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Ultrastructural and cytochemical analysis of physic nut callus tissue in response to different combinations of growth regulators

Ultraestrutura e citoquímica de calos de pinhão-manso em resposta a balanços entre fitorreguladores

Abstracts

This study aimed to induce callus formation in Jatropha curcas L. and to evaluate the ultrastructure and cytochemical behavior of the calli. Calluses were induced with 2,4-D, picloram-PIC, kinetin (Kin) and BAP: (1) control; (2) 4.52 µM 2,4-D; (3) 9.04 µM 2,4-D; (4) 4.14 µM PIC; (5) 8.28 µM PIC; (6) 4.52 µM 2,4-D + 2.32 µM KIN; (7) 9.04 µM 2,4-D + 4.64 µM KIN; (8) 4.14 µM PIC + 2.32 µM KIN; (9) 8.28 µM PIC + 4.64 µM KIN; (10) 4.52 µM 2,4-D + 2.22 µM BAP; (11) 9.04 µM 2,4-D + 4.44 µM BAP; (12) 4.14 µM PIC + 2.22 µM BAP and (13) 8.28 µM PIC + 4.44 µM BAP. It was evaluated the percent coverage of the explants by callus (% CEC) and performed scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and acetocarmine/Evans blue double staining to analyze the embryogenic potential of the calli. As shown by scanning electron microscopy and acetocarmine/Evans blue staining, we found that J. curcas callus formation was optimal with 4.52 µM of 2,4-D.

Jatropha curcas L.; embryogenesis; microscopy; cytochemistry


Objetivou-se induzir a formação de calos em Jatropha curcas L., avaliar a ultraestrutura e o comportamento citoquímico dos calos. Os calos foram induzidos com 2,4-D, picloran, cinetina e BAP: (1) testemunha; (2) 4,52 µM 2,4-D; (3) 9,04 µM 2,4-D; (4) 4,14 µM PIC; (5) 8,28 µM PIC; (6) 4,52 µM 2,4-D + 2,32 µM KIN; (7) 9,04 µM 2,4-D + 4,64 µM KIN; (8) 4,14 µM PIC + 2,32 µM KIN; (9) 8,28 µM PIC + 4,64 µM KIN; (10) 4,52 µM 2,4-D + 2,22 µM BAP; (11) 9,04 µM 2,4-D + 4,44 µM BAP; (12) 4,14 µM PIC + 2,22 µM BAP and (13) 8,28 µM PIC + 4,44 µM BAP. Foi avaliado a porcentagem de cobertura dos explantes por calos (%CEC), microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e dupla coloração com carmim acético/azul de evans. A calogênese é otimizada em meio MS acrescido de 4,52 µM de 2,4-D, condição em que pela análise de microscopia eletrônica de varredura e dupla coloração carmim acético/azul de evans há expressão de potencial embriogênico nos calos de J. curcas.

Jatropha curcas L.; embriogênese; microscopia; citoquímica


Introduction

Fossil fuels, which are the dominant biomass, are required in large quantities in the transport, agriculture, industry, trade and domestic sectors. However, these fuels are finite sources of energy, and, thus, there is a need for research on alternative sources of energy (SAHOO et al., 2012SAHOO, N.; VOUKKARASU, M. T.; BEHERA, P. R.; SATPATHY, G.; PANDA, P. K. Direct shoot organogenesis from hypocotyl explants of Jatropha curcas L. an important bioenergy feedstock. Global Change Biology Bioenergy, v. 4, n. 1, p. 234-238, 2012.). Indeed, the use of biomass as a renewable energy source is considered essential for the development and maintenance of human civilization (DIVAKARA et al., 2010DIVAKARA, B. N.; UPADHYAYA, H. D.; WANI, S. P.; LAXMIPATHI GOWDA, C. L. Biology and genetic improvement of Jatropha curcas L.: A review. Applied Energy, v. 87, n. 3, p. 732-742, 2010.).

