Oxidative metabolism and physiological quality of artificially aged Arachis hypogaea L. seeds¹

Metabolismo oxidativo e qualidade fisiológica em sementes de Arachis hypogaea L., envelhecidas artificialmente

ABSTRACT

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is an oleaginous plant that is well-adapted to the climatic conditions in the northeast of Brazil. However, there is little information on the existing cultivars in the region with regards to their behavior under stress conditions and the biochemical changes of the seeds. The objective of this study was to investigate the physiological and biochemical changes in aged peanut seeds. The experiments were conducted at the Seed Analysis Laboratories (LAS) and Biotechnology of CENLAG, Federal University of Agreste of Pernambuco (UFAPE). Seeds of two cultivars, IAC Tatu ST and Caiana, were artificially aged at 42 °C and 100 % relative humidity for 96 h, and removed every 24 h for evaluation. Physiological potential was evaluated using germination, vigor test, and enzymatic modifications as the parameters. An increase in the accelerated aging period resulted in physiological and biochemical changes in the seeds of both cultivars. The activity of the enzymes in the aged peanut seeds was specific to the cultivar used, and the seeds of the cultivar Caiana had less vigor and decreased activity of the enzyme catalase.

Keywords:
Deterioration; Enzyme; Germinate; Oilseeds

RESUMO

O amendoim (Arachis hypogaea L.) é uma planta oleaginosa que se destaca no Nordeste Brasileiro devido a sua adaptação as condições climáticas. No entanto, existem escassas informações sobre as características das cultivares existentes na região quanto ao seu comportamento em situações de estresses e as mudanças bioquímicas das sementes. O objetivo do trabalho foi estudar as alterações fisiológicas e bioquímicas em sementes envelhecidas de amendoim. Os experimentos foram conduzidos nos Laboratórios de Análise de Sementes (LAS) e Biotecnologia do CENLAG da Universidade Federal do Agreste de Pernambuco – (UFAPE). Foram utilizadas sementes de duas cultivares: IAC Tatu ST e Caiana, envelhecidas artificialmente a 42 °C e 100 % de umidade relativa durante 96 horas, sendo retiradas amostras a cada 24 horas para avaliações fisiológicas e bioquímicas. A qualidade fisiológica e o metabolismo oxidativo foram avaliados por meio dos testes de germinação e vigor, e modificações enzimáticas (CAT e APX), respectivamente. O aumento do período de envelhecimento acelerado resultou em alterações fisiológicas e bioquímicas ocorridas nas sementes das duas cultivares, refletindo o efeito da deterioração causado pelo envelhecimento acelerado nas sementes de amendoim. A atividade das enzimas nas sementes envelhecidas de amendoim foi específica em função das cultivares, sendo que a atividade da enzima catalase foi reduzida nas sementes da cultivar Caiana, com menor vigor.

Palavras-chave:
Deterioração; Enzima; Germinação; Oleaginosas

INTRODUCTION

Brazil is among the world's leading peanut producers (Arachis hypogae L.). This crop has attracted considerable economic interest, because its commercial exploitation presents a good opportunity for irrigated agriculture and has a great potential for expansion. The total production of peanuts in Brazil is estimated at more than 691 thousand tons, with an average productivity of 2.638 kg. ha (INSTITUTO BRASILEIRO DE GEOGRAFIA E ESTATÍSTICA, 2021).

Research on the selection of more productive cultivars under the climatic conditions in the northeast of Brazil is of fundamental importance and has been the subject of several studies (BARBOSA et al., 2019; SILVA et al., 2018).

The Tatu cultivar is most commonly cultivated in São Paulo and can grow successfully in several regions. It has an early cycle of approximately 90 to 100 days from planting to harvest. It belongs to the commercial group of Valencia and stands out in the market for occupying 10 %–15 % of the plantation area. In contrast, the cultivar Caiana has a cycle of less than 90 days and is adapted to the semi-arid northeast (SANTOS; GODOY; FÁVERO, 2013).

Peanuts, as well as other economically important crops, are propagated by seeds, and therefore, the physiological potential (germination and vigor) of seeds is an important consideration. Seed vigor provides precise information on differences in the physiological potential between seed lots, especially those with similar germination percentages. It enables the identification of seed lots with a higher probability of successful germination and growth after sowing and during storage (MARCOS FILHO, 2015).

