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Correlation between inflammatory infiltrate and epithelial lining in 214 cases of periapical cysts

Abstract

The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of periapical cysts, identify their clinical and microscopic features and correlate their microscopic features with the inflammatory infiltrate present in the lesion site. A total of 214 cases were collected over a 10-year period. Clinical data, including gender, age, race, symptoms and location of the lesion, were recorded. Two independent examiners with no prior knowledge of the patients' clinical data conducted the microscopic evaluations. Statistical analyses were performed using Fisher's or chi-square tests at a 5% level of significance. The results showed that periapical cysts were more prevalent in white women, with a mean age of 35 years, and in the anterosuperior region. The majority of the lesions were lined by atrophic cystic epithelium, which was associated with moderate inflammatory infiltrate in the cystic capsule (p < 0.01), with a diffuse localization pattern (p = 0.03) and absence of neutrophils (p = 0.01). Our findings suggest that periapical cysts lined by atrophic epithelium are related to the presence of moderate mononuclear inflammatory infiltrate.

Inflammation; Radicular Cyst; Biopsy


Introduction

Periapical cysts- also known as radicular, periradicular or apical periodontal cysts- are inflammatory jaw cysts on teeth with infected and necrotic pulp. The cysts are a direct sequela of apical granulomas, although not every apical granuloma will develop into a cyst.11. Nair PNR. New perspectives on radicular cysts: do they heal?. Int Endod J. 1998 May ;31(3):155-60. Radiographically, a periapical cyst has an imaging appearance similar to that of a periapical granuloma. Although cysts are often larger than granulomas, the size of the lesion cannot be used as a definitive criterion for diagnosis. As the lesion becomes larger, it is more likely to be a cyst.22. White SC, Sapp JP, Seto BG, Mankovich NJ. Absence of radiometric differentiation between periapical cysts and granulomas. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1994 Nov ;78(5):650-4. Cystic transformation occurs owing to inflammatory stimulation of the epithelial rests of Malassez in the periodontal ligament, secondary to a root canal infection, in which the bacteria and their products, that were previously confined to the dental pulp, go beyond the root canal system and reach the periapical tissues.11. Nair PNR. New perspectives on radicular cysts: do they heal?. Int Endod J. 1998 May ;31(3):155-60. , 33. Meghji S, Qureshi W, Henderson B, Harris M. The role of endotoxin and cytokines in the pathogenesis of odontogenic cysts. Arch Oral Biol. 1996 Jun;41(6):523-31.

Periapical cyst formation seems to be induced by an acute inflammatory reaction,44. Nair PNR, Sundqvist G, Sjögren U. Experimental evidence supports the abscess theory of development of radicular cysts. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2008 Aug;106(2):294-303. DOI: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2008.04.009. Epub 2008 Jun 13.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tripleo.2008.0...
although mononuclear cells are commonly found in the inflammatory infiltrate.55. Marçal JRB, Samuel RO, Fernandes D, Araujo MS, Napimoga MH, Pereira SAL, et al. T-helper cell type 17/regulatory T-cell immunoregulatory balance in human radicular cysts and periapical granulomas. J Endod. 2010 Jun;36(6):995-9. DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2010.03.020.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2010.03.0...
T- and B-lymphocytes and macrophages constitute most of the inflammatory cells involved.66. Liapatas S, Nakou M, Rontogianni D. Inflammatory infiltrate of chronic periradicular lesions: an immunohistochemical study. Int Endod J. 2003 Jul;36(7):464-71. Macrophages are observed primarily in active inflammatory sites, mainly in the subepithelial region and seldom in the surrounding area.77. Rodini CO, Lara VS. Study of the expression of CD68+ macrophages and CD8+ T cells in human granulomas and periapical cysts. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2001 Aug;92(2):221-7. Additionally, the thin and thick cystic capsules present differences with regard to the inflammatory cells involved. Thin capsules have a predominance of lymphocytes, whereas thick capsules are predominantly composed of plasma cells and macrophages.88. Jurisic V, Terzic T, Colic S, Jurisic M. The concentration of TNF-α correlate with number of inflammatory cells and degree of vascularization in radicular cysts. Oral Dis. 2008 Oct;14(7):600-5. DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-0825.2007.01426.x. Epub 2008 Jan 21.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-0825.2007...
Inflammatory cell count and degree of vascularization in periapical cysts have shown a strong association with increased expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α),88. Jurisic V, Terzic T, Colic S, Jurisic M. The concentration of TNF-α correlate with number of inflammatory cells and degree of vascularization in radicular cysts. Oral Dis. 2008 Oct;14(7):600-5. DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-0825.2007.01426.x. Epub 2008 Jan 21.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-0825.2007...
indicating that inflammatory cells may have an important role in the development of these lesions.

