Ocular risk management in patients undergoing general anesthesia: an analysis of 39,431 surgeries

Abstract

OBJECTIVE:

This study sought to describe and analyze ocular findings associated with nonocular surgery in patients who underwent general anesthesia.

METHODS:

The authors retrospectively collected a series of 39,431 surgeries using standardized data forms.

RESULTS:

Ocular findings were reported in 9 cases (2.3:10,000), which involved patients with a mean age of 58.9±19.5 years. These cases involved patients classified as ASA I (33%), ASA II (55%) or ASA III (11%). General anesthesia with propofol and remifentanil was used in 4 cases, balanced general anesthesia was used in 4 cases, and regional block was used in combination with balanced general anesthesia in one case. Five patients (55%) underwent surgery in the supine position, one patient (11%) underwent surgery in the lithotomy position, two patients (22%) underwent surgery in the prone position, and one patient (11%) underwent surgery in the lateral position. Ocular hyperemia was detected in most (77%) of the 9 cases with ocular findings; pain/burning of the eyes, visual impairment, eye discharge and photophobia were observed in 55%, 11%, 11% and 11%, respectively, of these 9 cases. No cases involved permanent ocular injury or vision loss.

CONCLUSION:

Ophthalmological findings after surgeries were uncommon, and most of the included patients were relatively healthy. Minor complications, such as dehydration or superficial ocular trauma, should be prevented by following systematic protocols that provide appropriate ocular occlusion with a lubricating ointment and protect the eye with an acrylic occluder. These procedures will refine the quality of anesthesia services and avoid discomfort among patients, surgeons and anesthesia staff.

Blindness; Anesthesia; Eye Injuries

INTRODUCTION

Postoperative visual loss (POVL) following general surgery is a relatively uncommon but devastating complication that is most frequently associated with cardiac, spine, head and neck operations. Estimates have indicated that POVL occurs in up to 0.2% (¹) and 4.5% (²) of spine and cardiac surgeries, respectively.

Although studies of 65,000 and 400,000 patients who underwent anesthesia for all types of surgery at two large academic institutions suggested a low prevalence of perioperative vision loss in surgeries other than cardiac and spinal fusion procedures, the actual prevalences of perioperative vision loss for the most common types of operations remain unknown (³,⁴).

Because the frequency of ocular complications is very low, few peer-reviewed studies have analyzed ocular symptoms and vision loss after surgeries under general anesthesia. The aim of this retrospective study was to contribute to the prevention of ocular complications during anesthesia by determining and analyzing the ocular findings from a large series of cases involving general anesthesia.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This retrospective study included 39,431 nonocular surgeries. We began the study by reviewing the documented cases of ocular findings after surgical procedures performed at our institution between January 2007 and December 2010.

The preoperative variables included age, sex, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status classification, urgency of surgery (emergency or elective), duration of the procedure, ocular findings (signs and symptoms) and surgical position during surgery. Other variables included the use of ocular lubricant during anesthesia, the required treatment and the final diagnosis.

All demographic variables were analyzed using descriptive statistics; in particular, means and SDs were determined for continuous variables, and frequencies (in percentages) were calculated for categorical variables.

RESULTS

This retrospective study included 39,431 nonocular surgeries. Ocular findings were reported in 9 cases (2.3:10,000), which involved patients with a mean age of 58.9±19.5 years. Table 1 presents the characteristics of all 9 cases. Examinations of individual variables revealed that male patients (66%), ASA II status (55%), elective surgery (88%) and the supine position (66%) were each involved in the majority of these cases.

Table 1
Patient characteristics.

Patient	Sex	Age	Duration (min)	ASA	Surgery	Anesthesia	Position
1	male	69	105	I	elective	balanced general anesthesia	supine
2	male	21	450	I	elective	general anesthesia - propofol and remifentanil	supine
3	female	69	345	I	elective	balanced general anesthesia	supine
4	male	77	150	II	elective	general anesthesia - propofol and remifentanil	prone
5	female	34	255	II	emergency	general anesthesia - propofol and remifentanil	supine
6	male	62	275	II	elective	general anesthesia - propofol and remifentanil	lithotomy
7	female	60	345	II	elective	balanced general anesthesia	prone
8	male	58	135	II	elective	balanced general anesthesia	supine
9	male	80	135	III	elective	general anesthesia - propofol and remifentanil	supine

For patients with ocular findings who were subjected to general anesthesia (9 cases), pain (55%) and photophobia (22%) were the main symptoms, and hyperemia (77%) was the main sign (Table 2). Only one patient presented with blurred vision (11%).

Table 2.
Description of ocular findings (signs and symptoms), treatments and final diagnoses for patients subjected to general anesthesia.