The performance of seeds during storage can be monitored using vigor tests. The accelerated aging test evaluates the degree of tolerance in seeds exposed to adverse temperature conditions (between 40 °C and 45 °C) and relative air humidity (close to 100 %), which increase the intensity and rate of deterioration (DUCATTI; SILVA; COIMBRA, 2016).

The effects of accelerated aging may be diverse, affecting viability and vigor due to the increase in metabolic activity. This leads to a higher consumption of reserves and results in lower seedling emergence speed. The susceptibility of seeds to stress during artificial aging can be correlated to the biochemical metabolism. Canola seeds, when subjected to accelerated aging, had lower levels of N, P and crude protein (SEYYEDI; AFSHARI; DANESHMANDI, 2018). As enzymes are metabolically active proteins, formed by N, a decline in their activity is expected when seeds are exposed to conditions of high temperature and relative humidity.

Enzymes are biocatalysts that are excellent indicators of seed deterioration because they accelerate the rate of biochemical reactions; however, they themselves do not change with the process. Enzymes are also known as life agents; this is an important term, since they determine almost all life processes in living organisms (TAIZ; ZEIGER, 2017).

Plants have an efficient antioxidant mechanism to reduce the effects of oxidative stress, and enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) are activated to remove free radicals from the cells (DAS; ROYCHOUDHURY, 2014).

During the germination of barley seeds previously exposed to the conditions of the accelerated aging test, there were increases in the activities of CAT and APX, characterizing a stress tolerance mechanism (MEI; SONG, 2010). The enzymatic system aims to prevent and reduce the irreversible damage caused by toxic products that are produced due to oxidative stress induced due to the actions of free radicals (CARNEIRO et al., 2011).

The objective of the present study was to investigate changes in the vigor of artificially aged seeds, as well as the relationship between enzymes (CAT and APX) and the accelerated aging of A. hipogeae L. seeds at different periods.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The experiments were conducted at the Laboratory of Seed Analysis (LAS) and the Laboratory of Biotechnology of CENLAG, Federal University of Agreste of Pernambuco - UFAPE. Peanut seeds were harvested at Fazenda Sobradinho located at 09°45'09"S and 36°39'40"W at an average altitude of 264 m in the municipality of Arapiraca-AL in 2017. Two cultivars, Tatu and Caiana, were placed in nylon bags and brought back to the LAS for further experiments.

Previously selected peanut seed samples were distributed and incubated in gearbox-type boxes with aluminum screens in an accelerated aging chamber at 42 °C and 100 % relative humidity for 24, 48, 72, and 96 h. The control group (0 h) contained seeds that were not incubated. Vigor tests were performed by collecting seed samples after 0, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h of aging, as previously described (DELOUCHE; BASKIN, 1973). Before and at each accelerated aging period, seed moisture content was determined using the greenhouse method à 105 ± 3°C por 24 h (BRASIL, 2009).

Germination tests were performed with 4 replicates of 50 seeds per treatment. Seeds were germinated on the substrate between sand in plastic trays perforated at the bottom (dimensions: 29 × 22 × 05 cm kept in a germinator at 25 °C for 10 days. These results were expressed as the percentage of germination, considering the number of seedlings that were classified as normal. The first germination count evaluations were conducted along with the germination test, including the registration of normal seedling percentages on the fifth day after the experiment was installed, as previously described (BRASIL, 2009).

The germination rate index was calculated as described by Maguire (1962) at the same time as the germination test, considering the daily counts of the normal seedlings from the fifth to the tenth day after sowing.

The length and dry mass of shoots and roots were measured using a millimeter ruler at the end of the germination test (50 seedlings per replicate). The results are expressed in centimeters and milligrams per second, respectively, as previously described (NAKAGAWA, 1999).

The activities of APX (EC 1.11.1.11) and CAT (EC 1.11.1.6) were also evaluated in addition to the growth characteristics. APX activity was determined according to the method described by Nakano and Asada (1981). This method involves the reduction of hydrogen peroxide in the medium of the crude extract by APX, with the reduction of the supplied ascorbic acid. The experiment was started at the time of H₂O₂ addition to the reaction medium, and the decreasing reading was assessed at 0–120 s intervals (measured every 30 s), by measuring the absorbance at 290 nm using a spectrophotometer. The activities of the total extract, expressed in UA/g MS/min, were determined by calculating the amount of extract that reduces the absorbance reading by 1 AU. CAT activity was determined in the control seed extracts by adding 100 μL of the enzyme extract to 2.9 mL of a solution containing 12.5 mL H₂O₂ and 50 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.0), and the absorbance at 240 nm was determined at 30 °C (HAVIR; MCHALE, 1987). Enzyme activity was calculated using a molar extinction coefficient of 36/Μ·cm.

