The negative prognostic impact of bone metastasis with a tumor mass

Abstract

OBJECTIVE:

Typically, bone metastasis causes osteolytic and osteoblastic lesions resulting from the interactions of tumor cells with osteoclasts and osteoblasts. In addition to these interactions, tumor tissues may grow inside bones and cause mass lesions. In the present study, we aimed to demonstrate the negative impact of a tumor mass in a large cohort of patients with bone metastatic cancer.

METHODS:

Data from 335 patients with bone metastases were retrospectively reviewed. For the analysis, all patients were divided into three subgroups with respect to the type of bone metastasis: osteolytic, osteoblastic, or mixed. The patients were subsequently categorized as having bone metastasis with or without a tumor mass, and statistically significant differences in median survival and 2-year overall survival were observed between these patients (the median survival and 2-year overall survival were respectively 3 months and 16% in patients with a tumor mass and 11 months and 26% in patients without a tumor mass; p<0.001).

RESULTS:

According to multivariate analysis, the presence of bone metastasis with a tumor mass was found to be an independent prognostic factor (p=0.011, hazard ratio: 1.62, 95% confidence interval: 1.11–1.76). Bone metastasis with a tumor mass was more strongly associated with osteolytic lesions, other primary diseases (except for primary breast and prostate cancers), and spinal cord compression.

CONCLUSION:

Bone metastasis with a tumor mass is a strong and independent negative prognostic factor for survival in cancer patients.

Bone metastasis; Bone metastasis with a tumor mass; Prognostic factor; Survival

INTRODUCTION

Bone metastasis is the most frequent complication of cancer, occurring in up to 70% of patients with breast or prostate cancer and in approximately 15–30% of patients with carcinoma of the lung, colon, stomach, bladder, rectum, thyroid, or kidney (¹). Although the exact incidence of bone metastasis remains unknown, this type of metastasis is an attractive area of study given its high prevalence in cancer patients.

Bone metastases develop as a result of interactions between tumor cells and bone cells. Cancer cells can induce various metastatic bone lesions through different mechanisms that depend on the primary disease, and two types of metastatic bone lesions have been described (²,³). The first is an osteolytic lesion that progresses with bone resorption as a result of osteoclast activation; the second is an osteoblastic lesion that triggers bone formation and osteoblastic cell activation. These two types of lesions may be present concomitantly in certain patients (mixed type) following stimulation of the two different types of bone cells. Alternatively, the tumor itself may grow inside the bone tissue and destroy the bone directly (⁴). These mass lesions may cause an increase in complications (e.g., spinal cord compression, pathologic fracture) due to metastasis-related bone destruction and suggest the presence of a significant tumor burden. Examples of computerized tomography images of osteolytic lesions, osteoblastic lesions, and bone metastasis with a tumor mass are shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1
Types of bone metastasis (white arrows). A) Osteolytic metastasis. B) Osteoblastic metastasis. C) Bone metastasis with a tumor mass.

Although the duration of survival varies according to the primary tumor, bone metastases are usually incurable (⁵). General treatment procedures for patients with bone metastasis include bisphosphonate administration, chemotherapy, and palliative radiation therapy. However, responses to these treatment modalities are relatively poor, and the patient’s quality of life is generally impaired. Prognosis may vary among patients depending on factors such as the primary disease type, age, the patient’s performance status, the metastatic interval, and the number of metastatic sites (⁶,⁷). Nevertheless, these factors are not particularly helpful with respect to decision making in routine clinical practice. Moreover, data on both the prognostic impact of the mechanism type on bone metastasis and the additional role of tumor masses in these patients are lacking.

Therefore, we designed a retrospective analysis to evaluate the impact of bone metastasis-related tumor mass on patient survival. We also evaluated differences in the response to radiation therapy, in complications, and in the pain response in our cohort according to the type of metastasis.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This study was conducted at the Department of Radiation Oncology at Cumhuriyet University Hospital in Sivas, Turkey, in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. A total of 335 cancer patients with bone metastasis who were admitted to the department between 2007 and 2013 were evaluated retrospectively.

