Oral impacts on the daily performance of Brazilians assessed using a sociodental approach: analyses of national data

Abstract

The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between oral diseases and their impact on the daily performance of adult and elderly Brazilians, verify the association of oral diseases with socioeconomic and demographic features, and compare the standard estimate of need with the sociodental assessment of these same needs. The authors evaluated data from 17,398 Brazilians aged between 35-44 years and 65-74 years, taken from the cross-sectional Brazilian Oral Health Survey (Saúde Bucal Brasil - SBBrasil). Regression models were applied to assess associations among impacts on daily performance and income, schooling, gender, region, use of dental services, health perception and dental disease status. McNemar’s test was applied to compare standard versus impact-related estimates of need. The prevalence ratio of these impacts was associated with the sociodemographic versus health perceptions (p < 0.001) of adults and the elderly. Adults also had impacts associated with loss of periodontal attachment (p < 0.001). The prevalence of normative needs was 95.39% for adults and 99.76% for the elderly, whereas the impact-related estimate of need was 50.92% and 43.71%, respectively. The impacted-related approach had a statistically significant association with the normative estimate of need (p < 0.001). This study showed a relationship between oral impact on daily performance of adults and educational level. Sociodemographic features were also related to the impacts on both adults and the elderly, and to health perception. The impacts among the adults were related to the loss of periodontal attachment. In addition, the authors found a sizable difference between the standard versus the sociodental approach, in that the sociodental assessment needs were lower than the needs identified by the standard estimate of need.

Oral Health; Quality of Life; Needs Assessment; Health Inequalities

Introduction

Oral health has been increasingly recognized as a factor that affects the quality of life of individuals. Negative impacts on oral health adversely influence people’s daily performance.¹

Oral diseases not only cause pain, but may also lead to social embarrassment and trigger processes of suffering, making the whole body suffer.² The World Health Organization indicates that oral health is essential to promote general health and quality of life. It characterizes oral health as “being free from mouth and facial pain, oral and throat cancer, oral infection and sores, periodontal (gum) disease, tooth decay, tooth loss, and other diseases and disorders that limit an individual’s capacity in biting, chewing, smiling, speaking, and psychosocial wellbeing”.³

However, throughout its history, dentistry has maintained the almost exclusive use of clinical indicators, dependent on professional judgment to assess the health of individuals and plan oral health actions.⁴ This approach may underestimate the relationship that other factors have on health, hinder the construction of a dynamic overview of how oral conditions affect people’s lives,⁵and jeopardize the rational workforce organization in the meeting of population needs.⁶

Thus, the exclusive use of normative approaches may be counter-intuitive, since the health-disease binomial has been understood as the result of several factors, ranging from subjective and individually unique to factors related to the social determinants of health.^7,8,9 Among these determinants, socioeconomic and demographic characteristics may affect oral health and consequently the quality of life.¹⁰

The major shortcoming of the normative approach is that this falls short of assessing how people really feel, and this produces a narrowing of the broader understanding of health and needs.^5,11

Although a fifth of all the dentists in the world are in Brazil,¹² there have not been many advances in approaches other than the normative approach, and oral problems persist in impacting people’s lives,¹³ not to mention the difficulty of organizing the health system to effectively meet people’s demands. Despite this large number of professionals, access to dental care is not equitable. About 60% of all Brazilian dentists work in only 4 states, all located in the southeastern region, the richest of the nation, home to major cities like Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo.¹² In the last national oral survey, 14.5% of adult and 28.5% of elderly Brazilians never visited the dentist.¹³

In an effort to bridge these gaps, indicators of sociodental approach have been developed and may contribute to clinical decision-making and to organizing demand, insofar as they are guided by measures of quality of life and allow better assessment of oral health. Measures relating to the impact of oral health on daily activities should be established for conditions resulting from non-treatment and not causing serious damage to health, and should not be used as a substitute but rather as a complement to clinical measures.⁵ In a theoretical model, the first step entails the identification of normative needs, establishing if dental diseases are likely to progress or require emergency treatment. If either of these situations is confirmed, clinical treatment is imminently necessary, leaving only the issue of what the best clinical course would be. In other situations, the procedure is to identify the needs related to the impact by way of subjective indicators; in this case, people would be assigned to two groups, those who suffer from some impact on daily life, and those who receive no such impact. The related need should be dealt with on a third level of assessment, which considers the individual behavior of each person. As such, it focuses on the probability of success by proposing a more appropriate treatment, according the person’s real needs.¹¹ In Brazil, the study of a social dental approach remains incipient, and the manner in which people’s lives are affected by oral health requires greater investigation.¹⁴

Thus, the aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between oral diseases and their impact on the daily performance of adult and elderly Brazilians, verify the association of these diseases with socioeconomic and demographic features, and compare standard estimate of need with sociodental assessment.