The experimental design was completely randomized with four replicates. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) with subsequent polynomial regression was performed on the data associated with the measured variables.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The initial water content of the seeds of the Tatu and Caiana cultivars varied from 5.99 % a 6.49 % (Table 1), the difference being less than 0.5% between cultivars, showing no statistical differences, suggesting that this parameter was in the range indicated for the test. Differences of 1 to 2% in water content between samples are not compromising. However, marked differences can cause changes in seed wetting speed during aging. After accelerated aging, the final water content varied by 0.2 percentage points, which according to Marcos Filho (1999) indicates a good uniformity of results, being essential for standardizing evaluations and obtaining consistent results.

Table 1
Initial water content (%) of seeds of two peanut cultivars (Arachis hypogaea L.) and after five periods of accelerated aging à 42^°C.

Initial water content and after accelerated aging
Period (Hours)	TATU	CAIANA
0	5.99 a	6.49 a
24	12.40 a	14.61 a
48	12.87 a	16.32 a
72	12.58 a	16.25 a
96	16.74 a	17.01 a

• ^*
  Means followed by the same lowercase letter on the line do not differ statistically from each other at 5% probability by the test Tukey.

The initial germination percentage was 80 % and 89 % for the seeds of the two cultivars Caiana and Tatu, respectively, and this did not differ statistically (Figure 1A). The germination results are above 80%, therefore in accordance with the minimum standards for commercialization required by the Normative Instruction 45/2013, do Ministério da Agricultura Pecuária e Abastecimento (BRASIL, 2013). There was a linear decrease in germination and vigor (Figures 1A, B and C) after accelerated aging, which was expected, since the seeds were exposed to stress.

Figure 1
Germination (A), first count (B), germination rate index (C) in the seeds of the two peanut cultivars as a function of periods of accelerated aging.

Germination was negatively affected, since the increase in temperature and prolonged exposure to thermal stress causes disorders seed metabolism disorders (SANTOS; ATAIDE; PIRES, 2019).

Seeds of the cultivar Tatu showed the greatest vigor when compared to those of the cultivar Caiana at 0, 24, and 48 h (Figure 1 B) during the first germination count, with a decrease of 32 % and 86 %, respectively, compared to the initial aging period. The vigor of the seeds of the two cultivars differed for up to 48 h of aging. The first germination count test is very useful for determining vigor, as it has a high correlation with seedling emergence in the field, making it possible to predict the performance of these seeds before seeding.

The germination rate index (Figure 1 C) indicated that the seeds of the cultivar Tatu had a high physiological potential (72,8) at 0 h (control), while those of the cultivar Caiana showed a lower germination rate (60.4). Seeds with a higher germination rate index have higher performance and greater resistance to abiotic and biotic stresses, which consequently contributes to the growth and development of seedlings (JUVINO et al., 2014).

The dry mass of roots, shoots, and cotyledons (Figure 2) were adjusted to the linear regression model, and a reduction in the dry mass of all parts of the seedlings was observed during the accelerated aging periods (24, 48, 72, and 96 h).

Figure 2
Dry mass of root (A), aerial part (B) and cotyledons (C) of the seeds of the two peanut cultivars after periods of accelerated aging.)

Seeds of the cultivar Tatu produced seedlings with higher dry mass values of the root; however, this did not differ from the seedlings derived from the cultivar Caiana seeds (Figure 2).

The evaluation of peanut seedling shoot and root lengths (Figure 3) revealed that the length of the artificial aging periods decreased during the increased exposure period in both cultivars. However, the cultivar Caiana showed higher sensitivity to stress, with a marked decrease in shoot and root length compared to that of the Tatu cultivar. This could be explained by the lower vigor of the Caiana cultivar.

Figure 3
Length of aerial part (A) and root (B) of seedlings produced from the peanut seeds after periods of accelerated aging.

The growth results, i.e., shoot and root lengths of the seedlings produced from these seed lots did not reveal significant differences, which is justified by the fact that batches of seeds with high germination are always of high vigor.

Vigor tests are efficient in identifying less advanced stages of seed deterioration, identifying reductions in plant growth and seedling establishment, and facilitating decision making in the choice of more vigorous seeds (WENDT et al., 2017).