The pathogenesis and growth mechanisms of inflammatory odontogenic cysts of the jaws are not fully understood.99. Teronen O, Hietanen J, Lindqvist C, Salo T, Sorsa T, Eklund KK, et al. Mast cell-derived tryptase in odontogenic cysts. J Oral Pathol Med. 1996 Aug;25(7):376-81. The inflammatory infiltrate in the cystic lining appears to play an important role in the pathogenesis of periapical cysts.1010. Cury VC, Sette PS, Silva JV, Araújo VC, Gomez RS. Immunohistochemical study of apical periodontal cysts. J Endod. 1998 Jan;24(1):36-7. Therefore, the purposes of the present study were to evaluate the prevalence of periapical cysts, identify their clinical and microscopic features and correlate their microscopic features with the inflammatory infiltrate present in the lesion.

Methodology

Records of all the cases diagnosed as periapical cysts in the 2000 to 2010 period in the Anatomic Pathology Laboratory of our institution were retrieved. Periapical cysts were defined as follows:

  1. 1

    a lesion seated on the periapical region of a nonvital tooth, and

  2. 2

    histologic evidence of stratified non-keratinized squamous epithelium completely or partially lining a cystic cavity or tissue fragments

Clinical data, including gender, age, race, symptoms, duration of the lesion up to the dental consultation and location were recorded. The study was carried out after the approval of the institutional Ethics Committee (protocol # 140/2010) on research in human beings.

Qualitative and quantitative microscopic analyses

The material used in this study consisted of pericystic biopsy tissues from routine cyst surgeries sent to our institution's Anatomic Pathology Laboratory and immediately fixed in 10% neutral buffer formalin at room temperature. Five-µm paraffin-embedded specimens were mounted on microscope slides and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (HE). Two independent examiners (J.A.C.H. and A.A.C.P.) with no prior knowledge of the patients' clinical data conducted the microscopic evaluations using an optical binocular microscope (Axiostar Plus, Carl Zeiss, Jena, Germany) equipped with a 40×/0.65 objective (Achroplan, Carl Zeiss, Jena, Germany), thus achieving a 400× magnification. Whenever a disagreement arose, a consensus approach was adopted.

The following tissue structures were evaluated:

  • cystic cavity;

  • cystic epithelial lining and its thickness;

  • characterization, distribution and intensity of inflammatory infiltrate;

  • presence of congested and hyperemic blood vessels; and

  • presence of cholesterol crystals.

The quantitative microscopic analysis was performed according to the method described by Jurisic et al. 88. Jurisic V, Terzic T, Colic S, Jurisic M. The concentration of TNF-α correlate with number of inflammatory cells and degree of vascularization in radicular cysts. Oral Dis. 2008 Oct;14(7):600-5. DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-0825.2007.01426.x. Epub 2008 Jan 21.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-0825.2007...
Each specimen was graded under 400× magnification as:

  • slight,< 10 inflammatory cells per field

  • moderate, 10-50 inflammatory cells per field, and

  • intense, more than 50 inflammatory cells per field

Grading of each specimen was based on the average inflammatory cell number in three consecutive microscopic fields starting from the epithelial-connective tissue border and proceeding gradually deeper into the lamina propria. The thickness of the epithelial lining was evaluated in respect to the number of cell layers and described as:

  • atrophic,< 6 epithelial cell layers

  • normal, 6-10 epithelial cell layers; and

  • hyperplastic, more than 10 epithelial cell layers

The lesions with a variable number of layers were classified as follows:

  • normal and atrophic

  • atrophic and hyperplastic; or

  • normal and hyperplastic

Statistical analysis

Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 17.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, USA) for Windows software (Microsoft, Mountain View, USA). Fisher's or chi-square tests were used for the analyses, and p values lower than 0.05 were considered significant.

Results

Periapical cysts corresponded to 6.21% (214 cases) of all the cases diagnosed over a 10-year period. Patient age ranged from 7 to 77 years old, with a mean age of 35 years. Regarding gender, 46.7% (110) of the periapical cysts were diagnosed in men, and 53.3% (114) in women. Additionally, most of the patients (78.7%) were white. Concerning location, the lesions occurred mainly in the anterosuperior (41.7%) and posterosuperior (31%) regions. The majority of the lesions (56.8%) had a maximum diameter of 1 cm, and 71% of them were asymptomatic. Recurrence was reported in 6.54% of all cases.