All patients were treated with palliative radiotherapy and bisphosphonate. During the treatment period, all patients were examined by a radiation oncologist immediately before and 1 month after radiotherapy. The physical examination findings as well as body weight; Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance scores; and histopathological, radiological, and laboratory data (alkaline phosphatase [ALP] and calcium levels) were recorded. The patients’ survival data were obtained from hospital records, and patients lost to follow-up were contacted to obtain information about their condition. Survival was defined as the time between the date of the first detection of bone metastasis and the date of last contact or death.

The cancer type was classified based on the primary site: head and neck, lung, breast, prostate, gastrointestinal system, genitourinary system, or other. Prior to palliative radiotherapy, each patient’s performance status was scored according to the ECOG scoring system (⁸). Weight loss was defined as loss of >10% of body weight in 1 month.

Bone metastasis was revealed by computerized tomography or magnetic resonance imaging and was confirmed by bone scintigraphy and positron emission tomography.

All patients were divided into three subgroups with respect to the type of bone metastasis: osteolytic, osteoblastic, or mixed type. All patients were subsequently recategorized into two groups: bone metastasis with or without a tumor mass.

Pain intensity was evaluated using visual analog scales in 139 (41%) of the cases (⁹). Patients were routinely asked to rate their pain intensity by placing a mark on a 10-mm visual analog scale at the start of radiotherapy and at 1 month after radiotherapy. This scaling system was used to evaluate the intensity of pain only in the radiotherapy-affected region. The response to radiotherapy was determined by calculating the difference between the pain intensity on the visual analog scale before and 1 month after the initiation of radiotherapy.

Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) for Windows 14.0 (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) was used for the statistical analysis. For descriptive statistics, the mean, standard deviation, frequency, and median were used. Categorical data were compared statistically using the chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test. Survival rates were calculated according to the Kaplan-Meier method. A multivariate analysis (Cox regression analysis) was used to evaluate independent risk factors affecting survival. P-values ≤0.05 were accepted as statistically significant.

RESULTS

The study group comprised 234 (70%) men and 101 (30%) women. The median age at the time of cancer diagnosis was 59 years (range, 21-82 years). The primary disease distribution was as follows: lung cancer in 107 (32%) patients, breast cancer in 64 (19%), prostate cancer in 62 (19%), gastrointestinal system tumors in 40 (12%), genitourinary system tumors in 20 (6%), head and neck tumors in 11 (3%), and tumors in other organs in 31 (9%).

Osteolytic bone metastasis was observed in 99 (30%) patients, whereas 155 (46%) had osteoblastic bone metastasis, and 71 (21%) had mixed-type bone metastasis. Ten (3%) patients had bone metastasis and only a tumor mass, without any other lesions; these 10 patients were excluded when categorizing the patients with respect to the type of bone lesion (i.e., osteolytic, osteoblastic, or mixed). Bone metastasis with a tumor mass was present in 73 (22%) cases. Eleven (3%) patients had a single bone metastatic lesion, and 324 (97%) had two or more lesions. The 11 patients with single bone lesions had no metastases in other organs. The locations and frequencies of bone metastases were as follows: vertebral column metastasis in 283 (84%) patients, pelvic bone metastasis in 246 (73%), long bone metastasis in 189 (56%), costal metastasis in 189 (56%), and skull metastasis in 63 (19%).

Spinal cord compression was observed in 20 patients, or 7% of all patients with vertebral column metastases (N: 283), whereas 49 (15%) patients had pathologic fractures, 26 (8%) had neurological deficits, and 16 (5%) had hypercalcemia. Surgical interventions were performed for pathologic fractures in 19 (39%) patients with pathologic fractures (N: 49).

