p. 86-99, Apr. 1986.
TAIT, M.; PADGET, M. Y.; BALDWIN, T. T. Job and life satisfaction: a reevaluation of the strength of the relationship and gender effects as a function of the date of the study. Journal of Applied Psychology, Washington, D.C, v. 74, n. 3, p. 502-507, June 1989.
THARENOU, P. A test of reciprocal causality for absenteeism. Journal of Organizational Behavior, [S.l.], v. 14, n. 3, p. 269-287, May 1993.
WEICK, K.; WESTLEY, F. Aprendizagem Organizacional: confirmando um oxímoro. In: CLEGG, S. R.; HARDY, C.; NORD, W. R. (Orgs.) Handbook de estudos organizacionais. São Paulo: Atlas, 2004. v. 3, p. 361-388.
WEISS, H. M. Deconstructing job satisfaction: separating evaluations, beliefs and affective experiences. Human Resource Management Review, Greenwich, v. 12, n. 2, p. 174-194, Summer 2002.
WRIGHT, T. A.; BONETT, D. G. The moderating effects of employee tenure on the relation between organizational commitment and job performance: a meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, Washington, D.C, n. 87, n. 6, p. 1183-1190, Dec. 2002.

4
Evaluation process: Double Blind Review

Publication Dates

Publication in this collection
Jan-Mar 2014

History

Received
09 May 2013
Accepted
12 Mar 2014

Este é um artigo publicado em acesso aberto sob uma licença Creative Commons

[1] ADLER, P. S.; GOLDOFTAS, B.; LEVIGNE, D. I. Flexibility versus efficiency? A case study of model changeovers in the Toyota Production System. Organization Science, Linthicum, v. 10, n. 1, p. 43-68, Jan./Feb. 1999.

[2] ANTONELLO, C. S.; GODOY, A. S. A Encruzilhada da aprendizagem organizacional: uma visão multiparadigmática. RAC, Curitiba, v. 14, n. 2, p. 310-332, mar./abr. 2010.

[3] ARGYRIS, C.; SCHON, D. A. Organizational learning: a theory of action perspective. Workingham: Addison-Wesley, 1978.

[4] BABBIE, E. R. The practice of social research. 8th ed. California: Wadsworth, 1998.

[5] BOUCINHAS FILHO, J. C. Discriminação por sobrequalificação. 2008. 237 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Direito do Trabalho) - Faculdade de Direito da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 2008.

[6] BRAYFIELD, A. H.; ROTHE, H. F. An index of job satisfaction. Journal of Applied Psychology, Washington, D.C, v. 35, n. 5, p. 307-311, Oct. 1951.

[7] BURRIS, B. H. The human effects of underemployment. Social Problems, Berkeley, v. 31, n. 1, p. 96-110, Oct. 1983.

[8] DORMANN, C.; ZAPF, D. Job satisfaction: a meta-analysis os stabilities. Journal of Organizational Behavior, [S.l.], v. 22, n. 5, p. 483-504, Aug. 2001.

[9] ERDOGAN, B.; BAUER, T. N. Perceived overqualification and its outcomes: the moderating role of empowerment. Journal of Applied Psychology, Washington, D.C, v. 94, n. 2, /p. 557-565, Mar. 2009.

[10] FELDMAN, D.C. The nature, antecedents and consequences of underemployment. Journal of Management, Thousand Oaks, v. 22, n. 3, p. 385-407, June 1996.

[11] FELDMAN, D.C.; LEANA, C. R.; BOLINO, M. C. Underemployment and relative deprivation among re-employed executives. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, London, v. 75, n. 4, p. 453-471, Dec. 2002.

[12] FINE, S.; NEVO, B. Too smart for their own good? A study of perceived cognitive overqualification in the workforce. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, London, v. 19, n. 2, p. 346-355, 2008.

[13] FORNELL, C.; LARCKER, D. F. Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, Chicago, v.18, n.1, p. 39-50, Aug. 1981.

[14] FRASER, T. M. Human stress, work and job satisfaction: a critical approach. Germany: International Labour Office, 1983.

[15] GIOIA, D. A.; PITRE, E. Multiparadigm perspectives on theory building. Academy of Management Review, Briarcliff Manor, v. 15, n. 4, p. 584-602, Oct. 1990.

[16] GUPTA, A. K.; SMITH, K.; SHALLEY, C. E. The interplay between exploration and exploitation. Academy of Management Journal, New York, v. 49, n. 4, p. 693-706, Aug. 2006.

[17] GURR, T. R. Why men rebel. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1970.

[18] KHAN, L. J.; MORROW, P. C. Objective and subjective underem- ployment relationships to job satisfaction. Journal of Business Research, New York, v. 22, n. 3, p. 211-218, May 1991.