Microscopic analysis revealed that 83.6% (179) of the lesions presented partial epithelial lining, and 66.4% (142) presented atrophic lining. Atrophic epithelial lining was associated with moderate inflammatory infiltrate in the cystic capsule (Table 1), with diffuse location (p = 0.03) and with the absence of neutrophils (p = 0.01). The inflammatory infiltrate was found to be moderate in 54.7% (117) of the cases, it had a diffuse location in 65.1% (136) and was predominantly composed by lymphocytes, plasma cells and macrophages (Figure 1). Lack of neutrophils associated with slight inflammatory infiltrate was observed in the cystic capsule (Table 2), and, when present, they were associated with congested and hyperemic blood vessels (p < 0.01). Furthermore, cholesterol crystals were seen in 13.6% (29) of the lesions (Figure 2).

Table 1
Intensity of inflammatory infiltrate according to thickness of epithelial lining in periapical cysts.

Figure 1
Periapical cyst. Cystic wall covered by atrophic stratified squamous epithelial lining exhibiting moderate mononuclear inflammatory infiltrate (H&E; original magnification, 400×).

Table 2
Intensity of inflammatory infiltrate according to presence of neutrophils in periapical cysts.

Figure 2
Periapical cyst. Cholesterol crystals and foreign body-type reaction with giant cells present in the capsule (H&E; original magnification, 200×).

Discussion

The clinical diagnosis of oral lesions can be tricky owing to the similar appearance of many conditions presenting different etiology. Therefore, there is a risk of misdiagnosis and delayed treatment if the therapeutic choice is based solely on clinical aspects.1111. Kondori I, Mottin RW, Laskin DM. Accuracy of dentists in the clinical diagnosis of oral lesions. Quintessence Int. 2011 Jul-Aug;42(7):575-7. A study in the New Zealand population revealed that a correct clinical provisional diagnosis of periapical cyst was given in only 36% of the cases,1212. Becconsall-Ryan K, Tong D, Love RM. Radiolucent inflammatory jaw lesions: a twenty-year analysis. Int Endod J. 2010 Oct;43(10):859-65. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.2010.01751.x. Epub 2010 Aug 3.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2591.2010...
which highlights the importance of knowing the clinical, radiographic and microscopic aspects of the lesion. Diagnostic confirmation can only be ascertained after anatomic pathology examination.1313. Lin LM, Ricucci D, Lin J, Rosenberg PA. Nonsurgical root canal therapy of large cyst-like inflammatory periapical lesions and inflammatory apical cysts. J Endod. 2009 May;35(5):607-15. DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2009.02.012.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2009.02.0...

According to Becconsall-Ryan et al.,1212. Becconsall-Ryan K, Tong D, Love RM. Radiolucent inflammatory jaw lesions: a twenty-year analysis. Int Endod J. 2010 Oct;43(10):859-65. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.2010.01751.x. Epub 2010 Aug 3.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2591.2010...
inflammatory lesions corresponded to 72.8% of radiolucent lesions of the jaws. Among them, 29.2% were periapical cysts. Among Brazilians, periapical cysts were the most frequent odontogenic cysts in adults (66.5%).1414. Souza LB, Gordón-Núñez MA, Nonaka CW, Medeiros MC, Torres TF, Emiliano GBG. Odontogenic cysts: demographic profile in a Brazilian population over a 38-year period. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2010 Jul 1;15(4):e583-90. In the present study, periapical cysts were more prevalent in white women, with a mean age of 35 years, and in the anterosuperior region, corroborating data found in the related literature.55. Marçal JRB, Samuel RO, Fernandes D, Araujo MS, Napimoga MH, Pereira SAL, et al. T-helper cell type 17/regulatory T-cell immunoregulatory balance in human radicular cysts and periapical granulomas. J Endod. 2010 Jun;36(6):995-9. DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2010.03.020.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2010.03.0...
, 1414. Souza LB, Gordón-Núñez MA, Nonaka CW, Medeiros MC, Torres TF, Emiliano GBG. Odontogenic cysts: demographic profile in a Brazilian population over a 38-year period. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2010 Jul 1;15(4):e583-90. However, other authors have reported a similar prevalence in both genders1212. Becconsall-Ryan K, Tong D, Love RM. Radiolucent inflammatory jaw lesions: a twenty-year analysis. Int Endod J. 2010 Oct;43(10):859-65. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.2010.01751.x. Epub 2010 Aug 3.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2591.2010...
and a mean age of 44.3 years.1515. Lin H-P, Chen H-M, Yu C-H, Kuo R-C, Kuo Y-S, Wang Y-P. Clinicopathological study of 252 jaw bone periapical lesions from a private pathology laboratory. J Formos Med Assoc. 2010 Nov;109(11):810-8. DOI: 10.1016/S0929-6646(10)60126-X.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0929-6646(10)60...
These discrepancies may be attributed to differences in sample selection and size, as well as the diagnostic criteria adopted by the authors of different studies.

