Abstract
Literature searches of the Cochrane Library, PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, LILACS, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, and Wanfang Data databases were performed from 1966 to September 2014. Only randomized and quasi-randomized controlled clinical trials comparing operative and nonoperative treatments for displaced midshaft clavicle fractures were included. Data collection and extraction, quality assessment, and data analyses were performed according to the Cochrane standards. Thirteen studies were considered in the meta-analysis. Constant scores and the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand scores were improved in the operative fixation group at a follow up of one year or more. The nonunion and symptomatic malunion rates were significantly lower in the operative group. Additionally, the nonoperative group had a higher likelihood of neurological symptoms compared with the operative group. A significantly higher risk of complications was found in patients treated conservatively than in those who underwent operative fixation. However, when patients with nonunion and symptomatic malunion were excluded from the analysis, no significant differences in the complication rate were found. We concluded that based on the current clinical reports, operative treatment is superior to nonoperative treatment in the management of displaced midshaft clavicle fractures. However, we do not support the routine use of primary operative fixation for all displaced midshaft clavicle fractures in adults.
Clavicle; Midshaft clavicles; Operative treatment; Nonoperative treatment; Meta-analysis
INTRODUCTION
Clavicle fractures, which account for approximately 2.6% of total body fractures and
34–45% of shoulder girdle injuries in adults, are among the most common bone
injuries in the body (11. Neer C. Fractures of the clavicle. In: Rockwood CA Jr, Green DP,
editors. Fractures in adults. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincottp.
1984;707−13.,22. Neer CS II. Fractures of the distal third of the clavicle. Clin
Orthop Relat Res. 1968;58:43–50.). Appproximately 69–81% of clavicle fractures are in the
middle one-third of the clavicle, which is the thinnest part and contains the
smallest amount of soft tissue; 17% of clavicle fractures are in the lateral
one-third, and 2% are in the medial one-third (33. Van der Meijden OA, Gaskill TR, Millett PJ. Treatment of clavicle
fractures: current concepts review. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2012;21(3):423–9,
10.1016/j.jse.2011.08.053.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jse.2011.08....
). Conventionally, most acute displaced midshaft clavicles fractures
are treated nonoperatively with the expectationsof a high probability of fracture
union, good functional outcomes and a high level of patient satisfaction (44. Sankarankutty M, Turner BW. Fractures of the clavicle. Injury.
1975;7(2):101–6, 10.1016/0020-1383(75)90006-6.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0020-1383(75)9...
–88. Nordqvist A, Petersson CJ, Redlund-Johnell I. Mid-clavicle
fractures in adults: end result study after conservative treatment. J Orthop
Trauma. 1998;2(8):572–6, 10.1097/00005131-199811000-00008.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005131-19981...
).
However, the outcomes of nonoperative treatment are not as favorable as once thought,
and the trend to surgically treat these fractures has grown (99. Hill JM, McGuire MH, Crosby LA. Closed treatment of displaced
middle-third fractures of the clavicle gives poor results. J Bone Joint Surg Br.
1997;79(4):537–9, 10.1302/0301-620X.79B4.7529.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1302/0301-620X.79B4...
,1010. McKee MD, Pedersen EM, Jones C, Stephen DJ, Kreder HJ,
Schemitsch EH, et al. Deficits following nonoperative treatment of displaced
midshaft clavicular fractures. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2006;88(1):35–40,
10.2106/JBJS.D.02795.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2106/JBJS.D.02795...
). Whether surgical
treatment is associated with improved outcomes remains unknown.
A few meta-analyses comparing operative versus nonoperative approaches for the
treatment of midshaft clavicle fractures have been published in recent years (1111. McKee RC, Whelan DB, Schemitsch EH, McKee MD. Operative versus
nonoperative care of displaced midshaft clavicular fractures: a meta-analysis of
randomized clinical trials. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2012;94(8):675–84,
10.2106/JBJS.J.01364.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2106/JBJS.J.01364...
,1212. Lenza M, Buchbinder R, Johnston RV, Belloti JC, Faloppa F.
Surgical versus conservative interventions for treating fractures of the middle
third of the clavicle. Cochrane Database Syst Rev.
2013;6:CD009363.),
but the results were inconclusive due to the relatively small sample size in each
published study. However, because several relevant studies have been published on
this topic in recent years, the present meta-analysis is more precise.
The purpose of the present systematic review and meta-analysis was to determine the effectiveness of operative versus nonoperative treatment for displaced midshaft clavicle fractures by comparing the clinical results reported in all of the available related evidence.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Literature search
This study was performed with guidance from the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic
Reviews of Interventions and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic
Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement (1313. Higgins J, Green S. Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of
interventions Version 5.1.0. (Accessed July 15, 2014 at:
http://handbook.cochrane.org.
http://handbook.cochrane.org....
,1414. Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG, PRISMA Group.
Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA
statement. J Clin Epidemiol. 2009;62(10):1006–12,
10.1016/j.jclinepi.2009.06.005.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.200...
). The PubMed, Cochrane
Library, EMBASE, Web of Science, LILACS, China National Knowledge Infrastructure
and Wanfang Data databases were searched (from 1966 to September 2014). Keywords
combined with MeSH terms, including clavicle, clavicular, and fractures, were
used for searching; the search was performed without language restrictions but
was limited to human subjects. Additionally, the reference lists of identified
studies were manually checked to include other potentially eligible trials. This
process was performed iteratively until no additional articles could be
identified.
Inclusion and exclusion criteria
The search results were screened based on the following inclusion criteria: (i) the studies were randomized or quasi-randomized controlled clinical trials on patients with displaced midshaft clavicle fractures that had occurred within less than two weeks; (ii) the studies compared operative (including plate, intramedullary nail fixation) with nonoperative treatment (including sling or a figure-eight bandage), (iii) the patients were at least 16 years of age; and (iv) the studies included comparisons of the functional outcomes, measured with Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) and Constant scores, nonunion, symptomatic malunion, and complications. The exclusion criteria were as follows: (i) studies including patients with pathological fractures or preexisting shoulder abnormalities; (ii) studies concerning adolescent fractures; (iii) studies concerning open fractures; (iv) review literature, repeated reports, retrospective studies, or case reports; and (v) studies that did not report outcomes of interest.