Methodology

We performed a cross-sectional secondary analysis of data from a national oral health survey carried out by the Ministério da Saúde (Brazilian Health Ministry) in 2010, called “SBBrasil 2010”. The study population was assessed according to the World Health Organization directions for Epidemiologic Surveys.¹⁵ The survey sample selected people in all of Brazil’s 27 states. Physical examinations were performed at the household of the surveyed population in order to evaluate the oral health status of five different age groups, ranging from children to elderly people, comprising a total of 37,519 people. A questionnaire was used to identify socioeconomic features and the impacts of oral health on daily life. The details on the methodology for data collection of the national survey are available in the literature.¹⁶

Our study included data from adults (35-44 years old) and the elderly (65-74 years old) (n = 17,398) on periodontal disease, tooth loss, treatment needs, oral impacts on daily performance (Oral Impacts on Daily Performance - OIDP), socioeconomic and demographic characteristics, health-related perception, and use of dental services. The dependent variable was the Oral Health-Related Quality of Life (OHRQoL), measured by OIDP. Individuals were asked different questions related to the period six months preceding the survey. These included whether they had an oral problem that caused difficulties eating and enjoying food, speaking, brushing their teeth, sleeping and relaxing, smiling, giggling and showing their teeth without being ashamed, whether they maintained a balanced emotional state without getting angry, whether they played a leading or a social role, and whether they had contact with people. The possible answers were a dichotomous yes or no.¹³ The questions evaluated people’s performance in three different domains: physical, psychological and social.¹ The people who had reported at least one complaint were assigned to the group, “Presence of interference in daily life”, whereas the people who had no complaints were assigned to the group, “Absence of interference in daily life”.

The impact-related estimate of need was measured by the prevalence of people who reported any interference of oral health in daily performance and also had a normative estimate of need. This variable was calculated for each of the four clinical conditions.

The analyses were carried out based on the hierarchic model proposed by Dahlgren and Whitehead¹⁷ and adapted for this study, in which the explanatory variables were grouped into five blocks where demographic characteristics were seen as proximal determinants, and had an influence on the other determinants. The first block, “Demographic features”, contained the variables of gender, region of residence and ethnicity. The second was “Socioeconomic features”, and included the variables of reported monthly household income in Brazilian reais (BRL) and education in years. Income was categorized as: up to 500 BRL, 501 to 1500 BRL, 1501 to 4500 BRL and over 4500 BRL. Education was categorized as less than 8 years, between 9-11 years and 12-15 years. The third block was “Oral health perception” and the variables in this group were tooth pain (presence or absence), oral health satisfaction (Very High/High, Regular/Low/Very Low), and related need for dental prostheses. The fourth block was “Use of dental services” and was composed only of the variable: last dental visit (less than one year ago, more than 1 year ago). The last block was called the “Standard normative estimate of need”. The variables in this group consisted of: Presence of bleeding on probing/calculus, obtained from the Community Periodontal Index (CPI), Tooth loss (people who had at least 1 missing tooth) and Dental prosthodontic need.

The analysis took into account the complex structure of the cluster sample and the sample weights,¹⁸ using the survey commands in the Stata software, 11.2 version (Stata Corp., College Station, USA).

The association between different socioeconomic and demographic aspects and impact on daily life were analyzed by the Poisson Regression, using robust variance and determining the prevalence ratio. In selecting the explanatory variables used for adjusting the Poisson Regression, the inclusion criteria were the relationship between the explanatory variable and the outcome variable in the univariate analysis, with the significance level set at 25%.¹⁹ The variables above this cut-off point were not included. In this analysis, the authors also estimated the crude prevalence ratio with 95% confidence intervals in a forward selection. The significance level was set at p < 0.05 in order to keep the variables in the final model. The authors compared both the standard and the impact-related estimates of need using McNemar’s test, with a significance level of p < 0.05.

Results

Of the 17,398 participants, 9779 (56.2%) were adults and 7619 (43.8%) were elderly. Of the adults, 6405 (65.5%) were female and 3374 (34.5%) were male. In regard to the elderly, 4716 (61.9%) were women and 2903 (38.1%) were men (Table 1).