The types of bone metastasis with respect to primary disease were as follows. Among patients with lung cancer, 42 (39%) had osteolytic lesions, 44 (41%) had osteoblastic lesions, 19 (18%) had mixed lesions, and 2 (2%) had bone metastases with only tumor masses. For patients with breast cancer, 22 (34%), 19 (30%), and 22 (34%) had osteolytic, osteoblastic, and mixed lesions, respectively; 1 (2%) had a bone metastasis with only a tumor mass. Osteolytic, osteoblastic, and mixed lesions developed in 2 (3%), 53 (86%), and 7 (11%), respectively, patients with prostate cancer. Regarding patients with gastrointestinal system tumors, 9 (22%), 18 (45%), and 11 (28%) had osteolytic, osteoblastic, and mixed lesions, respectively, and 2 (5%) showed bone metastases with only tumor masses. Among patients with genitourinary system tumors, 8 (40%), 5 (25%), and 5 (25%) had osteolytic, osteoblastic, and mixed lesions, respectively, with 2 (10%) exhibiting bone metastases with only tumor masses. The incidence of osteolytic, osteoblastic, and mixed lesions was 2 (18%), 5 (46%), and 2 (18%), respectively, for the patients with head and neck tumors; 2 (18%) had bone metastases with only tumor masses.

Bone metastasis with a tumor mass was observed more frequently in patients with osteolytic lesions than in those with other bone lesions. Spinal cord compression was observed more frequently in cases of bone metastasis with a tumor mass compared to cases without a tumor mass; when occurring in the latter, the compression was mostly due to compression fracture, as observed for osteolytic metastases, or to new bone formation, as observed in osteoblastic lesions. However, serum ALP levels were higher in patients without tumor masses. In addition, bone metastases with tumor masses were observed less frequently in patients with primary breast or prostate cancer compared with patients with other primary diseases, such as lung or gastrointestinal system tumors. With respect to pathologic fractures, pain severity, and responses to radiotherapy, no differences were observed between cases of bone metastases with tumor masses and cases of other bone metastases (Table 1).

Table 1
Comparison of features associated with bone metastases with or without tumor masses.

	Bone metastasis without a tumor mass (N: 262, 78%)	Bone metastasis with a tumor mass (N: 73, 22%)	p-value
Type of bone metastasis
Osteolytic	60 (61)	39 (39)	<0.001
Osteoblastic	151 (97)	4 (3)
Mixed	51 (72)	20 (28)
Bone metastasis with only a tumor mass	-	10 (100)
Primary disease
Lung	80 (75)	27 (25)	<0.001
Breast	57 (89)	7 (11)
Prostate	58 (94)	4 (6)
Gastrointestinal system	27 (68)	13 (32)
Genitourinary system	13 (65)	7 (35)
Head and neck	7 (64)	4 (36)
Other	20 (65)	11 (35)
Serum ALP1 level
≤129 U/L	137 (75)	47 (25)	0.028
>129 U/L	119 (84)	23 (16)
Serum calcium level
≤10.6 mg/dL	246 (79)	64 (21)	0.103
>10.6 mg/dL	10 (63)	6 (37)
Spinal cord compression
No	219 (83)	44 (17)	<0.001
Yes	6 (30)	14 (70)
Pathologic fracture
No	228 (80)	58 (20)	0.079
Yes	34 (69)	15 (31)
Surgery
No	249 (79)	67 (21)	0.213
Yes	13 (68)	6 (32)
Severity of pain
Mild	12 (86)	2 (14)	0.312
Moderate	25 (66)	13 (34)
Severe	57 (65)	30 (35)
Response to radiotherapy
No	23 (64)	13 (36)	0.306
Yes	71 (69)	32 (31)

• Abbreviation: 1ALP, alkaline phosphatase

The median survival duration was 10 months (range, 1-147 months), and the 1- and 2-year survival rates were 46% and 24%, respectively. The median survival duration was 3 months and the 1- and 2-year survival rates were 28% and 16%, respectively, among patients who had bone metastases with tumor masses and 11 months and 50% and 26%, respectively, in patients who had bone metastasis without tumor masses. The survival curves of the patients with or without a tumor mass are shown in Figure 2. Univariate analyses showed that the survival duration after metastasis was affected by the presence of bone metastasis with a tumor mass as well as by gender, weight loss, performance status, serum ALP and calcium levels, primary disease, bone metastasis type, number of bone lesions, the presence of extraosseous metastasis, and the disease-free interval. The prognostic factors that affected survival time after the development of bone metastasis are shown in Table 2.

Figure 2
Survival curves of patients with or without a tumor mass.

Table 2
Prognostic factors affecting patient survival after the development of bone metastasis, as determined by univariate survival analysis.