Data extraction
Two reviewers independently extracted the following data from each included study: first author, year of publication, number of patients, number of patients lost to follow up, type of interventions, functional outcomes, and rates of nonunion, symptomatic malunion, neurological symptoms and total complications.
Outcomes for analysis
The primary outcome was the incidence of nonunion and symptomatic malunion; the secondary outcomes were clinical function measured by the DASH and Constant Shoulder scores, complications and subgroup analyses (neurological symptoms and complications without nonunion or symptomatic malunion).
Statistical analysis
Estimates of the treatment effect were expressed as risk ratios (RRs) for
dichotomous outcomes and weighted mean differences (WMDs) for continuous
outcomes, both with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). For studies that did not
present standard deviations, the standard deviations were calculated from the
P-value or CI following the guidance of the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic
Reviews of Interventions (1313. Higgins J, Green S. Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of
interventions Version 5.1.0. (Accessed July 15, 2014 at:
http://handbook.cochrane.org.
http://handbook.cochrane.org....
).
Homogeneity across the studies was assessed with a chi-square analysis,
considering p<0.10 significant. A fixed effects model was used when the
heterogeneity was not significant, and a random effects model was adopted if
significant heterogeneity was present. A sensitivity analysis was performed by
omitting one study each time to explore potential sources of heterogeneity and
to test the stability of pooled results. Publication bias was observed with the
funnel plot. Review Manager (RevMan) software (Version 5.3.5. The Nordic
Cochrane Centre, Copenhagen, Denmark) (1515. Review Manager (RevMan) [Computer Program]. Version 5.3.5.
Copenhagen: The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration,
2014.), provided by The Cochrane Collaboration, was used for graphical
representation of the pooled data.
Critical Appraisal
All selected articles were critically appraised by two reviewers independently,
using the Jaded score (1616. Jadad AR, Moore RA, Carroll D, Jenkinson C, Reynolds DJ,
Gavaghan DJ, et al. Assessing the quality of reports of randomized clinical
trials: is blinding necessary? Control Clin Trials. 1996;17(1):1–12,
10.1016/0197-2456(95)00134-4.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0197-2456(95)0...
). The score for
each article could range from 0 (lowest quality) to 5 (highest quality). Scores
of 3 to 5 denote good to excellent quality, and scores of 0 to 2 denote poor to
low quality. All disagreements between the authors were resolved by consensus,
and a third author was consulted if necessary.
RESULTS
Characteristics of the eligible studies
Details of the literature search are presented in a flow diagram (Figure 1). Thirteen studies with relatively
low quality were included in the final analysis. Among them, the report by Smith
et al. (1717. Smith CA RJ, Crosby LA, editor. Results of operative versus
nonoperative treatment for 100% displaced mid-shaft clavicle fractures: a
prospective randomized trial. The 68th Annual Meeting of the American Academy of
Orthopaedic Surgeons; 2001.) was an abstract that met the
inclusion criteria, and the sample sizes of the studies ranged from 40 to 178
patients. Information on the general characteristics, participants, and
methodological quality of the 13 studies is summarized in Table 1. Of a total of 959 included patients, 507 were
treated with operative approaches, and the others were treated with conservative
approaches. Allocation concealment was reported in 8 trials (1818. Canadian Orthopaedic Trauma Society. Nonoperative treatment
compared with plate fixation of displaced midshaft clavicular fractures. A
multicenter, randomized clinical trial. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2007;
89(1):1–10.–2525. Chen QY, Kou DQ, Cheng XJ, Zhang W, Wang W, Lin ZQ, et al.
Intramedullary nailing of clavicular midshaft fractures in adults using titanium
elastic nail. Chin J Traumatol. 2011;14(5):269–76.) and was not stated in the other trials. Blinding was rarely used
in the included studies; only one study by Robinson et al. (2323. Robinson CM, Goudie EB, Murray IR, Jenkins PJ, Ahktar MA, Read
EO, et al. Open reduction and plate fixation versus nonoperative treatment for
displaced midshaft clavicular fractures: a multicenter, randomized, controlled
trial. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2013; 95(17):1576–84,
10.2106/JBJS.L.00307.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2106/JBJS.L.00307...
) was blinded in the functional
assessment.
Nonunion and symptomatic malunion
All 13 studies reported nonunion incidences. The pooled results of our primary outcome measure, nonunion incidence, presented a significant difference favoring operative over nonoperative treatment (RR, 0.16; 95%CI, 0.09–0.30; p<0.00001). Subgroup analysis concerning fixation methods showed that plate fixation (RR, 0.15; 95%CI, 0.07–0.29; p<0.00001) but not intramedullary nailing fixation (RR, 0.23; 95% CI, 0.06–0.92; p=0.04) was associated with a reduced risk compared with nonoperative treatment (Figure 2A). One study reported by Böhme et al. (2727. Böhme J, Bonk A, Bacher G, Wilharm A, Hoffmann R, Josten C. Current treatment concepts for mid-shaft fractures of the clavicle-results of a prospective multicentre study. Z Orthop Unfall. 2011;149(1):68–76.), in which fractures were reduced and fixed with both plates and nails in the operative groups, was excluded from the subgroup analysis.
Forest plot showing comparison of nonunion rate (A) and symptomatic malunion rate (B) between operative (experimental) and nonoperative (control) groups.
Information on the incidence of symptomatic malunion was provided in 9 studies
(1717. Smith CA RJ, Crosby LA, editor. Results of operative versus
nonoperative treatment for 100% displaced mid-shaft clavicle fractures: a
prospective randomized trial. The 68th Annual Meeting of the American Academy of
Orthopaedic Surgeons; 2001.,1818. Canadian Orthopaedic Trauma Society. Nonoperative treatment
compared with plate fixation of displaced midshaft clavicular fractures. A
multicenter, randomized clinical trial. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2007;
89(1):1–10.,2020. Smekal V, Irenberger A, Struve P, Wambacher M, Krappinger D,
Kralinger FS. Elastic stable intramedullary nailing versus nonoperative
treatment of displaced midshaft clavicular fractures-a randomized, controlled,
clinical trial. J Orthop Trauma. 2009;23(2):106–12,
10.1097/BOT.0b013e318190cf88.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/BOT.0b013e3181...
