text new page (beta)
English (pdf)
Article in xml format
Automatic translation
Cited by SciELO 
Cited by Google 
Similars in
SciELO 
Similars in Google 
Permalink
Introduction
Epidemiological data on the prevalence of malocclusions is valuable for understanding the etiologies of orthodontic discrepancies. Such data also provides information about the demand for orthodontic treatment, the availability of orthodontic clinics,1 and the distribution of malocclusions in different populations.2,3,4,5,6 A number of studies have addressed the prevalence of malocclusions in different populations.3,6,7,8 Mugonzibwa et al.6 reported that Tanzanian children are more likely to have a Class I occlusion than Finnish children, Asians have the lowest frequency of Class II malocclusions, and eastern European and Asian subjects have the highest frequency of Class III malocclusions.3 The prevalence of Class III malocclusions is reported to be 4.2% in Australian Caucasian adults7 and 49.1% in Chinese subjects.8 Yang8 showed that the percentage of Class III malocclusions increased whereas Class I malocclusions decreased in patients examined over a 5-year period who had been referred to the Department of Orthodontics. Because the Angle’s classification system minimizes subjectivity,9 these variations in the prevalence of malocclusions observed in these different studies3,6,7,8 may be due to different sample sizes among studies or to different ethnic origins, ages, and dentition stages of the patients.
No studies have reported the rates of sagittal occlusal relationships in different dentition stages in the Turkish population. Therefore, we assessed the distribution of sagittal occlusal relationships in different dentition periods in a Turkish sample group.
Methodology
This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Ankara University Dental Faculty (36290600/62). All patients/parents were informed of the purpose of the study, and their written consent was given prior to entering the study. Subjects (3,452) who were admitted to the Oral and Dentomaxillofacial Radiology Department of Dental Faculty, Gazi University were randomly selected for initial intraoral clinical examination in conjunction with their routine dental health evaluation and treatment. Intraoral inspection data were assessed retrospectively for determination of prevalence of malocclusion in the 3,452 subjects. Edentulous and partially edentulous subjects, patients who had undergone previous orthodontic treatment, subjects with craniofacial anomalies, and non-Turkish nationals were excluded from further analysis. The data for the remaining 1,110 subjects (561 females, 549 males) aged 4.6-23 years were evaluated to determine the prevalence of malocclusion. The examined subjects reflect the broader Turkish population because Ankara is the capital city, located in the central part of Turkey, where individuals from every province of Turkey come to receive health care.
The subjects were categorized according to four dentition stages (deciduous, early mixed, late mixed, and permanent) rather than chronological age to eliminate individual variation in development. The early mixed dentition stage begins with incisor emergence on the maxilla or mandible, the late mixed dentition stage begins with replacement of the first primary molars with permanent premolars, and the permanent dentition stage starts with emergence of second permanent premolars and completion of exfoliation of all deciduous teeth. The second and third molars were not considered.
Malocclusions were defined according to Angle’s classification system10 as Class I, II, or III in the permanent dentition. For primary dentition, the normal relationship is a flush terminal plane. When the first permanent molars erupt, their relationship is determined by that of the primary molars. The molar relationship tends to shift at the time the second primary molars are lost and the adolescent growth spurt occurs. The amount of differential mandibular growth and molar shift into the Leeway space determines the molar relationship. Forward growth of the mandible or a shift of teeth can cause the mesial step to develop into Class III malocclusion,11 whereas the distal step in the deciduous dentition can develop into a Class II molar relationship.12
In this study, subjects having a flush terminal plane, Class I deciduous canine relationship, minimal variation in overbite, and overjet in the deciduous, early mixed and late mixed dentition stages were considered Class I; subjects having the concomitant presence of distal step, Class II deciduous canine relationship, and excessive overjet were considered Class II; subjects having the concomitant presence of mesial step and Class III deciduous canine relationship were considered Class III. Class I molar relationships, including crowding, spacing, and rotations, were categorized as Class I malocclusions.
Statistical analysis
The rates of sagittal occlusal relationships were calculated for the study groups in different dentition stages. The statistical significance of malocclusion types in dentition stages was evaluated by Chi-square and Fischer’s exact tests. Statistical analysis was performed with the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, Version 15.0, for Windows (SPSS Inc., Chicago, USA), andp < 0.05 was considered significant.
Results
Among all subjects, the distribution of sagittal occlusal relationships was as follows: 76.9% had Class I (n = 853), 11.4% had Class II (n = 127), and 11.7% had Class III (n = 130) malocclusions. The distribution of subjects in the different dentition stages was: 14.6% (n = 162) in the deciduous stage, 32.5% (n = 361) in the early mixed stage, 24.0% (n = 266) in the late mixed stage, and 28.9% (n = 321) in the permanent dentition stage (Figure 1). The distribution of sagittal occlusal relationships by gender was as follows: Class I malocclusion, 75.9% female (n = 426), 77.8% male (n = 427); Class II malocclusion, 12.1% female (n = 68), 10.7% male (n = 59); Class III malocclusion, 12% female (n = 67), 11.4% male (n = 63) (Figure 2). There were no statistically significant differences between genders with regard to malocclusion class (Table 1).