Table 1
Univariate Poisson Regression for Oral Impact on Daily Life of Adult and Elderly Brazilians – Brazil, 2014.

Variable	Adults			Elderly
	n	%	p-value	n	%	p-value
Sociodemographic features
Gender
Male	3374	34.50	0.046	2903	38.10	0.579
Female	6405	65.50		4716	61.90
Ethnicity
White	4137	42.30	< 0.001	3577	46.95	0.168
Black	1020	10.43		879	11.54
Brown	4386	44.85		2970	38.98
Other	236	2.42		193	2.53
Region of residence
Southeast	2585	26.43	0.147	1758	23.07	0.328
South	2456	25.12		2294	30.11
Midwest	1608	16.44		1287	16.89
Northeast	1638	16.75		1163	15.26
North	1492	15.26		1117	14.66
Socioeconomic features
Monthly income (in BRL)
Up to 500	1420	14.89	< 0.001	849	11.57	0.339
Between 501-1500	4783	50.16		4029	54.91
Between 1501-4500	2813	29.50		1999	27.24
Over 4500	519	5.45		461	6.28
Schooling
Up to 8 years	4371	45.09	< 0.001	5813	78.34	0.2464
9-11 years	3025	31.21		870	11.72
12-15 years	2297	23.70		738	9.94
Health perception
Oral health satisfaction
Yes	5684	58.12	< 0.001	5220	68.51	< 0.001
No	4095	41.88		2399	31.49
Tooth pain
Yes	2366	24.42	< 0.001	791	11.07	< 0.001
No	7324	75.58		6354	88.93
Perceived prosthesis need
Yes	3958	41.79	< 0.001	4237	56.96	< 0.001
No	5514	58.21		3202	43.04
Use of dental services
Last dental appointment
Less than one year ago	4543	51.03	0.194	2041	33,73	0.879
More than one year ago	4360	49.97		4010	66.27
Normative needs
Bleeding on probing/dental calculus
Yes	5859	78.45	< 0.001	2032	92.62	< 0.001
No	1609	21.55		162	7.38
Loss of periodontal attachment
Yes	4448	50.24	< 0.001	6649	95.14	0.014
No	4406	49.76		340	4.86
Tooth loss
Yes	7928	85.35	0.002	3726	96.06	0.001
No	1361	14.65		153	3.94
Edentulousness
Yes	270	2.82	0.993	3583	47.72	0.726
No	9294	97.18		3926	52.28

Table 1 shows the univariate analyses with the respective p-values and prevalence for each explanatory variable included in the analyses.

In regard to the adults, women had a higher prevalence of impacts compared with men (Table 2). All of the non-white ethnic groups, among the adults and the elderly, had a higher prevalence of impacts on daily life, as compared with the white ethnic group (Tables 2 and 3). The prevalence of oral health interference in a person’s routine was 43% higher among less educated adults, whereas income had no statistically significant association between the white and the non-white groups (Tables 2 and 3).

Table 2
Final Poisson Regression Model for Oral Impact on the Daily Life of Adult Brazilians between 35-44 years old – Brazil, 2014.

Variables	PRc	PRa	CI 95% PRa	p†	p‡
Sociodemographic features
Gender
Male	1	1	-	-	< 0.001
Female	1.15	1.15	1.01-1.30	0.032
Ethnicity
White	1	1	-
Black	1.17	1.17	1.04-1.33	0.012
Brown	1.21	1.22	1.11-1.34	< 0.001
Other	1.23	1.25	1.00-1.55	0.043
Region of residence
Southeast	1	1	-	-
South	1.09	1.07	0.94-1.23	0.301
Midwest	1.20	1.24	1.05-1.46	0.010
Northeast	1.02	1.12	0.95-1.32	0.166
North	1.13	1.15	0.94-1.40	0.164
Socioeconomic features*
Monthly income (in BRL)
Up to 500	1.48	1.12	0.78-1.60	0.294	< 0.001
Between 501-1500	1.26	0.98	0.68-1.42	0.927
Between 1501-4500	0.95	0.83	0.59-1.17	0.544
Over 4500	1	1	-	-
Schooling
Up to 8 years	1.56	1.43	1.12-1.82	0.004
9-11 years	1.25	1.18	0.96-1.47	0.109
12-15 years	1	1	-	-
Health perception**
Oral health satisfaction
Yes	1	1	-		< 0.001
No	1.88	1.58	1.45-1.72	< 0.001
Tooth pain
Yes	1.74	1.50	1.39-1.63	< 0.001
No	1	1
Perceived prosthesis need
Yes	1.47	1.23	1.14-1.31	< 0.001
No	1	1	-
Normative needs ***
Loss of periodontal attachment					< 0.001
Yes	1.37	1.14	1.01-1.31	< 0.001
No	1	1	-