–2222. Virtanen KJ, Remes V, Pajarinen J, Savolainen V, Björkenheim JM,
Paavola M, et al. Sling compared with plate osteosynthesis for treatment of
displaced midshaft clavicular fractures: a randomized clinical trial. J Bone
Joint Surg Am. 2012;94(17):1546–53, 10.2106/JBJS.J.01999.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2106/JBJS.J.01999...
,). Using the fixed effects model, the rate of
symptomatic malunion was significantly lower in the operative group compared
with that in the nonoperative group (RR 0.13, 95%CI 0.07–0.24,
p<0.00001) (Figure
2B). No significant heterogeneity was detected among these studies
(Chi2=10.89, df=12, I2=0%, p=0.74 and
Chi2=2.46, df=8, I2=0%, p=0.96,
respectively).
Functional outcomes
Nine studies (1818. Canadian Orthopaedic Trauma Society. Nonoperative treatment
compared with plate fixation of displaced midshaft clavicular fractures. A
multicenter, randomized clinical trial. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2007;
89(1):1–10.,1010. McKee MD, Pedersen EM, Jones C, Stephen DJ, Kreder HJ,
Schemitsch EH, et al. Deficits following nonoperative treatment of displaced
midshaft clavicular fractures. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2006;88(1):35–40,
10.2106/JBJS.D.02795.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2106/JBJS.D.02795...
–2323. Robinson CM, Goudie EB, Murray IR, Jenkins PJ, Ahktar MA, Read
EO, et al. Open reduction and plate fixation versus nonoperative treatment for
displaced midshaft clavicular fractures: a multicenter, randomized, controlled
trial. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2013; 95(17):1576–84,
10.2106/JBJS.L.00307.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2106/JBJS.L.00307...
,2511. McKee RC, Whelan DB, Schemitsch EH, McKee MD. Operative versus
nonoperative care of displaced midshaft clavicular fractures: a meta-analysis of
randomized clinical trials. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2012;94(8):675–84,
10.2106/JBJS.J.01364.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2106/JBJS.J.01364...
,) reported Constant scores (eight at a
follow up of one year or more and one at a follow up of 6 months); the Constant
scores of the operative group were higher than those of the nonoperative group.
Three (2727. Böhme J, Bonk A, Bacher G, Wilharm A, Hoffmann R, Josten C.
Current treatment concepts for mid-shaft fractures of the clavicle-results of a
prospective multicentre study. Z Orthop Unfall.
2011;149(1):68–76.–2929. Mohsen K, Mohammad F, Hossein M, Hamid RA, Abdolhossein MN,
Farid S, et al. The comparison of results of treatment of midshaft clavicle
fracture between operative treatment with plate and non-operative treatment.
Arch Bone Jt Surg. 2014;2(3):210–4.) of the nine studies were excluded from the analysis due to a
lack of data on the standard deviation or to insufficient follow-up. The test
for heterogeneity was significant (Chi2=14.13, df=5,
I2=65%, p=0.01). Using the random effects model, the
aggregated results suggested that the Constant score was significantly higher in
the operative group compared with the nonoperative group (WMD 4.74, 95%CI,
2.45–7.03, p<0.0001) (Figure
3A). Subsequently, we performed a sensitivity analysis to explore
potential sources of heterogeneity. Exclusion of the trial conducted by
Mirzatolooei (2121. Mirzatolooei F. Comparison between operative and nonoperative
treatment methods in the management of comminuted fractures of the clavicle.
Acta Orthop Traumatol Turc.2011;45(1):34–40,
10.3944/AOTT.2011.2431.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3944/AOTT.2011.2431...
) reduced the
heterogeneity (Chi2=2.47, df=4, I2=0%,
p=0.65) but did not materially alter the pooled results (WMD
3.74, 95%CI, 2.39 − 5.08, p<0.00001).
Forest plot showing comparison of Constant scores (A)and DASH scores (B) between operative (experimental) and nonoperative (control) groups.
DASH scores were used in eight studies (1818. Canadian Orthopaedic Trauma Society. Nonoperative treatment
compared with plate fixation of displaced midshaft clavicular fractures. A
multicenter, randomized clinical trial. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2007;
89(1):1–10.,2020. Smekal V, Irenberger A, Struve P, Wambacher M, Krappinger D,
Kralinger FS. Elastic stable intramedullary nailing versus nonoperative
treatment of displaced midshaft clavicular fractures-a randomized, controlled,
clinical trial. J Orthop Trauma. 2009;23(2):106–12,
10.1097/BOT.0b013e318190cf88.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/BOT.0b013e3181...
–2323. Robinson CM, Goudie EB, Murray IR, Jenkins PJ, Ahktar MA, Read
EO, et al. Open reduction and plate fixation versus nonoperative treatment for
displaced midshaft clavicular fractures: a multicenter, randomized, controlled
trial. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2013; 95(17):1576–84,
10.2106/JBJS.L.00307.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2106/JBJS.L.00307...
,2525. Chen QY, Kou DQ, Cheng XJ, Zhang W, Wang W, Lin ZQ, et al.
Intramedullary nailing of clavicular midshaft fractures in adults using titanium
elastic nail. Chin J Traumatol. 2011;14(5):269–76.,2828. Jubel A, Andermahr J, Prokop A, Lee J, Schiffer G, Rehm K.
Treatment of mid-clavicular fractures in adults. Early results after rucksack
bandage or elastic stable intramedullary nailing. Unfallchirurg.
2005;108(9):707–14, 10.1007/s00113-005-0970-8.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00113-005-097...
,); the DASH scores of the operative
group were lower than those of the nonoperative group at a follow up of one year
or more, but the actual standard deviations were only included in five studies
(1818. Canadian Orthopaedic Trauma Society. Nonoperative treatment
compared with plate fixation of displaced midshaft clavicular fractures. A
multicenter, randomized clinical trial. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2007;
89(1):1–10.,2121. Mirzatolooei F. Comparison between operative and nonoperative
treatment methods in the management of comminuted fractures of the clavicle.