To meet the demand for bioenergetics, current research has focused on the cultivation of oilseed plants. Jatropha (Jatropha curcas L.) is a viable and promising alternative for the production of biodiesel; however, the available jatropha culture and breeding methods are insufficient to support detailed analyses (SILVA et al., 2012SILVA, R. C.; CAMILLO, J.; SCHERWINSKI-PEREIRA, J. E. A method for seedling recovery in Jatropha curcas after cryogenic exposure of the seeds. International Journal of Tropical Biology, v. 60, n. 1, p. 473-482, 2012.). In this sense, the development of plant tissue culture, which is used as a tool in plant genetic transformation, organ and tissue regeneration in transgenic plants and the physiological studies of plant development, can make a significant contribution to this field.

Callus formation is a technique used to study the growth and development of the callus, and it is commonly used to facilitate plant propagation by either organogenic or embryogenic routes.

For both routes, morphogenesis requires the use of plant hormones that promote the resumption of mitosis in differentiated tissues, altering the cellular metabolism in quiescent active cells (KIELSE et al., 2007KIELSE, P. V. N.; FRANCO, E. T. H.; FRASSETTO, E. G. Indução de calogênese em explantes de Parapiptadenia rígida. Revista Brasileira de Biociências, v. 5, n. 2, p. 84-86, 2007.). This is possible because these plant hormones are directly involved in the control of gene activity at the level of transcription and translation (GUERRA et al., 1999GUERRA, M. P.; TORRES, A. C.; TEIXEIRA, J. B. Embriogênese somática e sementes sintéticas. In: TORRES, A.C.; CALDAS, L. S.; BUSO, J. A. (Ed.). Culturas de tecidos e transformação genética de plantas, v. 2. n. 1, p. 533-568, 1999.).

However, the appropriate balance between growth regulators is extremely important. The most widely used hormone in callus induction is the auxin 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid). According to George et al. (2008GEORGE, E. F.; HALL, M. A.; DE KLERK, G. J. Plant propagation by tissue culture. 3rd ed. Dordrecht: The Background, 2008.), 2,4-D is the most commonly used hormone in the regulation of embryogenic callus induction, although picloram (4-amino-3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinecarboxylic acid) is also widely used (PERÁN-QUESADA et al., 2004PERÁN-QUESADA, R.; SÁNCHEZ-ROMERO, C.; BARCELÓ-MUNÓZ, A.; PLIEGO-ALFARO, F. Factors effecting maturation of avocado somatic embryos. Scientia Horticulturae, v. 1, n. 102, p. 61-73, 2004.).

The identification and confirmation of the regenerative potential of the callus tissue may be achieved using several techniques. Ultrastructural analysis has been used in several studies of somatic embryogenesis to provide details of the external and internal morphology of embryogenic tissues (NOGUEIRA et al., 2007NOGUEIRA, R. C.; PAIVA, R. OLIVEIRA, L. M.; SOARES, G. A.; SOARES, F. P. CASTRO, A. H. F.; PAIVA, P. D. O. Indução de calos em explantes foliares de murici-pequeno (Byrsonima intermedia A. Juss.). Ciência e Agrotecnologia, v. 31, n. 2, p. 366-370, 2007.); this tool was used to identify the morphological differences between darkened and undarkened calli in J. curcas (HE et al., 2009 HE, Y.; GUO, X.; LU, R.; NIU, B.; PASAPULA, A. V.; HOU, P.; CAI, F.; XU, Y.; CHEN, F. Changes in morphology and biochemical indices in browning callus derived from Jatropha curcas hypocotyls. Plant Cell Tissue and Organ Culture, v. 98, n. 1, p. 11-17, 2009.). According to Varshney et al. (2011VARSHNEY, A.; SANGAPILLAI, R.; PATIL, S. M.; JOHNSON, S. T. Histological evidence of morphogenesis from various explants of Jatropha curcas L. Trees, v. 25, n. 1, p. 689-694, 2011.), approaches of this nature contribute significantly to the understanding of the culture system in vitro.