	No. of patients	1-year survival (%)	2-year survival (%)	Median survival (months)	p-value
Bone metastasis with tumor mass
No	262	50	26	11	*<0.001
Yes	73	28	16	3
Gender
Male	234	39	17	8	<0.001
Female	101	61	42	17
Weight loss
No	248	53	27	12	<0.001
Yes	87	24	12	5
ECOG PS1
ECOG0-1	168	55	30	13	<0.001
ECOG2 and higher	167	36	17	7
Serum ALP2 level
≤129 U/L	184	50	29	12	0.004
>129 U/L	142	39	16	9
Serum calcium level
≤10.6 mg/dL	310	46	24	10	0.027
>10.6 mg/dL	16	-	-	3
Primary disease
Lung	107	27	10	5	<0.001
Breast	64	72	47	18
Prostate	62	69	31	15
Gastrointestinal system	40	24	6	5
Genitourinary system	20	20	10	5
Head and neck	11	9	-	3
Type of bone metastasis
Osteolytic	99	29	14	4	0.004
Osteoblastic	155	53	26	12
Mixed	71	49	26	12
Number of bone lesions
1 lesion	11	68	68	32	0.040
≥2 lesions	324	44	22	10
Extraosseous metastasis
No	176	51	27	12	0.032
Yes	159	40	18	8
Disease-free interval
<24 months	259	41	20	9	0.026
≥24 months	76	61	35	18

• Abbreviations: ¹ECOG PS, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status; ²ALP, alkaline phosphatase

Multivariate analyses revealed that the presence of bone metastasis with a tumor mass as well as gender, weight loss, primary disease, type of bone metastasis, and serum ALP and calcium levels were independent prognostic factors that affected survival. The independent prognostic factors that affected the duration of survival after the development of bone metastasis are shown in Table 3.

Table 3
Independent prognostic factors affecting the duration of survival after the development of bone metastasis, as determined by multivariate analysis.

	Overall survival
		HR1	95% CI2	p-value
Bone metastasis with a tumor mass
No	1
Yes	1.62	1.11-1.76	*0.011
Gender
Male	1
Female	0.45	0.31-0.64	<0.001
Weight loss
No	1
Yes	1.39	1.02-1.90	0.034
Primary disease
Lung	1
Breast	0.32	0.20-0.57	<0.001
Lung	1
Prostate	0.45	0.30-0.67	0.001
Type of bone metastasis
Osteolytic	1
Osteoblastic	0.56	0.39-0.81	0.002
Osteolytic	1
Mixed	0.56	0.38-0.83	0.004
Serum ALP3 level
≤129 U/L	1
>129 U/L	1.34	1.03-2.00	0.030
Serum calcium level
≤10.6 mg/dL	1
>10.6 mg/dL	2.22	1.03-4.81	0.042

• Abbreviations: ¹HR, hazard ratio; ²CI, confidence interval; ³ALP, alkaline phosphatase

DISCUSSION

The prevalence of bone metastasis is higher in advanced-stage cancers. Patients diagnosed with bone metastasis usually have incurable disease, though the survival duration does vary based on the primary disease. Accordingly, it is very important to determine prognostic factors once a diagnosis of bone metastasis has been made. The present study investigated the prognostic and clinical importance of bone metastasis with a tumor mass and found that this feature was an apparently strong negative prognostic factor for survival. The higher incidence of these metastases in association with osteolytic lesions might have contributed to this result, as the presence of osteolytic lesions was found to be a poor prognostic factor in a multivariate analysis. In addition, growth of the tumor itself inside the bone might indicate a larger tumor burden, which might also contribute to a shorter survival duration. Given the soft tissue component of bone metastasis with a tumor mass, spinal cord compression was observed more frequently in these patients; nonetheless, the presence of these lesions did not increase the pain intensity or affect the response to radiotherapy.