Acta Orthop Traumatol Turc.2011;45(1):34–40,
10.3944/AOTT.2011.2431.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3944/AOTT.2011.2431...
–2323. Robinson CM, Goudie EB, Murray IR, Jenkins PJ, Ahktar MA, Read
EO, et al. Open reduction and plate fixation versus nonoperative treatment for
displaced midshaft clavicular fractures: a multicenter, randomized, controlled
trial. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2013; 95(17):1576–84,
10.2106/JBJS.L.00307.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2106/JBJS.L.00307...
,). Pooled data showed
that the DASH score in the operative group was significantly lower than that in
the nonoperative group (WMD −6.34, 95%CI −11.28 – −1.39,
p=0.01) (Figure 3B).
Significant heterogeneity was detected among these studies
(Chi2=33.93, df=4, I2=88%, p<0.00001).
Similarly, exclusion of the trial conducted by Mirzatolooei (2121. Mirzatolooei F. Comparison between operative and nonoperative
treatment methods in the management of comminuted fractures of the clavicle.
Acta Orthop Traumatol Turc.2011;45(1):34–40,
10.3944/AOTT.2011.2431.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3944/AOTT.2011.2431...
) resolved the heterogeneity
(Chi2=2.77, df=3, I2=0%, p=0.43)
without materially altering the pooled results (WMD −3.64, 95%CI −5.58 − −1.69,
p=0.0002).
Complications
Because the definition of complications varied in all of the studies, we defined complications as all adverse events that were reported in those trials: nonunion (usually defined as no evidence of healing at fifty-two weeks after injury), delayed union (no evidence of healing at twenty-four weeks after injury), symptomatic malunion, infection, hardware removal, neurological symptoms, and refracture, among others.
In an overall analysis of the 13 selected studies, significant heterogeneity (Chi2=22.50, df=12, I2=47%, p=0.03) was detected among these studies. Sensitivity analysis found that the study reported by Judd et al. (1919. Judd DB, Pallis MP, Smith E, Bottoni CR. Acute operative stabilization versus nonoperative management of clavicle fractures. Am J Orthop (Belle Mead NJ). 2009;38(7):341–5.) was the source of heterogeneity, probably owing to a high rate of hardware-related complications associated with the use of Hagie pins in this study. Thus, the random effects model was applied. A significantly higher risk of complications was found in patients treated conservatively than in those who underwent operative fixation (RR 0.57, 95%CI 0.46–0.72, p<0.00001) (Figure 4A). Furthermore, we also performed a subgroup analysis of the complications without nonunion and symptomatic malunion. The aggregated results suggested that there were no significant differences between groups in the rates of complications (RR 1.30, 95%CI 0.88−1.92, p=0.19) (Figure 4B). Significant heterogeneity was detected among these studies (Chi2=25.81, df=12, I2=54%, p=0.01). We then performed sensitivity analysis and found that the study reported by Mohsen et al. (2929. Mohsen K, Mohammad F, Hossein M, Hamid RA, Abdolhossein MN, Farid S, et al. The comparison of results of treatment of midshaft clavicle fracture between operative treatment with plate and non-operative treatment. Arch Bone Jt Surg. 2014;2(3):210–4.) was source of heterogeneity (Chi2=12.95, df=11, I2=15%, p=0.30). Although heterogeneity was found, statistically similar results to those of the overall analysis were obtained in the sensitivity analysis. The predominant complications in the nonoperative group were nonunion, neurological symptoms (including brachial plexus irritation and compression) and symptomatic malunion. The operative complications tended to be hardware related (including plate irritation, pin protrusion and removal).
Forest plot showing comparison of complications rates (A and B) and neurologic symptoms rates (C) between operative (experimental) and nonoperative (control) groups.
Neurologic symptoms
Nine studies reported neurological symptoms (1717. Smith CA RJ, Crosby LA, editor. Results of operative versus
nonoperative treatment for 100% displaced mid-shaft clavicle fractures: a
prospective randomized trial. The 68th Annual Meeting of the American Academy of
Orthopaedic Surgeons; 2001.
18. Canadian Orthopaedic Trauma Society. Nonoperative treatment
compared with plate fixation of displaced midshaft clavicular fractures. A
multicenter, randomized clinical trial. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2007;
89(1):1–10.
19. Judd DB, Pallis MP, Smith E, Bottoni CR. Acute operative
stabilization versus nonoperative management of clavicle fractures. Am J Orthop
(Belle Mead NJ). 2009;38(7):341–5.
20. Smekal V, Irenberger A, Struve P, Wambacher M, Krappinger D,
Kralinger FS. Elastic stable intramedullary nailing versus nonoperative
treatment of displaced midshaft clavicular fractures-a randomized, controlled,
clinical trial. J Orthop Trauma. 2009;23(2):106–12,
10.1097/BOT.0b013e318190cf88.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/BOT.0b013e3181...
21. Mirzatolooei F. Comparison between operative and nonoperative
treatment methods in the management of comminuted fractures of the clavicle.
Acta Orthop Traumatol Turc.2011;45(1):34–40,
10.3944/AOTT.2011.2431.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3944/AOTT.2011.2431...
-2222. Virtanen KJ, Remes V, Pajarinen J, Savolainen V, Björkenheim JM,
Paavola M, et al. Sling compared with plate osteosynthesis for treatment of
displaced midshaft clavicular fractures: a randomized clinical trial. J Bone
Joint Surg Am. 2012;94(17):1546–53, 10.2106/JBJS.J.01999.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2106/JBJS.J.01999...
,2518. Canadian Orthopaedic Trauma Society. Nonoperative treatment
compared with plate fixation of displaced midshaft clavicular fractures. A
multicenter, randomized clinical trial. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2007;
89(1):1–10.,2719. Judd DB, Pallis MP, Smith E, Bottoni CR. Acute operative
stabilization versus nonoperative management of clavicle fractures. Am J Orthop
(Belle Mead NJ). 2009;38(7):341–5.,). Pooled data
showed that the operative group had a significantly lower likelihood of
developing neurological symptoms compared with the nonoperative group (RR 0.40,
95%CI 0.23–0.70, p=0.001). No significant heterogeneity was
detected among these studies (Chi2=8.07, df=8, I2=1%,
p=0.43) (Figure
4C).