Acetocarmine and Evans blue staining, in turn, enable the differentiation of embryogenic cultures because callus cells may adopt two different morphological conformations (STEINER et al., 2005STEINER, N.; VIEIRA, F. N.; MALDONADO, S.; GUERRA, M. P.Effect of carbon source on morphology and histodifferenciation of Araucaria angustifolia embriogenic cultures. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology, v. 48, n. 6, p. 895-903, 2005.).

Some callus cells are small and isodiametric with a dense cytoplasm, these cells are more reactive to acetocarmine, staining a red color (GEORGE et al., 2008GEORGE, E. F.; HALL, M. A.; DE KLERK, G. J. Plant propagation by tissue culture. 3rd ed. Dordrecht: The Background, 2008.), and are considered embryogenic (STEINER et al., 2005STEINER, N.; VIEIRA, F. N.; MALDONADO, S.; GUERRA, M. P.Effect of carbon source on morphology and histodifferenciation of Araucaria angustifolia embriogenic cultures. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology, v. 48, n. 6, p. 895-903, 2005.). Other callus cells are elongated due to high vacuolation and are considered non-embryogenic: these cells are permeable to Evans blue and, therefore, stain blue (SUAREZ et al., 2004SUAREZ, M.; FILONOVA, L.; SMERTENKO, A.; SAVENKOV, E.; CLAPHAM, D.; ARNOLD, S. V.; ZHIVOTOVSKY, B.; BOZHKOV, P. Metacaspase-dependent programmed cell desth is essential for plant embryogenesis. Current Biology, v. 14, n. 9, p. 339-340, 2004.).

Herrera et al. (2011HERRERA, R. C.; PAIVA, R.; STEIN, V. C.; SALGADO, C. C.; MAGALHÃES, M. M.; SOARES, F. P. Índice mitótico e viabilidade celular de calos embriogênicos de murici-pequeno. Revista de Ciências Agrarárias, v. 54, n. 1, p. 30-34, 2011.) used a colorimetric assay to evaluate small murici (Byrsonima intermedia) in vitroand claimed that such methods can be used to elucidate regeneration processes.

The objective of the present study was to obtain calli from cotyledon explants of Jatropha curcas L. and evaluate the ultrastructure and cytochemical behavior of the callus tissue in the presence of different combinations of growth factors.

Material and methods

There were used seeds harvested in 2008 from the matrix Oracília, access selected from the germplasm bank of the city of Janaúba, Minas Gerais State, provided by company NNE Minas Agroforestry.

The seed coats were removed by mechanical shock, and thereaftersubjected to the second sterilization procedure described by Nunes et al. (2008NUNES, C. F.; PASQUAL, M.; SANTOS, D. N.; CUSTÓDIO, T. N.; ARAUJO, A. G. Diferentes suplementos no cultivo in vitro de embriões de pinhão-manso. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira, v. 43, n. 1, p. 9-14, 2008.). In a laminar flow hood, the endosperms were excised to expose the embryos, which were placed individually in 25×150 mm test tubes (sealing plastic lid) containing 15 mL of MS medium (MURASHIGE; SKOOG, 1962MURASHIGE, T.; SKOOG, F. A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue cultures. Physiologia Plantarum, v. 15, n. 3, p. 473-497, 1962.). The embryos were incubated until seedlings with fully expanded cotyledons were obtained.