However, physiological changes are observed at the time of aging, and the biochemical metabolism of the seed also undergoes modifications. CAT and APX play important roles in defense against reactive oxygen species (ROS) and help to protect the cell from oxidative stress. Thus, enzymatic activity is associated with defense against oxidative stress in tissues (LIMMONGKON et al., 2018).

Figure 4 shows an increase in CAT activity in the seeds of cultivar Caiana in the first 24 h of aging, gradually decreasing up to 96 h of aging due to seed deterioration. Water content increases respiratory activity, and therefore, more heat and water are released into the environment, leading to protein denaturation and lipid oxidation. It also causes variation in the degree of humidity during storage in environments without air humidity control, which impairs the conservation of their viability and vigor (MARCOS FILHO, 2015).

Figure 4
Activity of the enzyme Catalase (CAT) in the peanut seeds after periods of accelerated aging.

Silva et al. (2020) showed that seeds of Dipteryx alata Vog. showed decreased activity of catalase and superoxide dismutase due to accelerated aging, and therefore, such biochemical changes could be used as markers of seed deterioration. In Dendrocalamus sikkimensis Gamble seeds, the analyzes indicated decreased sugar, starch, protein content, decreased acid, alkaline and peroxidase phosphatase activity and increased amylase whit increasing seed aging, suggesting that the quick decline in the viability and germination it’s related to biochemical changes (LAKSHMI; JIJEESH; SEETHALAKSHMI, 2021).

The metabolic changes due to stress were less prominent in the seeds of the cultivar Tatu. Reduced enzymatic activity was observed after 24 and 48 h of aging for the cultivars Caiana and Tatu, respectively, indicating that seeds of the cultivar Tatu can withstand greater periods of stress and have greater vigor. The increased exposure of seeds to accelerated aging leads to the accumulation of ROS, which cause lipid peroxidation, and therefore, lower membrane integrity and selectivity. This allows water to enter the cells faster, leading to reduced seed vigor (PENG et al., 2011).

APX activity decreased after 72 h of accelerated aging, indicating the onset of seed deterioration (Figure 5). APX activity remained stable in the seeds of the cultivar Caiana, with a small increase observed after 72 h of aging. Therefore, it was assumed that the accelerated aging period of 96 h that was used to evaluate APX activity may not have been sufficient to cause changes in the enzyme.

Figure 5
Activity of the enzyme Ascorbate Peroxidase (APX) in the peanut seeds after periods of accelerated aging (UFAPE, 2018)

APX is able to eliminate H₂O₂ more effectively during oxidative stress because it has a high affinity for this radical (HASANUZZAMAN et al., 2012). Therefore, the higher activity of this enzyme was represented by seeds at the beginning of the deterioration process, possibly due to the higher production of H₂O₂, which indicates the lower quality of the seeds from the cultivar Caiana (Figure 5). When aging seeds of Jatropha curcas, an oleaginous species, Suresh et al. (2019) observed that the reduced level of antioxidant enzyme activity could be negatively correlated with higher levels of malondialdehyde - MDA and H₂O₂. Furthermore, Ebone et al. (2020) highlighted in the embryonic axis of Glycine max seeds that the decline in APX and CAT activity due to aging, would be the responsible event for instability between antioxidant activity and ERO production.

Highly significant correlations were observed between the different combinations of germination, emergence, and vigor tests (Table 2). Pearson's correlation test revealed positive correlations between germination test and germination rate (r = 0.99 **), first count (r = 0.86 **), dry mass of the aerial part (r = 0.52 **), and shoot length of the aerial part (r = 0.74), indicating that the cultivar Tatu that showed the highest germination also showed the highest values for the vigor variables mentioned. This correlation of germination with several growth parameter tests that were performed provided evidence that the genetic potential of the studied cultivars was the common intrinsic factor affecting germination.