Publication bias
Publication bias was assessed by comparing the WMDs of nonunion; no evidence of publication bias was detected (Figure 5).
DISCUSSION
Our meta-analysis revealed that primary operative fixation could effectively reduce the rates of nonunion, symptomatic malunion, neurological symptoms and overall complications. In addition, DASH and Constant scores were significantly improved after operative fixation compared with nonoperative treatment after a follow up of one year or more. Based on current clinical reports, we conclude that operative treatment is superior to nonoperative treatment in the management of displaced midshaft clavicle fractures.
Pooled data showed that 14% of 452 patients in the nonoperative group developed a
nonunion, which is significantly higher (p=0.00001) than the 1.7%
rate of nonunion in the 507 patients of the operative group. Symptomatic malunion
was also significantly more common in the nonoperative group (20% in the
nonoperative group versus 1.8% in the operative group,
p<0.00001). However, with the data available, we were not able
to draw any specific conclusions as to which patients were most likely to suffer
from one of these significant complications; we also do not support the routine use
of primary operative fixation for all displaced clavicle fractures in adults because
an unacceptably high number of patients would be exposed to the risks of surgery
(2323. Robinson CM, Goudie EB, Murray IR, Jenkins PJ, Ahktar MA, Read
EO, et al. Open reduction and plate fixation versus nonoperative treatment for
displaced midshaft clavicular fractures: a multicenter, randomized, controlled
trial. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2013; 95(17):1576–84,
10.2106/JBJS.L.00307.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2106/JBJS.L.00307...
).
Although significant differences were found between the two treatment groups in terms
of functional outcomes, the reasons for functional outcome differences are probably
multifactorial because most individuals who developed nonunion or symptomatic
malunion had significantly lower outcome scores (i.e., a mean of sixteen points
worse on the DASH score in nonunion patients in the study by Virtanen et al. (2222. Virtanen KJ, Remes V, Pajarinen J, Savolainen V, Björkenheim JM,
Paavola M, et al. Sling compared with plate osteosynthesis for treatment of
displaced midshaft clavicular fractures: a randomized clinical trial. J Bone
Joint Surg Am. 2012;94(17):1546–53, 10.2106/JBJS.J.01999.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2106/JBJS.J.01999...
)). Additionally, Robinson et al. (2323. Robinson CM, Goudie EB, Murray IR, Jenkins PJ, Ahktar MA, Read
EO, et al. Open reduction and plate fixation versus nonoperative treatment for
displaced midshaft clavicular fractures: a multicenter, randomized, controlled
trial. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2013; 95(17):1576–84,
10.2106/JBJS.L.00307.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2106/JBJS.L.00307...
) showed that the development of nonunion was
the only independent predictor of functional outcomes. When patients with nonunions
were excluded, there was only a trend toward better functional outcomes in the
operative group, with no significantly different scores at any time. Therefore, we
thought that the improved outcomes may have resulted from the prevention of nonunion
and symptomatic malunion by operative fixation. Unfortunately, without sufficient
original data, we cannot perform a subgroup analysis of patients with overall healed
fractures.
Overall complication and neurological symptom rates were higher in the nonoperative group than in the operative group. The subgroup analysis of the complications without nonunion and symptomatic malunion suggested that no significant between-group differences existed in the complication rates (p=0.23). The most common complications in the operative group were hardware related (including plate irritation, pin protrusion and removal). Theoretically, these complications could be reduced by using less prominent implants or improved surgical techniques. The predominant complications in the nonoperative group were nonunion, neurological symptoms (including brachial plexus irritation and compression) and symptomatic malunion; however, most of those complications require operative intervention.
Although modern plate fixation techniques provide reliable healing rates, the optimal
plate position and type remain controversial. The clavicle contour and anatomy are
curved in multiple planes. The reconstruction plate is easier to contour in all
planes than the stiffer dynamic compression plates (DCP), which allow bending only
along the length of the plate. For superior plating, a reconstruction plate or
precontoured plate can more precisely fit the ‘S’-shaped anatomy. For anteroinferior
plating, DCPs can be bent to conform to the anatomy very well (3939. Gilde AK, Jones CB, Sietsema DL, Hoffmann MF. Does plate type
influence the clinical outcomes and implant removal in midclavicular fractures
fixed with 2.7-mm anteroinferior plates? A retrospective cohort study. J Orthop
Surg Res. 2014;9:55, 10.1186/s13018-014-0055-x.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13018-014-005...
). Regarding stability, two biomechanical studies have found
greater stability with compression plates compared with reconstruction plates (3131. Eden L, Doht S, Frey SP, Ziegler D, Stoyhe J, Fehske K, et al.
Meffert RH: Biomechanical comparison of the locking compression superior
anterior clavicle plate with seven and ten hole reconstruction plates in
midshaft clavicle fracture stabilisation Int Orthop.
2012;36(12):2537–43.,3232. Drosdowech DS, Manwell SEE, Ferreira LM, Goel DP, Faber KJ,
Johnson JA. Biomechanical analysis of fixation of middle third fractures of the
clavicle. J Orthop Trauma. 2011;25(1):39–43,
10.1097/BOT.0b013e3181d8893a.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/BOT.0b013e3181...
).
In addition, a finite element study showed that anteroinferior plating best resists
the effects of most daily living forces that act on the clavicle and can be
considered more mechanically physiological (3333. Favre P, Kloen P, Helfet DL, Werner CML: Superior versus
anteroinferior plating of the clavicle: a finite element study. J Orthop Trauma.
2011;25(11):661–5.).
Will et al. (3434. Will R, Englund R, Lubahn J, Cooney TE. Locking plates have
increased torsional stiffness compared to standard plates in a segmental defect
model of clavicle fracture. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2011;131(6):841–7,
10.1007/s00402-010-1240-y.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00402-010-124...