The cotyledons (Figure 1A) were cut into 1 cm2 samples using a scalpel in a sterile environment in a laminar flow hood. These explants were inoculated on MS medium supplemented with growth regulators: two auxins, 2,4 dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 4-amino 3,5,6 trichloro-2-pyridinecarboxylic (picloram), and two cytokinins, kinetin (KIN) and 6-benzyl amino purine (BAP). The following treatment combinations were used: (1) control; (2) 4.52 µM 2,4-D; (3) 9.04 µM 2,4-D; (4) 4.14 µM PIC; (5) 8.28 µM PIC; (6) 4.52 µM 2,4-D + 2.32 µM KIN; (7) 9.04 µM 2,4-D + 4.64 µM KIN; (8) 4.14 µM PIC + 2.32 µM KIN; (9) 8.28 µM PIC + 4.64 µM KIN; (10) 4.52 µM 2,4-D + 2.22 µM BAP; (11) 9.04 µM 2,4-D + 4.44 µM BAP; (12) 4.14 µM PIC + 2.22 µM BAP and (13) 8.28 µM PIC + 4.44 µM BAP.

The MS medium was prepared by adding 87.6 µL of sucrose and was solidified with 5.5 g L-1 agar (Isofar(r)); the medium was autoclaved at 121°C for 20 min. at 1 atm. The cultures were maintained in the dark in a growth room at 25 ± 2°C in a completely randomized design with 13 treatments and four replicates of three tubes each. The percent coverage of the explants by callus (% CEC) was evaluated at 30 and 60 days, and a grade of 0 (zero), 1 (a) or 2 (two) was assigned to each explant, representing 0, 50 and 100%, respectively, callus coverage of the explant. The Scott-Knott test was used to assess the between-group differences (FERREIRA, 2011FERREIRA, D. F. Sisvar: a computer statistical analysis system. Ciência and Agrotecnologia, v. 35, n. 6, p. 1039-1042, 2011.).

To prepare the samples for SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy) observation, sections of approximately 1 cm2 of the callus mass were cut from each treatment and immersed in modified Karnovsky's fixative (2.5% glutaraldehyde and 2.5% formaldehyde in 0.05 M sodium cacodylate buffer [pH 7.2] and 0.001 M CaCl2) for 24h. Subsequently, the samples were pre-fixed in aldehyde and washed three times in 0.05 M cacodylate buffer for approximately 10 min. and then immersed in 1% osmium tetroxide (OsO4) in 0.05 M cacodylate buffer (pH 7.2) for 1h at room temperature in a fume hood. The OsO4-fixed samples were washed with distilled water and dehydrated using solutions with increasing concentrations of acetone (25, 50, 75, 90 and 100%). The samples remained in each solution for approximately 10 min. and were immersed in 100% acetone solution three times.

A cytochemical analysis was performed using a fraction of the reclaimed material. For this purpose, fractions were collected from 100 mg of callus tissue from each treatment, and the material was subjected to double acetocarmine / Evans blue staining according to the methodology described by Steiner et al. (2005STEINER, N.; VIEIRA, F. N.; MALDONADO, S.; GUERRA, M. P.Effect of carbon source on morphology and histodifferenciation of Araucaria angustifolia embriogenic cultures. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology, v. 48, n. 6, p. 895-903, 2005.). The stained cells were mounted on slides and imaged using a digital camera coupled to an Olympus BX 60 light microscope equipped with a 10× objective. An RGB (red, green, blue) image analysis was performed using the histogram tool in Adobe(r) Photoshop(r) CS3 version 10.0.

Results and discussion

The percent coverage of the explants (% CEC) progressed over the time depending on the mixture of growth regulators applied (Table 1). By 60 days, the explants in all of the treatments had achieved 100% coverage.

Table 1:
Percent coverage by callus (% CEC) at 30 and 60 days of culture of Jatropha curcas cotyledon explants inoculated on MS medium containing different combinations of growth regulators (1).

At 30 days, the best response (100% CEC) was observed in the 8.28 µM of PIC treatment. Many of the other treatments provided equivalent results; notably, both 4.52 and 9,04 µM of 2,4-D produced the same response. Although 8.28 µM of PIC produced the best response statistically, it was not morphogenetically ideal, as the calli were extremely aqueous in texture. According to Grando et al. (1993GRANDO, M. F.; EICHLER, L.; TANABE, C. R.; SANTOS, J. F.; SANTOS, C. M. Indução de calos e regeneração de plantas em três genótipos de aveia. Revista Brasileira de Fisiologia Vegetal, v. 5, n. 2, p. 139-144, 1993.), aqueous calli are formed by tissue that is spongy, white/translucent and with little structure; similarly, the calli obtained in this study disintegrated at the touch, making subculture challenging (Figure 1B, C, D and E).