Table 2
Pearson (r) simple correlation coefficients for germination (GER), germination rate index (IVG), first germination count (PC), root dry mass MSPA), dry matter of cotyledons (MSC), root length (CR), shoot length (CPA), catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) in the peanut seeds subjected to accelerated aging (UFAPE, 2018)

	GER (%)	PC (%)	MSR (g)	MSPA (g)	MSCOT (g)	CR (cm)	CPA cm)	CAT	APX
IVG	0.99**	0.91**	0.45ns	0.49ns	0.51**	0.46ns	0.75**	-0.18ns	0.32ns
GER		0.86**	0.44ns	0.48ns	0.52**	0.44ns	0.74**	-0.22ns	0.34ns
PC			0.34ns	0.35ns	0.32ns	0.34ns	0.63**	-0.05ns	0.27ns
MSR				0.81**	0.56**	0.75**	0.46ns	0.15ns	0.10ns
MSPA					0.67**	0.61**	0.53**	0.04ns	0.05ns
MSCOT						0.55**	0.68**	-0.16ns	0.25ns
CR							0.60**	0.08ns	0.05ns
CPA								-0.33ns	0.26ns
CAT									0.18ns

• ^**
  r significante at 5% probability, ns r not signifi cant by test t

Among the tests based on seedling growth, the root dry weight was positively correlated with dry shoot mass (r = 0.81 **), dry mass of cotyledons (r = 0.56 **), and root length (r = 0.75 **). The dry mass of the aerial part was highly correlated with the dry mass of cotyledons (r = 0.67 **), root length (r = 0.61 **), and shoot length (r = 0.53 * *). These results show that the seeds with the highest accumulation of dry mass correlated positively with the length of the seedlings, indicating that heavier seeds are able to produce more vigorous seedlings (Table 1).

CONCLUSION

1. The changes in the total activity of the catalase enzyme vary according to the peanut cultivar.

2. Seeds of the cultivar Tatu are more resistant to oxidative damage induced by accelerated aging than those of the cultivar Caiana.