• PRc: Crude prevalence ratio; OR_a: Adjusted prevalence ratio; p^†: category p-value; p^‡: variable p-value; BRL: Brazilian Reais - 1 American dollar = 1.66 Brazilian reais at the time of the survey.
• ^*
  Adjusted by gender, ethnicity, region of residence.
• ^**
  Adjusted by gender, ethnicity, region of residence, monthly income, schooling.
• ^***
  Adjusted by gender, ethnicity, region of residence, monthly income, schooling, oral health satisfaction, tooth pain and perceived need for prostheses.

Oral health interference in quality of life was more prevalent among people who reported dissatisfaction, dental pain and the need for prostheses (Tables 2 and 3). In assessing the normative measures, adults with loss of periodontal attachment had a higher prevalence of impacts on daily life (Table 2).

In the elderly group, there was no statistically significant association between the oral health impacts on daily life and the standard normative estimate of need after adjustment for other covariates. However, among the seniors, the prevalence of impacts was 65% higher for those dissatisfied with their oral health than for those who reported being very satisfied/satisfied (Table 3).

Table 3
Final Poisson Regression Model for Oral Impact on the Daily Life of Elderly Brazilians between 65-74 years old – Brazil, 2014.

Variables	PRc	PRa	CI 95% PRa	p†	p‡
Sociodemographic features
Ethnicity
White	1	1	-	-
Black	1.09	1.09	0.91-1.31	0.332
Brown	1.13	1.13	0.99-1.30	0.071	0.1677
Other	0.90	0.90	0.59-1.37	0.613
Socioeconomic features*
Schooling
Up to 8 years	1.13	1.10	0.81-1.51	0.663
9-11 years	0.94	0.91	0.63-1.34	0.541	0.2520
12-15 years	1	1	-	-
Health perception**
Oral health satisfaction
Yes	1	1	-	-
No	2.06	1.65	1.46-1.87	< 0.001
Tooth pain
Yes	1.77	1.65	1.39-1.95	< 0.001
No	1	-	-		< 0.001
Perceived prostheses need
Yes	2.07	1.64	1.37-1.98	< 0.001
No	1	-	-

• PRc: Crude prevalence ratio; OR_a: Adjusted prevalence ratio; p^†: category p-value; p^‡: variable p-value; BRL: Brazilian Reais - 1 American dollar = 1.66 Brazilian reais at the time of the survey.
• ^*
  Adjusted by ethnicity.
• ^**
  Adjusted by ethnicity and schooling.

Overall, the authors found the prevalence of normative needs for any of the aforementioned dental conditions to be 95.39% among adults and 99.76% among the elderly (Table 4). The prevalence of the standard normative estimate of need was significantly different from the impact-related need, which was lower for all of the four dental conditions, for both age ranges (p < 0.001). The global prevalence of oral impacts on daily performance was 50.92% (n = 5058) for adults and 43.71% (n = 3313) for seniors. The prevalence of standard versus sociodental estimates of need for treatment of bleeding on probing in adults was 59.80% versus 32.84%, respectively; in the elderly it was 26.63% versus 12.84%. The respective prevalence for tooth loss was 80.93% versus 44.48% among adults, and 48.79% versus 23.13% for the elderly (Table 4).

Table 4
Standard Normative and Impact-Related Estimate of Need by Adult and Elderly Brazilians – Brazil, 2014.

Dental Condition	Prevalence
	Standard normative estimate of need (%)	Impact-related (sociodental) estimate of need (%)
Adults (35-44 years old)
Bleeding on probing	59.80	32.84 a
Tooth Loss	80.93	44.84 a
Edentulousness	2.75	1.28 a
Prosthodontic need	75.65	43.38 a
Any of these four dental conditions	95.39	50.92 a
Elderly (65-74 years old)
Bleeding on probing	26.63	12.84a
Tooth Loss	48.79	23.13 a
Edentulousness	46.65	18.53 a
Prosthodontic need	95.52	42.67 a
Any of these four dental conditions	99.76	43.71a

• ^a
  p < 0.001 - Comparison between impacted-related (sociodental) assessed need and standard normative assessment of need (normative need) (McNemar’s test)

Discussion

This study showed the prevalence of oral health impacts on daily life among adult and elderly Brazilians. Our findings indicated the influence of a poor education on the daily life impacts of adults. Although the univariate analysis showed an association between adults and the elderly in regard to income, this trend was not confirmed in the final models, in disagreement with other studies.^10,20 Our findings agree with the results by Pereiraet al.,²¹ who did not find a statistically significant association between daily impacts and education level of the elderly, whereas the study by Gomes et al.²² reported no association of impacts with the income of adults. Both studies were developed in southern Brazil.