Table 1 Distribution of sagittal occlusal relationships in subjects by gender.
| Female | Male | p | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||||
| n | % | n | % | ||
| Class I | 426 | 75.9 | 427 | 77.8 | |
| Class II | 68 | 12.1 | 59 | 10.7 | 0.729 (NS) |
| Class III | 67 | 11.9 | 63 | 11.5 | |
| Total | 561 | 100.0 | 549 | 100.0 | |
n: Number of subjects (n); %: Percentage; NS: Non significant; χ2 = 0.632
As shown in Table 2, the distribution of sagittal occlusal relationships among the four stages of dentition was as follows: Deciduous dentition, Class I 96.3%, Class II 2.5%, Class III 1.2%; early mixed dentition, Class I 80.1%, Class II 8.3%, Class III 11.6%; late mixed dentition, Class I 71.8%, Class II 17.7%, Class III 10.5%; permanent dentition, Class I 67.6%, Class II 14.3%, Class III 18.1%.
Table 2 Distribution of sagittal occlusal relationships in subjects in each dentition stage.
| Deciduous (n = 162) | Early Mixed (n = 361) | Late Mixed (n = 266) | Permanent (n = 321) | p | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||||||||
| n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | ||
| Class I | 156 | 96.3 | 289 | 80.1 | 191 | 71.8 | 217 | 67.6 | |
| Class II | 4 | 2.5 | 30 | 8.3 | 47 | 17.7 | 46 | 14.3 | * |
| Class III | 2 | 1.2 | 42 | 11.6 | 28 | 10.5 | 58 | 18.1 | |
| Total | 162 | 100.0 | 361 | 100.0 | 266 | 100.0 | 321 | 100.0 | |
n: Number of subjects; %: Percentage; *p < 0.05; x2 = 65.339
Intergroup differences were found to be significant, and therefore pair-wise comparisons were performed.
Comparison of sagittal occlusal relationships (Class I, II, and III) in relation to dentition stage
Class II malocclusion was significantly more common in the early mixed (p < 0.01), late mixed (p < 0.001), and permanent (p < 0.001) dentition stages than in the deciduous stage. Class II malocclusion was significantly more common in the late mixed (p < 0.001) and permanent (p < 0.01) dentition stages than in the early mixed stage. Class III malocclusion was significantly more common in the early mixed, late mixed, and permanent dentition stages than the deciduous stage (p < 0.001), and Class III malocclusion was also significantly more common in the permanent dentition stage than in the early mixed and late mixed stages (p < 0.05).
Discussion
Angle’s classification system is a reliable and repeatable method to define sagittal discrepancies that minimizes subjectivity.9 However, the distribution of Angle classes has been reported to vary for different ethnic groups.4,5,6,8,13,14,15 In this study, the sample set reflects the greater Turkish population because Ankara is the capital city located in the central part of Turkey, where individuals from every province of Turkey come to receive health care. Although several studies have classified malocclusions by chronological age,13,16 malocclusions appear to be more influenced by development of dentition than by chronological age. Permanent teeth have been found to emerge into the oral cavity earlier in African and African-American children than in Caucasians.17 Therefore, determining the distribution of malocclusions in different dentition stages is more reliable than using chronological age as a reference.5
Although several studies have assessed sagittal occlusal relationships in one dentition stage or in an age range including multiple dentition stages,3,5,6,8,13,14 only two studies5,6 have assessed the prevalence of malocclusions in different dentition stages, specifically in Amerindian, Tanzanian Bantu, and Finnish subjects. Our present study is the first to compare the prevalence of sagittal occlusal relationships in different dentition stages in a Turkish population.
The most prevalent malocclusion type in this population was Class I in all dentition stages. This finding is in accordance with other reports for Turkish subjects.13,18 In contrast, Uslu et al.19 reported that Class II malocclusions are the most common (41.8%) in 900 Turkish subjects with permanent dentition. The mean prevalence of Class I malocclusion (76.9%) in our study was higher than in some other13,19 studies and showed a decreasing trend towards the permanent dentition. Among Tanzanian and Finnish individuals, the prevalence of neutral occlusion also tends to decrease from primary to mixed dentition.6
Class II malocclusion was observed to be the least prevalent malocclusion type in the deciduous dentition. The prevalence of Class II malocclusion showed a significant increasing trend towards the late mixed dentition stage, and then slightly decreased in the permanent dentition stage. This finding is consistent with the results of Thilander et al.5showing that Turkish subjects have a lower frequency of Class II malocclusions than Iranian,16 Finnish,15 Danish,14 and Asian subjects.3 Class III malocclusion was observed to be the least frequent malocclusion type in the deciduous dentition stage, and the prevalence increased towards the permanent dentition stage. This result is in agreement with Thilander et al.,5but in contrast with Kapur et al.,20 who reported a higher frequency of Class III malocclusion in younger children compared to older children with more erupted permanent teeth owing to the forward functional shift of the mandible.