Figure 1:
(A) In vitro-grown Jatropha curcas seedlings from which the explants were excised. The textural appearance of the Jatropha curcas calli grown on (B) 4.52µM of 2,4-D (C) 9.04 µM of 2,4-D, (D) 4.14 µM of PIC and (E) 8.28 µM of PIC. Photomicrographs of Jatropha curcas calli grown on (F) 4.52 µM of 2,4-D (round cells), (G) 4.52 µM of 2,4-D (embryoid structure in the globular stage) and (H) 4.14 µM of PIC (elongated cells). Cell masses of Jatropha curcas grown on (I) 4.52 µM of 2,4-D, (J) 9.04 µM of 2,4-D (acetocarmine staining), (K) 4.14 µM of PIC and (L) 8.28 µM of PIC (Evans blue staining).

The texture is considered one criterion for the acceptance or rejection of a callus. Within this context, Titon et al. (2007TITON, M.; XAVIER, A.; OTONI, W. C.; MOTOIKE S. Y. Efeito dos reguladores de crescimento dicamba e picloram na embriogênese somática em Eucalyptus grandis. Revista Árvore, v. 31, n. 3, p. 417-426, 2007.) ruled out the use of PIC for callus regeneration in eucalyptus (Eucalyptusspp.) because the resulting callus had a compact texture.

The callus tissue grown on 4.52 and 9.04 µM of 2,4-D demonstrated a similar performance and consistent texture. Upon treatment with this plant regulator, the calli showed prominent structures that were similar to a globular embryo. These structures are characteristic of the first phase of the histological differentiation of this organ and are, therefore, the first indication of success in a somatic embryogenesis protocol.

Because both of the concentrations of 2,4-D tested produced similar effects, we recommend the use of 4.52 µM, as the lower dose would be more cost effective. This dosage was also recommended by Nogueira et al. (2007NOGUEIRA, R. C.; PAIVA, R. OLIVEIRA, L. M.; SOARES, G. A.; SOARES, F. P. CASTRO, A. H. F.; PAIVA, P. D. O. Indução de calos em explantes foliares de murici-pequeno (Byrsonima intermedia A. Juss.). Ciência e Agrotecnologia, v. 31, n. 2, p. 366-370, 2007.) to induce callus formation from leaf explants of small murici (Byrsonima intermedia A. Juss.). These authors found that a combination of cytokinins and auxins was not effective in inducing callus formation, as was also reported by Oliveira et al. (2007OLIVEIRA, A. L.; KIDO, E. A.; BENKO-ISEPPON, A. M.; KIDO, L. M. H. Efeito dos Fitorreguladores BAP e 2,4-D Sobre a indução de calos em Vigna unguiculata., Revista Brasileira de Biociências v. 5, n. 2, p. 69-71, 2007.) in callus formation experiments with cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) using 2,4-D and BAP. These results are similar to those of the present study in which combinations of auxins (2,4-D and PIC) and cytokinins (BAP and KIN) were not particularly promising because, despite the development of the callus tissue, the callus induction occurred in a lower percentage of the explants.

This result is important because callus induction is dependent on the hormonal balance of auxins and cytokinins. In developing J. curcas, the supply of auxin in the culture medium is likely sufficient to balance the endogenous cytokinin contents of the explants. Thus, these results indicate that the addition of cytokinins (KIN and BAP) to the nutrient medium may provided a concentration of this regulator that is too high relative to the auxin due to an imbalance in the auxin / cytokinin ratio, thus decreasing the rate of callus formation.