As a strategy to act on the social determinants of health, Brazil has been recognized internationally for its Bolsa Família [Family Allowance] Program, consisting of granting cash transfers to families in extreme poverty. After the initiative was launched in 2003, it reduced the inequality in the country, particularly regarding key aspects such as education and health.²³

The authors also found a statistically significant association among oral health impacts, ethnicity, and region of residence. These relationships could be related to the nation’s income concentration, which is historically greater in the South and Southeast, the latter of which is home to Brazil’s major cities, like Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, which contain a major part of the self-declared white Brazilian population, and which amass the highest income.

Health perception was related to the presence of impacts. Adults and elderly people who associated dissatisfaction with oral health, tooth pain and need for dental prostheses had a higher prevalence of interference in daily life. Rosenoer and Sheiham²⁴ reported a very weak association between satisfaction with teeth and number of missing teeth. In their study, satisfaction was age-related and older people were more satisfied than younger people.

The unmet needs measured by the normative approach indicated a statistically significant association with the impacts on the daily life of adults.^25,26 This was not the case in regard to people between 65-74 years old. This lack of association could be explained by the psychological aging process itself, or even by the belief of an association between old age and the inevitable loss of teeth, together with the consequent need for dentures.²¹ In contrast, Sheiham et al.²⁷ found that the oral status of older people frequently affects the quality of life of older people, in particular, their ability to eat several common types of food. Nevertheless, in their study edentulous people did not present impacts that could be related with our study, since almost half of the elderly from the SBBrasil sample had no teeth.

The prevalence of impacts on adults was found to be lower in this study (50.92%) than the prevalence rate of 82.6%²⁸reported by Mohebbi et al.²⁸ on the adults attending a university dental clinic in Iran. However, the prevalence of impacts among the elderly (43.71%) participating in this study was very similar to that reported by Pereira et al.²¹ in a study carried out in Florianópolis, southern Brazil.

When an impacted-related approach was used to estimate the oral health needs of adult and elderly Brazilians, the authors of the present study found a significant decrease in the prevalence rate compared with the normative estimate of need. Similar findings were reported in studies carried out in South Korea⁶ and Thailand,²⁹ and should be underscored, since they could reduce the estimated cost of treatment need and help organize the dental care health system. High levels of normative treatment needs are common, because they do not take into account a person’s perception of need or other related elements that could influence treatment needs.²⁹Welfare policies for health, especially in a large country such as Brazil, should take into account other approaches other than those used traditionally to organize dental care access, since the professional assessment of needs may overestimate actual oral health treatment needs. The current study has the advantages of using data from a large national sample of adult and elderly Brazilians, taken from a government survey sponsored by the Brazilian Ministry of Health, which represents the first nationwide oral survey carried out in households. Data collection using a sociodental approach can also help better organize dental care access to public health services. However, considering the cross-sectional nature of the study, relative hypotheses can be suggested, but no causal inferences can be concluded from this study. It is important to bear in mind that the examiners called to conduct the clinical examinations were calibrated according to World Health Organization criteria.¹³ Nevertheless, the normative needs variable was established as stated in the methods section, and represents a secondary measure. Owing to the large sample size, type II error was heightened and association tests could be jeopardized. Additionally, the dataset lacked important data about individual behaviors and general health characteristics or habits, such as drinking and smoking. In addition, there was no detailed scoring of severity and frequency of oral impact in daily performance measures. This could have provided the study with greater precision.

Conclusion

This study showed a relationship between oral impact on daily performance of adults and educational level. Sociodemographic features were also related to the impacts on both groups, as well as to health perception. Among the adults, the impacts were related to the loss of periodontal attachment. In addition, we found that there was a large difference between the standard and the sociodental approaches, in that the sociodental assessment needs were lower than those identified by the standard estimate of need.

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  2015

History

• Received
  06 Oct 2014
• Accepted
  10 Mar 2015
• Reviewed
  01 June 2015