) suggested that locked
compression plates (LCPs) provided more stiffness and less deflection than
low-contact dynamic compression plates (LC-DCPs). Using a simulated segmental
clavicle fracture model, another biomechanical study by Iannotti et al. (3535. Iannotti MR, Crosby LA, Stafford P, Grayson G, Goulet R. Effects
of plate location and selection on the stability of midshaft clavicle
osteotomies: A biomechanical study. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2002;11(5):457–62,
10.1067/mse.2002.125805.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1067/mse.2002.12580...
) reported that LC-DCPs offer significantly
greater biomechanical stability than reconstruction plates and DCPs and that
clavicles plated at the superior aspect exhibited significantly greater
biomechanical stability than those plated at the anterior aspect. However, most of
the biomechanical studies must be interpreted with caution because such testing can
offer clean comparisons of instrumentation and technique without the confounding
factors of patient and surgeon variations. Nine of the 13 studies included in this
review used plate fixation; among them, three studies used reconstruction plates
(2121. Mirzatolooei F. Comparison between operative and nonoperative
treatment methods in the management of comminuted fractures of the clavicle.
Acta Orthop Traumatol Turc.2011;45(1):34–40,
10.3944/AOTT.2011.2431.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3944/AOTT.2011.2431...
,2222. Virtanen KJ, Remes V, Pajarinen J, Savolainen V, Björkenheim JM,
Paavola M, et al. Sling compared with plate osteosynthesis for treatment of
displaced midshaft clavicular fractures: a randomized clinical trial. J Bone
Joint Surg Am. 2012;94(17):1546–53, 10.2106/JBJS.J.01999.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2106/JBJS.J.01999...
,2626. Kulshrestha V, Roy T, Audige L. Operative versus nonoperative
management of displaced midshaft clavicle fractures: a prospective cohort study.
J Orthop Trauma. 2011;25(1):31–8, 10.1097/BOT.0b013e3181d8290e.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/BOT.0b013e3181...
), two studies used DCPs
(2424. Figueiredo EA, Neves EJ, Yoshizawa Júnior H, Dall’Ara Neto A,
Nascimento LFC, Faria GHM, et al. Prospective randomized study comparing
surgical treatment using anterior plate to non-surgical treatment of midshaft
clavicle fractures. Revista Brasileira de Ortopedia. 2008;43(10):419–25,
10.1590/S0102-36162008001000001.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-36162008...
,2929. Mohsen K, Mohammad F, Hossein M, Hamid RA, Abdolhossein MN,
Farid S, et al. The comparison of results of treatment of midshaft clavicle
fracture between operative treatment with plate and non-operative treatment.
Arch Bone Jt Surg. 2014;2(3):210–4.), and two studies used LCPs (1717. Smith CA RJ, Crosby LA, editor. Results of operative versus
nonoperative treatment for 100% displaced mid-shaft clavicle fractures: a
prospective randomized trial. The 68th Annual Meeting of the American Academy of
Orthopaedic Surgeons; 2001.,2323. Robinson CM, Goudie EB, Murray IR, Jenkins PJ, Ahktar MA, Read
EO, et al. Open reduction and plate fixation versus nonoperative treatment for
displaced midshaft clavicular fractures: a multicenter, randomized, controlled
trial. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2013; 95(17):1576–84,
10.2106/JBJS.L.00307.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2106/JBJS.L.00307...
). Another two studies that
used a mixture of plate implants (1818. Canadian Orthopaedic Trauma Society. Nonoperative treatment
compared with plate fixation of displaced midshaft clavicular fractures. A
multicenter, randomized clinical trial. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2007;
89(1):1–10.,2727. Böhme J, Bonk A, Bacher G, Wilharm A, Hoffmann R, Josten C.
Current treatment concepts for mid-shaft fractures of the clavicle-results of a
prospective multicentre study. Z Orthop Unfall.
2011;149(1):68–76.) was not analyzed here. The rate of nonunion
was 6% in the DCP group, which was higher than that in the reconstruction plate
group (1%) and LCP group (1%). Symptomatic malunion only occurred in the
reconstruction plate group, with a rate of 6%. In addition, overall complication
rates were higher than 20% in all of the groups, which is consistent with previous
literature (3030. Wijdicks FJG, Van der Meijden OAJ, Millett PJ, Verleisdonk E,
Houwert RM. Systematic review of the complications of plate fixation of clavicle
fractures. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2012;132(5):617–25,
10.1007/s00402-011-1456-5.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00402-011-145...
). Recent clinical studies have
shown efficient healing, few complications, and excellent return to function for
anteroinferior plating (3636. Collinge C, Devinney S, Herscovici D, DiPasquale T, Sanders R.
Anterior-inferior plate fixation of middle-third fractures and nonunions of the
clavicle. J OrthopTrauma 2006;20(10):680–6.–3838. Galdi B, Yoon RS, Choung EW, Reilly MC, Sirkin M, Smith WR, et
al. Anteroinferior 2.7-mm versus 3.5-mm plating for AO/OTA type B clavicle
fractures: a comparative cohort clinical outcomes study. J Orthop Trauma.
2013;27(3):121–5, 10.1097/BOT.0b013e3182693f32.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/BOT.0b013e3182...
). The advantages of this technique include
the avoidance of potentially dangerous infraclavicular structures and the reduction
of patient complaints due to implant prominence (3636. Collinge C, Devinney S, Herscovici D, DiPasquale T, Sanders R.
Anterior-inferior plate fixation of middle-third fractures and nonunions of the
clavicle. J OrthopTrauma 2006;20(10):680–6.). A retrospective cohort study (3939. Gilde AK, Jones CB, Sietsema DL, Hoffmann MF. Does plate type
influence the clinical outcomes and implant removal in midclavicular fractures
fixed with 2.7-mm anteroinferior plates? A retrospective cohort study. J Orthop
Surg Res. 2014;9:55, 10.1186/s13018-014-0055-x.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13018-014-005...
) with 156 midshaft clavicle fractures concluded that anteroinferior
clavicle fracture fixation with DCPs results in excellent healing rates and lower
removal rates. Moreover, implant failure occurred more often with reconstruction
plates compared with dynamic compression plates (p=0.029).