The mean prevalence of Class III malocclusion (11.7%) in our study of the Turkish population was higher than in Danish,14 Finnish,15 Iranian,16 Tanzanian,21 German,22 and Swedish23 populations but lower than in a Chinese population (49.1%).8 The high prevalence of Class III malocclusion in Chinese might be due to differences in ethnicity. The prevalence of Class III malocclusion observed in a previous study of Turkish subjects was higher than in our study.13,18
Table 3 shows the rates of the three malocclusion classes in different populations reported in various studies.2,3,4,5,6,7,8,13,14,15,16,18,19,21,24 It is notable that prevalence rates varied even within Turkish populations of the same origin. Differences between our results and those of other studies are most likely due to differences in the selection of subjects. Our subjects were randomly chosen from patients referred to the Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology of Gazi University, whereas the subjects examined in the other studies were selected from patients referred directly to Orthodontic departments of other universities.13,18 Because Class III malocclusion produces distinct facial and dental features, subjects with this type of malocclusion are generally referred directly to orthodontic treatment, and this may account for the higher rates of Class III malocclusions in the other studies. Another factor that may have contributed to the variation in results is differences in the chronological ages and dentition stages of the subjects.
Table 3 Prevalence (percent) of malocclusion in children and adolescents in different ethnic groups.
| Authors | Population | Subjects | Class I | Class II | Class III | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||
| n | Age (years) | % | % | % | ||
| Helm S. (1968) | Danish | 1,700 | 9-18 | 72.0 | 24.0 | 4.0 |
| Yang (1990) | Chinese | 3,305 | 12-18 | 35.9 | 14.9 | 49.1 |
| Tod et al. (1997) | Australian | 216 | 18-64 | 67.1 | 28.7 | 4.2 |
| Thilander et al. (2001) | Bogotanian | 4,724 | 5-17 | 75.5 | 20.8 | 3.7 |
| Keski-Nisula et al. (2003) | Finnish | 972 | 4.0-7.8 | 46.1 | 52.4 | 1.5 |
| Sayin and Turkkahraman (2004) | Turkish | 1,356 | 10.4-16.7 | 64.0 | 24.0 | 12.0 |
| Mugonzibwa et al. (2004) | Tanzanian | 869 | 3.5-16 | 26.3 | 50.2 | 23.5 |
| Onyeaso et al. (2004) | Nigerian | 636 | 12-17 | 74.0 | 14.0 | 12.0 |
| Demir et al. (2005) | Turkish | 716 | 10-19 | 76.0 | 20.3 | 3.7 |
| Soh et al. (2005) | Chinese-Malay-Indian | 339 | 17-22 | 53.1 | 25.1 | 21.2 |
| Gabris et al. (2006) | Hungarian | 483 | 16-18 | 52.8 | 39.1 | 8.1 |
| Josefsson et al. (2007) | Asian | 64 | 12-13 | 54.6 | 36.2 | 9.2 |
| Josefsson et al. (2007) | Eastern European | 27 | 12-13 | 42.2 | 46.9 | 10.9 |
| Josefsson et al. (2007) | Swedish | 124 | 12-13 | 47.0 | 48.8 | 4.2 |
| Mtaya et al. (2009) | Tanzanian | 1,601 | 12-14 | 93.6 | 4.4 | 2.0 |
| Borzabadi-Farahani et al. (2009) | Iranian | 502 | 11-14 | 41.8 | 27.5 | 7.8 |
| Uslu et al. (2009) | Turkish | 900 | 12.9-22.1 | 39.8 | 41.8 | 18.4 |
n: Number of subjects; %: Percentage
We found no significant differences in the prevalence of sagittal occlusal relationships between male and female subjects in the present study, consistent with several other studies.16,21,25,26 Contrary to the present results, Wood27 found a higher rate of Class I malocclusion in female subjects than in male subjects, and Onyeaso et al.24 reported higher rates of Class II and III malocclusion in male subjects than in female subjects.
Conclusion
Class I malocclusion was the most common class in this Turkish population in all dentition stages.
The Class I malocclusion rate decreased from deciduous dentition towards permanent dentition, whereas the prevalence of Class II and Class III malocclusions increased significantly from deciduous to late mixed dentition.