There is continuing controversy regarding the kind of inflammatory infiltrate present in periapical cysts. Marçal et al. 55. Marçal JRB, Samuel RO, Fernandes D, Araujo MS, Napimoga MH, Pereira SAL, et al. T-helper cell type 17/regulatory T-cell immunoregulatory balance in human radicular cysts and periapical granulomas. J Endod. 2010 Jun;36(6):995-9. DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2010.03.020.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2010.03.0...
found that mononuclear infiltrate was significantly more frequent than mixed infiltrate, and that the latter was present in lesions with fistulae. Lin et al.,1515. Lin H-P, Chen H-M, Yu C-H, Kuo R-C, Kuo Y-S, Wang Y-P. Clinicopathological study of 252 jaw bone periapical lesions from a private pathology laboratory. J Formos Med Assoc. 2010 Nov;109(11):810-8. DOI: 10.1016/S0929-6646(10)60126-X.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0929-6646(10)60...
however, found a mixed infiltrate in 52.1% of the lesions. Microscopic analysis of our samples revealed that the presence of congested and hyperemic blood vessels was associated with intense inflammatory infiltrate in the cystic capsule (p < 0.01) and with the presence of neutrophils (p < 0.01), features which characterize lesions in the acute inflammatory phase. However, most of the lesions presented moderate inflammatory infiltrate, which was associated with the presence of plasma cells (p = 0.01) and macrophages (p < 0.01). These results are in agreement with those of Lin et al.,1515. Lin H-P, Chen H-M, Yu C-H, Kuo R-C, Kuo Y-S, Wang Y-P. Clinicopathological study of 252 jaw bone periapical lesions from a private pathology laboratory. J Formos Med Assoc. 2010 Nov;109(11):810-8. DOI: 10.1016/S0929-6646(10)60126-X.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0929-6646(10)60...
and may justify the fact that 71% of the lesions in our study were asymptomatic, which is compatible with chronic inflammation (mononuclear infiltrate). The presence of plasma cells in cysts suggests a local humoral immune reaction, and indicates that the majority of the lesions were in a developing stage.66. Liapatas S, Nakou M, Rontogianni D. Inflammatory infiltrate of chronic periradicular lesions: an immunohistochemical study. Int Endod J. 2003 Jul;36(7):464-71.

Another histopathological feature evaluated was the presence of cholesterol crystals, which were observed in 13.6% of periapical cysts, a rate similar to that found by Santos et al. 1616. Santos LCS, Vilas Bôas DS, Oliveira GQV, Ramos EAG, Gurgel CAS, Santos JN. Histopathological study of radicular cysts diagnosed in a Brazilian population. Braz Dent J. 2011;22(6):449-54. The major source of cholesterol may be from locally dying inflammatory cells, and a result of the disintegrating membranes of these cells in long-standing lesions.1717. Nair PNR. On the causes of persistent apical periodontitis: a review. Int Endod J. 2006 Apr;39(4):249-81. Accumulation of cholesterol crystals can prevent healing in apical periodontitis lesions,1717. Nair PNR. On the causes of persistent apical periodontitis: a review. Int Endod J. 2006 Apr;39(4):249-81. but this accumulation does not seem to be associated with the maintenance of periapical cysts inasmuch as the frequency of its occurrence is low in these lesions.