Based on the superiority of 2,4-D and PIC, the SEM and cytochemistry analyses focused on these regulators. The SEM analysis showed that the cell masses treated with 4.52 µM of 2,4-D were rounded and that structures similar to embryoid calogênica appeared between the surfaces (Figure 1 F and G). These structures were also observed by Ferreira et al. (2005FERREIRA, M. G. R.; CARVALHO, C. H. S.; CARNEIRO, A. A.; DAMIÃO FILHO, C. F. Indução de embriogênese somática em cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum Schum.). Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura, v. 27, n. 3, p. 500-503, 2005.) to induce somatic embryogenesis in cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum) under the effect of TDZ (Thidiazuron). The developmental stages of somatic embryos include globular, heart, torpedo and cotyledon stages. Our SEM images show the somatic embryos of J. curcas in the initial phase, i.e., the globular stage (Figure 1G).

The cell masses under the influence of 4.14 µM de PIC were more elongated compared to the round cells observed under the 2,4-D treatment. This morphogenetic difference demonstrates that both chemicals are growth regulators, as an isodiametric shape is characteristic of embryogenic cells (STEINER et al., 2005STEINER, N.; VIEIRA, F. N.; MALDONADO, S.; GUERRA, M. P.Effect of carbon source on morphology and histodifferenciation of Araucaria angustifolia embriogenic cultures. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology, v. 48, n. 6, p. 895-903, 2005.).

Ultrastructural analysis by SEM is a tool that helps to clarify the morphogenetic capacity of explants cultured in vitro, and the SEM data herein confirmed the embryogenic potential of the cotyledon explants of J. curcas. The images of the double acetocarmine / Evans Blue-stained cell masses are shown in Figure 1 (Photomicrographs stages I, J, K and L).

The RGB analysis of the double acetocarmine / Evans Blue-stained cell masses showed that the level of red that developed did not differ statistically among the different growth regulators and concentrations applied (Figure 2). That is, the masses of callusfrom the cultures with both 2,4-D as PIC reacted similarly to the acetocarmine, demonstrating that both growth regulators caused a morphogenetic response in the explants.

The differences in the blue bars indicate that the calli subjected to the different treatments reacted differently to the Evans blue dye (Figure 2). The masses calogênicas that were more reactive to this dye were those that developed in the presence of PIC, and both doses produced equivalent blue staining. The masses calogênicas developed under 2,4-D did not respond as strongly to the Evans blue dye: comparing the two dosages of 2,4-D, the 4.52 µM concentration resulted in less reaction with Evans blue (Figure 2).

Figure 2:
Levels of red and blue in the images of the Jatropha curcas calli masses grown on different auxins and stained with acetocarmine and Evans blue. *The bars marked with the same letter are not significantly different, as determined by the Scott-Knott test at 5% probability.

Silva et al. (2012SILVA, R. C.; CAMILLO, J.; SCHERWINSKI-PEREIRA, J. E. A method for seedling recovery in Jatropha curcas after cryogenic exposure of the seeds. International Journal of Tropical Biology, v. 60, n. 1, p. 473-482, 2012.) also used this double-staining technique to identify callus masses with embryogenic potential in small murici (Byrsonima intermedia Juss A) and found that the three subcultures had a better embryogenic potential than ​​the original. Similarly, Herrera et al. (2011HERRERA, R. C.; PAIVA, R.; STEIN, V. C.; SALGADO, C. C.; MAGALHÃES, M. M.; SOARES, F. P. Índice mitótico e viabilidade celular de calos embriogênicos de murici-pequeno. Revista de Ciências Agrarárias, v. 54, n. 1, p. 30-34, 2011.) observed a higher percentage of viable cells with characteristics of embryogenic callus from small murici using FDA dye (fluorescein diacetate).