Considering these mechanical and clinical findings, the plate type, precontouring, and position likely affect outcomes and implant-related complication rates. However, these effects have yet to be fully examined and more prospective trials are required to analyze the influence of various plate types and positions on implant-related complications in the future.
Further subgroup analysis by type of surgery indicated that plate fixation but not intramedullary nail fixation was associated with a reduced risk of nonunion, symptomatic malunion and total complications compared with nonoperative treatment. No significant difference in the functional outcomes between these two techniques was observed. However, the pooled data showed that the incidences of nonunion, symptomatic malunion and total complications were comparable in the two operative groups (2% versus 1%, 2% versus 0, 27% versus 27%, respectively).
Both the plating and intramedullary nail methods have advantages and disadvantages.
Biomechanically, plate fixation is superior to intramedullary fixation (4040. Golish SR, Oliviero JA, Francke EI, Miller MD. A biomechanical
study of plate versus intramedullary devices for midshaft clavicle fixation. J
Orthop Surg Res. 2008;16(3):28, 10.1186/1749-799X-3-28.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1749-799X-3-28...
). Patients treated with plate fixation can
achieve full range of motion. The disadvantages of plate fixation include the
necessity for increased exposure and soft tissue stripping, the increased risk of
damage to the supraclavicular nerve, slightly higher infection rates, and the risk
of refracture after plate removal (1818. Canadian Orthopaedic Trauma Society. Nonoperative treatment
compared with plate fixation of displaced midshaft clavicular fractures. A
multicenter, randomized clinical trial. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2007;
89(1):1–10.). A
recent randomized clinical trial comparing locked intramedullary nailing versus
plating for displaced midshaft clavicle fractures performed by Ferran et al. (4141. Ferran NA, Hodgson P, Vannet N, Williams R, Evans RO. Locked
intramedullary fixation vs. plating for displaced and shortened mid-shaft
clavicle fractures: a randomized clinical trial. J Shoulder Elbow Surg.
2010;19(6):783–9, 10.1016/j.jse.2010.05.002.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jse.2010.05....
) showed no significant differences between
the two operative techniques. Another two prospective comparative studies concluded
that both plating and intramedullary flexible nailing are equally effective
alternatives for the surgical fixation of displaced midshaft clavicle fractures but
that intramedullary techniques have potential advantages such as less soft tissue
injury, shorter operative times and hospital stays, less blood loss and higher
cosmetic satisfaction (4242. Narsaria N, Singh AK, Arun GR, Seth RRS. Surgical fixation of
displaced midshaft clavicle fractures: elastic intramedullary nailing versus
precontoured plating. J Orthopaed Traumatol. 2014;15(3):165–71,
10.1007/s10195-014-0298-7.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10195-014-029...
,4343. Assobhi JEH. Reconstruction plate versus minimal invasive
retrograde titanium elastic nail fixation for displaced midclavicular fractures.
J Orthopaed Traumatol. 2011;12(4):185–92,
10.1007/s10195-011-0158-7.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10195-011-015...
). The subgroup analysis results of our
review are partially consistent with the results of the three trials; however, due
to the limitations of those studies such as their small sample sizes and single
center designs, we cannot provide any strong conclusions. Studies with sound
rationale and design are required to accurately and definitively assess the
differences in outcomes between plate fixation and intramedullary fixation (4444. Alves K, Jupiter J. Clavicle Fractures: Plate Versus
Intramedullary Fixation. Tech Should Surg. 2014;15:55–9,
10.1097/BTE.0000000000000007.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/BTE.0000000000...
).
However, with a myriad of options available for both plate fixation and intramedullary fixation, the question of which form of fixation is superior remains. According to currently available data, the superior surgical technique and implant choice are those that the surgeon was originally trained to perform and use.
Previous literature has addressed the issue of nails, yet the difference between locked and unlocked nails has not been considered. This study may provide additional interesting clues for future research on this topic.
We identified six systematic reviews that approached the comparison between surgical
versus conservative interventions to treat middle-third clavicle fracture in adults
(1111. McKee RC, Whelan DB, Schemitsch EH, McKee MD. Operative versus
nonoperative care of displaced midshaft clavicular fractures: a meta-analysis of
randomized clinical trials. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2012;94(8):675–84,
10.2106/JBJS.J.01364.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2106/JBJS.J.01364...
,1212. Lenza M, Buchbinder R, Johnston RV, Belloti JC, Faloppa F.
Surgical versus conservative interventions for treating fractures of the middle
third of the clavicle. Cochrane Database Syst Rev.
2013;6:CD009363.,). The results of our review are consistent with those of the eight
systematic reviews; however, the conclusions of those published reviews varied,
which was partly in accordance with our conclusions. The only Cochrane systematic
review, reported by Lenza et al, used more comprehensive statistical methods, which
were lacking in our present study. The most distinguishing characteristic of those
published reviews was that analysis was conducted with incomplete information. With
the exception of one study by Lenza et al, the reviews did not include the two RCTs
(2424. Figueiredo EA, Neves EJ, Yoshizawa Júnior H, Dall’Ara Neto A,
Nascimento LFC, Faria GHM, et al. Prospective randomized study comparing
surgical treatment using anterior plate to non-surgical treatment of midshaft
clavicle fractures. Revista Brasileira de Ortopedia. 2008;43(10):419–25,
10.1590/S0102-36162008001000001.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-36162008...
,2525. Chen QY, Kou DQ, Cheng XJ, Zhang W, Wang W, Lin ZQ, et al.
Intramedullary nailing of clavicular midshaft fractures in adults using titanium
elastic nail. Chin J Traumatol. 2011;14(5):269–76.). Additionally, new RCTs have been published since then. Our review
adds consistent information for current clinical practice. We applied more specific
subgroup analysis by surgery and implant type and then discussed the results in
detail. Furthermore, we performed a broader literature search that included
non-English publications. Bias is inherent in many analyses focusing on specific
populations or geographic areas. By including all of the available studies,
including those from multiple countries and reported in multiple languages, we
believe that our conclusions are applicable to most populations.