Patient	Use of ocular lubricant	Type of lubricant	Sign(s)	Symptom(s)	Treatment(s)	Diagnosis
1	yes	eye drops	hyperemia, edema	pain	antibiotics	direct trauma
2	yes	serum physiological solution	hyperemia	pain	antibiotics, mydriatic drugs, corticosteroids	direct trauma/dehydration by serum
3	no	-	discharge	-	serum physiological solution	dry eye
4	yes	gel	hyperemia	pain	lubrication, antibiotics	corneal deepithelialization
5	no	-	-	-	cold compress, lubrication, corticosteroids	dry eye
6	yes	gel	hyperemia	photophobia	lubrication	exposure keratopathy
7	no	-	hyperemia, palpebral edema	pain; photophobia; blurred vision	eye anesthetics, antibiotics, lubrication, cold compress	direct trauma
8	yes	ointment	hyperemia	pain	eye anesthetics, lubrication, cold compress	direct trauma
9	no	-	hyperemia	-	corticosteroids	dry eye

The main diagnoses in these cases were direct trauma (44%) and dry eye (33%) (Table 2). All 9 patients experienced ocular occlusion during surgery, and 5 patients (55%) also received lubricant. No patient exhibited permanent ocular injury or significant visual loss.

DISCUSSION

Perioperative ischemic optic neuropathy (PION) has been reported after spine (-⁷), orthopedic (⁸), neck (-¹³), heart, and abdominal surgeries (¹⁴,¹⁵). Intraoperative variables that reportedly play roles in the pathogenesis of PION include hypotension, anemia, and elevated intraocular pressure associated with the prone position during spinal surgery (¹⁶). Vascular risk factors, such as diabetes, coronary artery disease, and hypertension, are present in many patients who experience PION (¹⁷,¹⁸), although vision loss has been reported in children and healthy adults who exhibit none of these factors (⁶).

Given that the mechanisms and risk factors for PION are poorly understood, the risks of vision loss should be considered in preoperative discussions with patients who expect to undergo spine surgery or surgery requiring cardiopulmonary bypass because such procedures are associated with the highest incidences of this rare complication (¹⁹).

In the present study, the incidence of ocular findings was 2.3:10.000. No patient experienced permanent ocular injury or significant visual loss. However, certain of the observed symptoms/signs could significantly impact eye health.

All 9 of the patients with ocular findings experienced ocular occlusion during their procedures, and 55% of these patients received ocular lubricant (in the form of eye drops, serum or gel). These findings indicated the precautions implemented by the staff to prevent ocular injury. However, these actions cannot avoid ocular complications in all cases.

The most common diagnoses found in our study were direct trauma and dry eye. Preventive strategies are the only option to reduce the effect of ocular complications during general anesthesia. Ocular occlusion and the use of eye-lubricating ointment are important strategies to prevent dehydration of the ocular surface during long surgeries. In these situations, the mechanisms of aggravation can include not only corneal exposure if the eyelids remain open but also decreased tear secretion induced by the anesthesia. After the surgical procedure, the maintenance of the patient’s ocular occlusion is recommended during the postanesthetic period, when the blink reflex is poor and the patient remains sleepy. The main symptoms of dry eye are pain, redness and tearing. With respect to the treatment of corneal deepithelialization due to exposure keratopathy, eye lubrication with artificial tears and occlusion with ocular lubricating ointment are frequently recommended in severe cases. The ocular administration of saline should be avoided due to the risk of further dehydration of the cornea. Frequent review of dry eye cases by an ophthalmologist is necessary due to the risk of progression to ulceration of the cornea, which can lead to permanent vision loss.

Direct trauma to the eye is generally caused by pressure exerted by the surgeon’s arm or hand on the patient’s eye during surgery or by direct corneal injury with instruments or components of the surgical field. During intubation, the anesthetist himself may cause trauma to the patient’s eye. Ocular trauma can be prevented by the systematic use of acrylic eye protection similar to the postoperative protection used after eye surgery to prevent patients from exerting pressure on their eyes; the use of such protection may be particularly important for patients whose surgical sites are near the head (²⁰).

In the present study, there were no cases of permanent vision loss. Many strategies can be used to prevent blindness, particularly PION-related blindness. Maneuvers to keep the head at or above heart level to reduce venous congestion in the head have been recommended in the ASA practice advisory for perioperative visual loss associated with spine surgery (²¹). Minimizing the duration of time in the prone position and maximizing hemostasis may also be beneficial.

In summary, an understanding of the risk factors and characteristics that promote the occurrence of perioperative ocular lesions is extremely important for the development of prevention strategies. Despite the low incidence of these complications, the potential for serious and permanent visual injuries such as retinal ischemia and PION justify appropriate care and the active pursuit of high-quality anesthesia services. Since 2010, a protocol involving ocular occlusion with the instillation of lubricant eye drops during relatively complex procedures has been systematically adopted by the anesthesia services of Sírio Libanês Hospital. Beginning in 2014, guided by the results and insights of this study, which was conducted and analyzed in collaboration with ophthalmologists, lubricating ointment and ocular occlusion with an acrylic occluder for eye protection have been used for all surgeries involving general anesthesia. It is recommended that these procedures, which have been implemented to achieve the objective of further improving patient safety during surgery, should be followed from the induction of anesthesia to the complete awakening of the patient in the postanesthesia recovery room.

Minor complications, such as dehydration or superficial ocular trauma, which can generally be rapidly resolved during the postoperative period, should be prevented by following systematic protocols that include appropriate ocular occlusion with lubricating ointment and protection of the eye with an acrylic occluder. These protocols will refine the quality of anesthesia services and avoid discomfort among patients, surgeons and anesthesia staff.

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  Aug 2015

History

• Received
  22 Jan 2015
• Reviewed
  7 Apr 2015
• Accepted
  12 May 2015