In the present study, almost all periapical cysts presented stratified squamous epithelial lining, similarly to the findings of Lin et al. 1515. Lin H-P, Chen H-M, Yu C-H, Kuo R-C, Kuo Y-S, Wang Y-P. Clinicopathological study of 252 jaw bone periapical lesions from a private pathology laboratory. J Formos Med Assoc. 2010 Nov;109(11):810-8. DOI: 10.1016/S0929-6646(10)60126-X.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0929-6646(10)60...
It is believed that epithelial status may be related to the growth of periapical cysts.1818. Moreira PR, Santos DFM, Martins RD, Gomez RS. CD57+ cells in radicular cyst. Int Endod J. 2000 Mar;33(2):99-102. The majority of the lesions evaluated in our study had atrophic epithelial lining, which was associated with moderate inflammatory infiltrate in the cystic capsule (p < 0.01), with a diffuse location pattern (p = 0.03), and absence of neutrophils (p = 0.01). Nevertheless, according to Moreira et al.,1818. Moreira PR, Santos DFM, Martins RD, Gomez RS. CD57+ cells in radicular cyst. Int Endod J. 2000 Mar;33(2):99-102. no difference can be seen in the intensity of the infiltrate in lesions with atrophic or hyperplastic epithelium. These authors found different expression patterns of CD57, in which lesions with atrophic epithelium presented a higher percentage of CD57-positive cells. As the expression of CD57 is indicative of immunosuppression, it may constitute a negative immunomodulator of cystic growth.

Among the periapical lesions, periapical cysts presented the worst prognosis, and the larger lesions presented the worst evolution.1919. Carrillo C, Peñarrocha M, Bagán JV, Vera F. Relationship Between histological diagnosis and evolution of 70 periapical lesions at 12 months, treated by periapical surgery. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2008 Aug;66(8):1606-9. DOI: 10.1016/j.joms.2007.12.014.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joms.2007.12.0...
It has been suggested that the tissues of periapical cysts are self-sustaining because they do not depend on the presence or absence of root canal infection. Therefore, because periapical cysts are less prone to heal after conventional endodontic therapy, surgical intervention is needed.1313. Lin LM, Ricucci D, Lin J, Rosenberg PA. Nonsurgical root canal therapy of large cyst-like inflammatory periapical lesions and inflammatory apical cysts. J Endod. 2009 May;35(5):607-15. DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2009.02.012.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2009.02.0...
For the treatment of periapical cysts, enucleation is the most commonly used technique,2020. ManorL E, Kachko L, Puterman MB, Szabo G, Bodner L. Cystic lesions of the jaws-a clinicopathological study of 322 cases and review of the literature. Int J Med Sci. 2012;9(1):20-6. Epub 2011 Nov 9. although Carrillo et al. 1919. Carrillo C, Peñarrocha M, Bagán JV, Vera F. Relationship Between histological diagnosis and evolution of 70 periapical lesions at 12 months, treated by periapical surgery. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2008 Aug;66(8):1606-9. DOI: 10.1016/j.joms.2007.12.014.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joms.2007.12.0...
performed cyst enucleation in combination with apicoectomy and retrograde filling. To achieve satisfactory periapical healing, surgical removal of a periapical cyst must include elimination of root canal infection.1313. Lin LM, Ricucci D, Lin J, Rosenberg PA. Nonsurgical root canal therapy of large cyst-like inflammatory periapical lesions and inflammatory apical cysts. J Endod. 2009 May;35(5):607-15. DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2009.02.012.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2009.02.0...

Conclusion

Periapical cysts with atrophic epithelial lining were related to moderate mononuclear inflammatory infiltrate in the cyst capsule. In addition, our findings demonstrated that the majority of the periapical cysts were asymptomatic, chronic lesions. It is imperative that the endodontist be well acquainted with the clinical, radiographic and microscopic features of periapical cysts in order to perform early diagnosis and establish proper treatment, thus increasing the success rates of endodontic therapy.

The authors wish to thank FAPEMIG (Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais) for supporting this study.