There are some limitations of this study. First, the recruited studies were not all randomized controlled trials. The lack of inadequate allocation concealment and blinding, which can lead to over-reporting of the treatment effect and selection or allocation biases, likely affected the study results. Second, the preoperative fracture pattern was found to be significantly related to implant failure (4949. Shin SJ, Do NH, Jang KY. Risk factors for postoperative complications of displaced clavicular midshaft fractures. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2012;72(4):1046–50.), but our meta-analysis could not show fracture type-specific effects between operative and nonoperative treatments because of the limited data of the studies. Finally, despite our best efforts to use multiple search methods, we may not have detected all eligible existing trials with results that are applicable to our meta-analysis. Therefore, the results should be interpreted with caution. Further research entailing high-quality randomized controlled, multicenter trials with long-term functional outcomes and fracture type-specific designs is required to address key clinical questions regarding the effects of operative treatment versus nonoperative treatment in the management of displaced midshaft clavicle fractures in adults.
In summary, we conclude that operative treatment is superior to nonoperative treatment in the management of displaced midshaft clavicle fractures, although we do not support the routine use of primary operative fixation for all displaced clavicle fractures in adults. Patients with a completely displaced midshaft clavicle fracture should be informed that they will be at a higher risk of sustaining nonunion, symptomatic malunion and potential neurological symptoms if the fracture is treated conservatively.
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21Mirzatolooei F. Comparison between operative and nonoperative treatment methods in the management of comminuted fractures of the clavicle. Acta Orthop Traumatol Turc.2011;45(1):34–40, 10.3944/AOTT.2011.2431.
» http://dx.doi.org/10.3944/AOTT.2011.2431 -
22Virtanen KJ, Remes V, Pajarinen J, Savolainen V, Björkenheim JM, Paavola M, et al. Sling compared with plate osteosynthesis for treatment of displaced midshaft clavicular fractures: a randomized clinical trial. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2012;94(17):1546–53, 10.2106/JBJS.J.01999.
» http://dx.doi.org/10.2106/JBJS.J.01999 -
23Robinson CM, Goudie EB, Murray IR, Jenkins PJ, Ahktar MA, Read EO, et al. Open reduction and plate fixation versus nonoperative treatment for displaced midshaft clavicular fractures: a multicenter, randomized, controlled trial. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2013; 95(17):1576–84, 10.2106/JBJS.L.00307.
» http://dx.doi.org/10.2106/JBJS.L.00307 -
24Figueiredo EA, Neves EJ, Yoshizawa Júnior H, Dall’Ara Neto A, Nascimento LFC, Faria GHM, et al. Prospective randomized study comparing surgical treatment using anterior plate to non-surgical treatment of midshaft clavicle fractures. Revista Brasileira de Ortopedia. 2008;43(10):419–25, 10.1590/S0102-36162008001000001.
» http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-36162008001000001 -
25Chen QY, Kou DQ, Cheng XJ, Zhang W, Wang W, Lin ZQ, et al. Intramedullary nailing of clavicular midshaft fractures in adults using titanium elastic nail. Chin J Traumatol. 2011;14(5):269–76.
-
26Kulshrestha V, Roy T, Audige L. Operative versus nonoperative management of displaced midshaft clavicle fractures: a prospective cohort study. J Orthop Trauma. 2011;25(1):31–8, 10.1097/BOT.0b013e3181d8290e.
» http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/BOT.0b013e3181d8290e -
27Böhme J, Bonk A, Bacher G, Wilharm A, Hoffmann R, Josten C. Current treatment concepts for mid-shaft fractures of the clavicle-results of a prospective multicentre study. Z Orthop Unfall. 2011;149(1):68–76.
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29Mohsen K, Mohammad F, Hossein M, Hamid RA, Abdolhossein MN, Farid S, et al. The comparison of results of treatment of midshaft clavicle fracture between operative treatment with plate and non-operative treatment. Arch Bone Jt Surg. 2014;2(3):210–4.
-
30Wijdicks FJG, Van der Meijden OAJ, Millett PJ, Verleisdonk E, Houwert RM. Systematic review of the complications of plate fixation of clavicle fractures. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2012;132(5):617–25, 10.1007/s00402-011-1456-5.
» http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00402-011-1456-5 -
31Eden L, Doht S, Frey SP, Ziegler D, Stoyhe J, Fehske K, et al. Meffert RH: Biomechanical comparison of the locking compression superior anterior clavicle plate with seven and ten hole reconstruction plates in midshaft clavicle fracture stabilisation Int Orthop. 2012;36(12):2537–43.
-
32Drosdowech DS, Manwell SEE, Ferreira LM, Goel DP, Faber KJ, Johnson JA. Biomechanical analysis of fixation of middle third fractures of the clavicle. J Orthop Trauma. 2011;25(1):39–43, 10.1097/BOT.0b013e3181d8893a.
» http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/BOT.0b013e3181d8893a -
33Favre P, Kloen P, Helfet DL, Werner CML: Superior versus anteroinferior plating of the clavicle: a finite element study. J Orthop Trauma. 2011;25(11):661–5.
-
34Will R, Englund R, Lubahn J, Cooney TE. Locking plates have increased torsional stiffness compared to standard plates in a segmental defect model of clavicle fracture. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2011;131(6):841–7, 10.1007/s00402-010-1240-y.
» http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00402-010-1240-y -
35Iannotti MR, Crosby LA, Stafford P, Grayson G, Goulet R. Effects of plate location and selection on the stability of midshaft clavicle osteotomies: A biomechanical study. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2002;11(5):457–62, 10.1067/mse.2002.125805.
» http://dx.doi.org/10.1067/mse.2002.125805 -
36Collinge C, Devinney S, Herscovici D, DiPasquale T, Sanders R. Anterior-inferior plate fixation of middle-third fractures and nonunions of the clavicle. J OrthopTrauma 2006;20(10):680–6.
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Publication Dates
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Publication in this collection
Aug 2015
History
-
Received
04 Feb 2015 -
Reviewed
23 Mar 2015 -
Accepted
30 Apr 2015