Certain researchers have studied prognostic factors in patients with bone metastases. In a study of 350 patients with skeletal metastases, Katagiri et al. (⁶) reported that the patient’s performance status, the primary lesion site, the presence of multiple skeletal metastases, the presence of visceral or cerebral metastases, and a history of previous chemotherapy were important prognostic factors. Van der Linder et al. (⁷) reported a median survival time of 7 months for 342 patients with vertebral metastases, and Karnofsky stated that the performance score, the primary tumor type, and absence of visceral metastasis were significant predictors of survival. In the present study, female gender, the presence of osteoblastic and/or mixed lesions, and primary breast or prostate cancer were considered to be good prognostic predictors. In contrast, the presence of bone metastasis with a tumor mass as well as male gender, weight loss, primary lung cancer, the presence of osteolytic lesions, and elevated ALP and calcium levels were found to be poor prognostic predictors. Poor performance in a single-variable analysis, a disease-free interval of <2 years, the presence of extraosseous metastasis, and multiple bone lesions were also poor prognostic factors.

Circulating metastatic cells in blood become entrapped by the bone marrow spongiosum. Cancerous bone undergoes secondary lytic or blastic changes (¹⁰), and the type of bone metastasis is determined by these changes. In the literature, osteolytic lesions have been reported to be more frequent in breast cancer cases, whereas osteoblastic lesions are observed in cases of prostate cancer. In the present study, osteoblastic lesions (46%) were more frequently observed in the overall patient population; similar to the findings of other studies, osteolytic lesions were more frequent in patients with breast cancer, with osteoblastic lesions being more common in patients with prostate cancer. In terms of the conventional classification of bone metastases, the presence of a tumor mass was significantly more frequent among osteolytic lesions (62%). The frequencies of bone metastasis with a tumor mass were low among patients with breast or prostate cancer and similar among those with other types of cancer. Specifically, 25–36% of patients with other types of cancer (non-breast or prostatic) had bone lesions with tumor masses.

Bone metastases are associated with a particular set of complications, and the frequency of these complications varies depending on the features of the metastatic lesions. For example, pathologic fractures and spinal cord compression are encountered more frequently with osteolytic lesions, as these lesions cause bone destruction (²,¹¹). It is rational to expect that bone metastases with tumor masses would present more complications; indeed, spinal cord compression was more frequent among cases of bone metastasis with a tumor mass in the current study. However, an elevated serum ALP level was more frequently observed in cases of bone metastasis without a tumor mass. In terms of pathologic fractures, serum calcium levels, surgical intervention, pain severity, and responses to radiotherapy, no differences were observed between patients with bone metastasis with a tumor mass and those with other types of bone metastases.

The survival duration in patients with bone metastases varied quite significantly depending on the primary disease, and it is reported that the duration is generally longer for patients with breast or prostate cancer than for those with other types of cancer (¹,⁷,⁶,¹¹). Ahn et al. (¹²) reported a median survival time of 55.2 months among 110 breast cancer patients with only bone metastases. In contrast, survival durations as short as 5-7 months were reported among patients with lung cancer and bone metastases (¹¹,¹³,¹⁴). In our study, the longest survival durations were observed in patients with breast cancer, followed by those with prostate cancer (median survival durations of 18 months and 15 months, respectively); conversely, the survival times of patients with other cancers were relatively short.

Many studies have reported that patients with single bone lesions in the absence of metastases in other organs have a longer survival duration relative to those with multiple bone metastases (¹⁵-¹⁷). In a study of 42 patients with solitary bone metastases, Hoshi et al. (¹⁵) reported a median survival duration of 30 months and a 1-year survival rate of 76.5%. In the present study, the 11 patients with single bone lesions had a median survival duration of 32 months and a 1-year survival rate of 68%. The survival durations were shorter among the patients with osteolytic lesions compared with patients with osteoblastic or mixed lesions. Moreover, patients with bone metastases with tumor masses had significantly shorter survival durations compared with those with bone metastases without tumor masses (median survival durations of 3 months and 11 months, respectively; 1-year survival rates of 28% and 50%, respectively).

Two major limitations of the present study were its retrospective design and its heterogeneous study population. We believe that studies of more specific groups would yield more significant results.

The presence of bone metastasis with a tumor mass appeared to be a strong negative prognostic factor and was associated with a higher incidence of spinal cord compression.

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  Aug 2015

History

• Received
  6 Feb 2015
• Reviewed
  23 Mar 2015
• Accepted
  31 Mar 2015