3. Seeds of the cultivar Tatu are more resistant to accelerated aging and remain vigorous for a longer period.

REFERENCES

• BARBOSA, J. M. P. et al Chemical-Bromatological quality and productivity of peanut genotypes (Arachis hipogaea L.). Bioscience Journal, v. 35, n. 3, p. 784-795, 2019.
• BRASIL. Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento. Instrução Normativa nº 45, de 17 de setembro de 2013. Estabelecer os padrões de identidade e qualidade para a produção e a comercialização de sementes. Diário Oficial da União, Poder Executivo, 23 maio2013. Seção 1, p. 16.
• BRASIL. Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento. Secretaria de Defesa Agropecuária. Regras para análise de sementes. Brasília, DF: MAPA/ACS, 2009. 395 p.
• CARNEIRO, M. M. L. C. et al Atividade antioxidante e viabilidade de sementes de girassol após estresse hídrico e salino.Revista Brasileira de Sementes, v. 33, p. 752-761, 2011.
• DAS, K.; ROYCHOUDHURY, A. Espécies reativas de oxigênio (ROS) e resposta de antioxidantes como eliminadores de ROS durante o estresse ambiental nas plantas.Frontiers in Environmental Science, v. 2, p. 53, 2014.
• DELOUCHE, J. C.; BASKIN, C. C. Accelerated aging techniques for predicting the relative storability of seed lots. Seed Science and Technology, v. 1, n. 2, p. 427-452, 1973.
• DUCATTI, K. R.; SILVA, J.; COIMBRA, R. A. Metodologias de ajuste do teor de água em sementes de milho doce para o teste de envelhecimento acelerado. Revista Brasileira de Milho e Sorgo, v. 15, n. 1, p. 145-156, 2016.
• EBONE, L. A. et al. Biochemical profile of the soybean seed embryonic axis and its changes during accelerated aging. Biology, v. 9, p. 186, 2020.
• HASANUZZAMAN, M. et al Plant response and tolerance to abiotic oxidative stress: antioxidant defense is a key factor. In: VENKATESWARLU, B. et al. (ed.). Crop stress and its management: perspectives and strategies. Springer Netherlands, v. 15, p. 261-315, 2012.
• HAVIR, E. A.; MCHALE, N. A. Biochemical and developmental characterization of multiple forms of catalase in tobacco leaves. Plant Physiology, v. 84, p. 450- 455, 1987.
• INSTITUTO BRASILEIRO DE GEOGRAFIA E ESTATÍSTICA. Levantamento sistemático da produção agrícola. abr. 2021. Disponível em: https://sidra.ibge.gov.br/home/lspa/brasil. Acesso em: 5 jun. 2021.
  » https://sidra.ibge.gov.br/home/lspa/brasil.
• JUVINO, A. N. K. et al. Vigor da cultivar BMX Potência RR de soja durante o beneficiamento e períodos de armazenamento. Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental, v. 18, n. 8, p. 844-850, 2014.
• LAKSHMI, C. J.; JIJEESH, C. M.; SEETHALAKSHMI, K. K. Impact of accelerated aging process on seed quality and biochemical changes of Dendrocalamus sikkimensis Gamble. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum, v. 43, n. 34, p. 1-9, 2021.
• LIMMONGKON, A. et al. LC-MS/MS profiles and interrelationships between the antiinflammatory activity, total phenolic content and antioxidant potential of Kalasin 2 cultivar peanut sprout crude extract. Food Chemistry, v. 239, p. 569-578, 2018.
• MAGUIRE, J. D. Speed of germination-aid in selection and evaluation for seedling emergenge and vigor. Crop Science, v. 2, n. 2, p. 176-177, 1962.
• MARCOS FILHO, J. Seed vigor testing: an overview of the past, present and future perspective. Scientia Agricola, v. 72, n. 4, p. 363-374, 2015.
• MARCOS FILHO, J. Testes de vigor: importância e utilização. In: KRZYZANOWSKI, F. C.; VIEIRA, R. D. (ed.) Vigor de sementes: conceitos e testes. Londrina: ABRATES, 1999. cap. 3, p. 3.24.
• MEI, Y.; SONG, S. Response to temperature stress of reactive oxygen species scavengig enzymes in the cross-tolerance of barley seed germination.Journal of Zhejiang University-Science B (Biomedicine & Biotechnology), v. 11, n. 12, p. 965-972, 2010.
• NAKAGAWA, J. Testes de vigor baseados no desempenho das plântulas. In: KRZYZANOWSKI, F. C.; VIEIRA, R. D.; FRANÇA NETO, J. B. (ed.). Vigor de sementes: conceitos e testes. Londrina: ABRATES, 1999. cap. 2, p. 1-24.
• NAKANO, Y.; ASADA, K. Hydrogen peroxide is sacavenged by ascorbate-specific peroxidase in spinach chloroplasts. Plant Cell Physiology, v. 22, n. 5, p. 867-880, 1981.
• PENG, Q. et al. Effects of accelerated aging on physiological and biochemical characteristics of waxy and non-waxy wheat seeds. Journal of Northeast Agricultural University, v. 18, n. 2, p. 7-12, 2011.
• SANTOS, M. M.; ATAIDE, G. M.; PIRES, R. M. O. Qualidade fisiológica de sementes de garapa (Apuleia leiocarpa) submetidas ao envelhecimento acelerado. Biotemas, v. 32, p. 11-17, 2019.
• SANTOS, R. C. dos; GODOY, I. J. de; FÁVERO, A. P. Melhoramento do amendoim e cultivares comerciais. In: SANTOS, R. C. dos; FREIRE, R. M. M.; LIMA, L. M. O agronegócio do amendoim no Brasil Campina Grande: Embrapa Algodão, 2013. p. 117-184.
• SEYYEDI, S. M.; AFSHARI, R. T.; DANESHMANDI, M. S. The relationships between fatty acids and heterotrophic seedling growth in winter canola cultivars during accelerated seed aging process. South African Journal of Botany, v. 119, p. 353-36, 2018.
• SILVA, A. C. et al Application of dairy residue in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivated in Northeastern Brazil. Australian Journal of Crop Science, v. 11, n. 7, p. 1144-1149, 2018.
• SILVA, G. P. et al. Biochemical and physiological changes in Dipteryx alata Vog. seeds during germination and accelerated aging. South African Journal of Botany, v. 131, p. 84-92, 2020.
• SURESH, A. et al. Evaluation of biochemical and physiological changes in seeds of Jatropha curcas L. unatural aging, accelerated aging and saturated salt accelerated. Scientia Horticulturae, v. 255, p. 21-29, 2019.
• TAIZ, L.; ZEIGER, E. Energy and Enzymes. In: TAIZ, L.; ZEIGER, E. (ed.) Plant physiology 4th ed. Sunderland: Sinauer Associates, 2017. cap. 2, p. 1-22.
• WENDT, L. et al. Relação entre testes de vigor com a emergência a campo em sementes de soja. Brazilian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, v. 12, p. 166-171, 2017.

Editor-in-Chief: Profa. Charline Zaratin Alves - [e-mail]

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  15 Oct 2021
• Date of issue
  2021

History

• Received
  18 May 2020
• Accepted
  10 June 2021