[19] KURAN, T. The tenacious past: theories of personal and colletive conservatism. Journal of Economic Behavioral and Organization, [S.l.], v. 10, n. 2, p. 143-171, Sept. 1988.

[20] HAIR JR., J. F. et al. Multivariate data analysis. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 2009.

[21] HE, Z.; WONG, P. Exploration vs. Exploitation: an empirical test of the ambidexterity hypothesis. Organization Science, Linthicum, v. 15, n. 4, p. 481-494, July/Aug. 2004.

[22] HOLLAND. J. H. Adaptation in natural and artificial systems. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1975.

[23] HOM, P. W. et al. A meta-analytical structural equations analysis of a model of employee turnover. Journal of Applied Psychology, Washington, D.C, v. 77, n. 6, p. 890-909, Dec. 1992.

[24] JOHNSON, W. R.; MORROW, P. C.; JOHNSON, G. J. An evaluation of a perceived overqualification scale across work settings. Journal of Psychology, Washington, D.C, v. 136, n. 4, p. 425-441, July 2002.

[25] LEVINTHAL, D.; MARCH, J. The myopia of learning. Strategic Management Journal, Chichester, v. 14, n. S2, p. 95-112, Winter 1993.

[26] LEWIS, M. W.; GRIMES, A. J. Metatriangulação: a construção de teorias a partir de múltiplos paradigmas. Revista de Administração de Empresas, São Paulo, v. 45, n. 1, p. 72-91, jan./mar. 2005.

[27] LOCKE, E. A. The nature and causes of job satisfaction. In: DUNNETTE, M. D. (Ed.). Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology. Chicago: Rand McNally, 1976. p. 1297-1349.

[28] LOCKE, E. A. What is job satisfaction? Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, [S.l.], v. 4, n. 4, p. 309-36, Nov. 1969.

[29] MACIEL, C. O.; CAMARGO, C. Sobrequalificação no trabalho e sua influência sobre atitudes e comportamentos. Revista de Administração Contemporânea - RAC, Rio de Janeiro, v. 17, n. 2, p. 218-238, mar./abr. 2013.

[30] MARCH, J. G. Exploration e exploitation in organizational learning. Organizational Science, [S.l.], v. 2, n. 1, p. 71-87, May 1991.

[31] MAYNARD, D. C.; JOSEPH, T. A.; MAYNARD, A. M. Underemploy- ment, job attitudes, and turnover intentions. Journal of Organizational Behavior, [S.l.], n. 4, v. 27, p. 509-536, June 2006.

[32] RAFFERTY, A. E.; GRIFFIN, M. A. Job satisfaction in organizational research. In: BUCHANAN, D.; BRYMAN, A. (Eds). The Sage handbook of organizational research methods. Los Angeles: Sage, 2009. p. 196-212.

[33] RODE, J. C. Jos satisfaction and life satisfaction revisited: a longitudinal test of an integrated model. Human Relations, New York, v. 57, n. 9, p. 1205-1230, Sept. 2004.

[34] SCHUMACKER, R. E.; LOMAX, R. G. A beginner’s guide to structural equation modeling. Mah-Wah: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers, 2004.

[35] SCHUMPETER, J. A. The theory of economic development. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1934.

[36] SMITH, P. C.; KENDALL, L. M.; HULIN, C. L. The measurement of satisfaction in work and retirement. Rand McNally & Company: Chicago, 1969.

[37] SMITH, H. L. Over-education and underemployment: an agnostic review. Sociology of Education, New York, v. 59, n. 2, p. 86-99, Apr. 1986.

[38] TAIT, M.; PADGET, M. Y.; BALDWIN, T. T. Job and life satisfaction: a reevaluation of the strength of the relationship and gender effects as a function of the date of the study. Journal of Applied Psychology, Washington, D.C, v. 74, n. 3, p. 502-507, June 1989.

[39] THARENOU, P. A test of reciprocal causality for absenteeism. Journal of Organizational Behavior, [S.l.], v. 14, n. 3, p. 269-287, May 1993.

[40] WEICK, K.; WESTLEY, F. Aprendizagem Organizacional: confirmando um oxímoro. In: CLEGG, S. R.; HARDY, C.; NORD, W. R. (Orgs.) Handbook de estudos organizacionais. São Paulo: Atlas, 2004. v. 3, p. 361-388.

[41] WEISS, H. M. Deconstructing job satisfaction: separating evaluations, beliefs and affective experiences. Human Resource Management Review, Greenwich, v. 12, n. 2, p. 174-194, Summer 2002.

[42] WRIGHT, T. A.; BONETT, D. G. The moderating effects of employee tenure on the relation between organizational commitment and job performance: a meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, Washington, D.C, n. 87, n. 6, p. 1183-1190, Dec. 2002.

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