The data presented here demonstrate that the reaction to acetocarmine was identical for both growth regulators; however, the 2,4-D-treated cells were less reactive to Evans blue, particularly at the concentration of 4.5 µM. According to Steiner et al. (2005STEINER, N.; VIEIRA, F. N.; MALDONADO, S.; GUERRA, M. P.Effect of carbon source on morphology and histodifferenciation of Araucaria angustifolia embriogenic cultures. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology, v. 48, n. 6, p. 895-903, 2005.) and George et al. (2008GEORGE, E. F.; HALL, M. A.; DE KLERK, G. J. Plant propagation by tissue culture. 3rd ed. Dordrecht: The Background, 2008.), a positive reaction to acetocarmine versus Evans blue identifies embryogenic cells. Thus, the J. curcas callus grown on 4.52 µM of 2,4-D exhibited a higher embryogenic potential.

Conclusion

Callus formation from J. curcas cotyledon explants is best achieved using MS medium supplemented with 4.52 µM of 2,4-D. Scanning electron microscopy and double acetocarmine / Evans blue staining analyses indicated expression of embryogenic potential under this condition.

Acknowledgements

The authors wish to thank the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) and the Foundation for Research Support of Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG) for financial support.

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  • FERREIRA, D. F. Sisvar: a computer statistical analysis system. Ciência and Agrotecnologia, v. 35, n. 6, p. 1039-1042, 2011.
  • FERREIRA, M. G. R.; CARVALHO, C. H. S.; CARNEIRO, A. A.; DAMIÃO FILHO, C. F. Indução de embriogênese somática em cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum Schum.). Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura, v. 27, n. 3, p. 500-503, 2005.
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  • GRANDO, M. F.; EICHLER, L.; TANABE, C. R.; SANTOS, J. F.; SANTOS, C. M. Indução de calos e regeneração de plantas em três genótipos de aveia. Revista Brasileira de Fisiologia Vegetal, v. 5, n. 2, p. 139-144, 1993.
  • GUERRA, M. P.; TORRES, A. C.; TEIXEIRA, J. B. Embriogênese somática e sementes sintéticas. In: TORRES, A.C.; CALDAS, L. S.; BUSO, J. A. (Ed.). Culturas de tecidos e transformação genética de plantas, v. 2. n. 1, p. 533-568, 1999.
  • HE, Y.; GUO, X.; LU, R.; NIU, B.; PASAPULA, A. V.; HOU, P.; CAI, F.; XU, Y.; CHEN, F. Changes in morphology and biochemical indices in browning callus derived from Jatropha curcas hypocotyls. Plant Cell Tissue and Organ Culture, v. 98, n. 1, p. 11-17, 2009.
  • HERRERA, R. C.; PAIVA, R.; STEIN, V. C.; SALGADO, C. C.; MAGALHÃES, M. M.; SOARES, F. P. Índice mitótico e viabilidade celular de calos embriogênicos de murici-pequeno. Revista de Ciências Agrarárias, v. 54, n. 1, p. 30-34, 2011.
  • KIELSE, P. V. N.; FRANCO, E. T. H.; FRASSETTO, E. G. Indução de calogênese em explantes de Parapiptadenia rígida. Revista Brasileira de Biociências, v. 5, n. 2, p. 84-86, 2007.
  • MURASHIGE, T.; SKOOG, F. A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue cultures. Physiologia Plantarum, v. 15, n. 3, p. 473-497, 1962.
  • NOGUEIRA, R. C.; PAIVA, R. OLIVEIRA, L. M.; SOARES, G. A.; SOARES, F. P. CASTRO, A. H. F.; PAIVA, P. D. O. Indução de calos em explantes foliares de murici-pequeno (Byrsonima intermedia A. Juss.). Ciência e Agrotecnologia, v. 31, n. 2, p. 366-370, 2007.
  • NUNES, C. F.; PASQUAL, M.; SANTOS, D. N.; CUSTÓDIO, T. N.; ARAUJO, A. G. Diferentes suplementos no cultivo in vitro de embriões de pinhão-manso. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira, v. 43, n. 1, p. 9-14, 2008.
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Publication Dates

  • Publication in this collection
    Sept 2015

History

  • Received
    02 Apr 2013
  • Accepted
    13 Apr 2013
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