References

  • 1
    Nair PNR. New perspectives on radicular cysts: do they heal?. Int Endod J. 1998 May ;31(3):155-60.
  • 2
    White SC, Sapp JP, Seto BG, Mankovich NJ. Absence of radiometric differentiation between periapical cysts and granulomas. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1994 Nov ;78(5):650-4.
  • 3
    Meghji S, Qureshi W, Henderson B, Harris M. The role of endotoxin and cytokines in the pathogenesis of odontogenic cysts. Arch Oral Biol. 1996 Jun;41(6):523-31.
  • 4
    Nair PNR, Sundqvist G, Sjögren U. Experimental evidence supports the abscess theory of development of radicular cysts. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2008 Aug;106(2):294-303. DOI: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2008.04.009. Epub 2008 Jun 13.
    » https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tripleo.2008.04.009
  • 5
    Marçal JRB, Samuel RO, Fernandes D, Araujo MS, Napimoga MH, Pereira SAL, et al. T-helper cell type 17/regulatory T-cell immunoregulatory balance in human radicular cysts and periapical granulomas. J Endod. 2010 Jun;36(6):995-9. DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2010.03.020.
    » https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2010.03.020
  • 6
    Liapatas S, Nakou M, Rontogianni D. Inflammatory infiltrate of chronic periradicular lesions: an immunohistochemical study. Int Endod J. 2003 Jul;36(7):464-71.
  • 7
    Rodini CO, Lara VS. Study of the expression of CD68+ macrophages and CD8+ T cells in human granulomas and periapical cysts. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2001 Aug;92(2):221-7.
  • 8
    Jurisic V, Terzic T, Colic S, Jurisic M. The concentration of TNF-α correlate with number of inflammatory cells and degree of vascularization in radicular cysts. Oral Dis. 2008 Oct;14(7):600-5. DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-0825.2007.01426.x. Epub 2008 Jan 21.
    » https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-0825.2007.01426.x
  • 9
    Teronen O, Hietanen J, Lindqvist C, Salo T, Sorsa T, Eklund KK, et al. Mast cell-derived tryptase in odontogenic cysts. J Oral Pathol Med. 1996 Aug;25(7):376-81.
  • 10
    Cury VC, Sette PS, Silva JV, Araújo VC, Gomez RS. Immunohistochemical study of apical periodontal cysts. J Endod. 1998 Jan;24(1):36-7.
  • 11
    Kondori I, Mottin RW, Laskin DM. Accuracy of dentists in the clinical diagnosis of oral lesions. Quintessence Int. 2011 Jul-Aug;42(7):575-7.
  • 12
    Becconsall-Ryan K, Tong D, Love RM. Radiolucent inflammatory jaw lesions: a twenty-year analysis. Int Endod J. 2010 Oct;43(10):859-65. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.2010.01751.x. Epub 2010 Aug 3.
    » https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2591.2010.01751.x
  • 13
    Lin LM, Ricucci D, Lin J, Rosenberg PA. Nonsurgical root canal therapy of large cyst-like inflammatory periapical lesions and inflammatory apical cysts. J Endod. 2009 May;35(5):607-15. DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2009.02.012.
    » https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2009.02.012
  • 14
    Souza LB, Gordón-Núñez MA, Nonaka CW, Medeiros MC, Torres TF, Emiliano GBG. Odontogenic cysts: demographic profile in a Brazilian population over a 38-year period. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2010 Jul 1;15(4):e583-90.
  • 15
    Lin H-P, Chen H-M, Yu C-H, Kuo R-C, Kuo Y-S, Wang Y-P. Clinicopathological study of 252 jaw bone periapical lesions from a private pathology laboratory. J Formos Med Assoc. 2010 Nov;109(11):810-8. DOI: 10.1016/S0929-6646(10)60126-X.
    » https://doi.org/10.1016/S0929-6646(10)60126-X
  • 16
    Santos LCS, Vilas Bôas DS, Oliveira GQV, Ramos EAG, Gurgel CAS, Santos JN. Histopathological study of radicular cysts diagnosed in a Brazilian population. Braz Dent J. 2011;22(6):449-54.
  • 17
    Nair PNR. On the causes of persistent apical periodontitis: a review. Int Endod J. 2006 Apr;39(4):249-81.
  • 18
    Moreira PR, Santos DFM, Martins RD, Gomez RS. CD57+ cells in radicular cyst. Int Endod J. 2000 Mar;33(2):99-102.
  • 19
    Carrillo C, Peñarrocha M, Bagán JV, Vera F. Relationship Between histological diagnosis and evolution of 70 periapical lesions at 12 months, treated by periapical surgery. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2008 Aug;66(8):1606-9. DOI: 10.1016/j.joms.2007.12.014.
    » https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joms.2007.12.014
  • 20
    ManorL E, Kachko L, Puterman MB, Szabo G, Bodner L. Cystic lesions of the jaws-a clinicopathological study of 322 cases and review of the literature. Int J Med Sci. 2012;9(1):20-6. Epub 2011 Nov 9.

Publication Dates

  • Publication in this collection
    07 Oct 2013
  • Date of issue
    Nov-Dec 2013

History

  • Received
    12 Feb 2013
  • Accepted
    31 July 2013
  • Reviewed
    13 Aug 2013
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