ERECTOR SPINAE AND SCOLIOSIS IN A POPULATION WITH CEREBRAL PALSY: A PRELIMINARY STUDY

ERECTOR DA ESPINHA E ESCOLIOSE EM UMA POPULAÇÃO COM PARALISIA CEREBRAL: ESTUDO PRELIMINAR

MÚSCULO ERECTOR DE LA COLUMNA Y ESCOLIOSIS EN UNA POBLACIÓN COM PARÁLISIS CEREBRAL: ESTUDIO PRELIMINAR

ABSTRACT

Objective:

To verify the relation of muscular response to the vestibular stimulation of the erector spinae, specifically longissimus thoracis and iliocostalis lumborum, with the origin of scoliosis in a population of individuals with level V cerebral palsy of the Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS).

Methods:

Cross-sectional study of 12 individuals aged between four and 14 years. The muscular activity of the longissimus thoracis and iliocostalis lumborum was recorded by electromyography in the presence of anteroposterior and lateral imbalances, comparing it with that obtained in sitting position without imbalances. Scoliosis was assessed by radiological study following Cobb method.

Results:

Statistically significant differences were found between correct responses of both muscles to anteroposterior imbalances and absence of right thoracolumbar scoliosis (p=0.005; p=0.028), left thoracic scoliosis (p=0.005; p=0.046) and right lumbar scoliosis (p=0.005; p=0.046).

Conclusions:

The symmetry of muscular responses to anteroposterior imbalances, both of longissimus thoracis and iliocostalis lumborum, seems to be one of the factors that prevent the development of spine deviations in this population. Level of evidence: IV. Type of Study: Case series

Keywords:
Cerebral palsy; Scoliosis; Muscles; Electromyography

RESUMO

Objetivo:

Avaliar a relação da resposta muscular à estimulação vestibular do eretor da espinha, específicamente longuíssimo do tórax e iliocostal lombar, com a origen da escoliose em uma população de individuos com paralisia cerebral pertencente ao grupo V da sistema classificação da função motora grossa (GMFCS).

Métodos:

Estudo transversal de 12 indivíduos com idade entre quatro e 14 anos. A atividade muscular contra desequilibrios anteroposterior e laterais do longuíssimo do tórax e iliocostal lombar foi gravado em comparação com a obtida sem desestabilição na posição sentada. Escoliose radiografias foram avalaidas utilizando o método de Cobb.

Resultados:

Foram observados diferençãs estatisticamente significativas entre as respostas corretas de ambos músculos contra desequilíbrios anteroposteriores e falta de escoliose toraco-lombar direita (p=0.005; p= 0.028), torácica esquerda (p=0.005; p= 0.046) e lombar direita (p=0.005; p= 0.046).

Conclusões:

A simetría das respostas do músculo contra desequilíbrios ântero-posterior, tanto longuissimo do tórax como iliocostal lombar, parece ser um dos factores que impedem a ocorrência de desvíos da coluna vertebral em nesta população. Nivel de Evidência: IV. Tipo de Estudos: Série de Casos

Descritores:
Paralisia cerebral; Escoliose; Músculos; Eletromiografía

RESUMEN

Objetivo:

Comprobar la relación de la respuesta muscular ante la estimulación vestibular del músculo erector de la columna, concretamente músculo longísimo torácico e iliocostal lumbar, con el origen de la escoliosis en una población de individuos con parálisis cerebral de nivel V de la Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS).

Métodos:

Estudio transversal de 12 individuos de edades comprendidas entre los cuatro y los 14 años. Se registró mediante electromiógrafo la actividad muscular del longísimo torácico e iliocostal lumbar ante desequilibrios anteroposteriores y laterales, comparándola con la obtenida en sedestación sin desestabilizaciones. Las escoliosis se valoraron mediante estudio radiológico siguiendo el método de Cobb.

Resultados:

Se observan diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre respuestas correctas de ambos músculos ante los desequilibrios anteroposteriores y ausencia de escoliosis toracolumbar derecha (p = 0,005; p = 0,028), dorsal izquierda (p = 0,005; p = 0,046) y lumbar derecha (p = 0,005; p = 0,046).

Conclusiones:

La simetría de las respuestas musculares ante los desequilibrios anteroposteriores, tanto del músculo longísimo torácico como del iliocostal lumbar, parece ser uno de los factores que evitan la aparición de las desviaciones del raquis en esta población. Nivel de evidencia: IV.Tipo de Estudo: Serie de Casos.

Descriptores:
Parálisis cerebral; Escoliosis; Músculos; Electromiografía

INTRODUCTION

Cerebral palsy (CP) describes a group of encephalopathies that occurs in childhood and, in many cases, causes secondary musculoskeletal changes. Deviations of the spine are common, becoming structured (scoliosis) in 25% of individuals.¹

Although patterns of scoliosis have been described in relation to pelvic obliquity and hip dislocation² and postural asymmetry have been associated with scoliosis,³ the mechanism that causes development and increase of the curvature over time is not completely understood. Thus, in spite of orthopedic and physical therapy measures, most of these cases end up being treated surgically.

That is why there has been such broad diversification in research, following other lines distinct from those traditionally considered. Thus, some studies have associated both fetal postures and those maintained during the first years of life⁴ with spinal deviations, noting the importance of asymmetries and postural preferences in the development and structuring of postural changes, but never explaining the underlying neurological mechanisms that produce them.

On the other hand, several authors agree in reporting the severity of the scoliosis with the lowest levels of autonomy,^5,6 establishing therefore relationships with alterations in muscular control.⁷

In this sense, Domagalska and Szopa⁸ describe, in individuals with unilateral CPs that present scoliosis, postural patterns different from those observed in patients with mild scolioses.

Therefore, there is a specific line of research focused on postural control and the postural reflex mechanism, noting vestibular implications in the population with cerebral palsy also observed in patients with idiopathic scolioses.⁹ Specifically in CP, the vestibulocervical reflexes (VCR) have been associated both with gross motor function¹⁰ and scolioses.⁵ However, these studies, in addition to treating spinal deviations in a global manner and without specifying directions, have been limited to the responses of the cervical musculature, such that an evaluation of the responses of the erector spinae, both as the main extensor of the thoracolumbar region¹¹ and as the effector of the vestibulospinal reflexes (VSR) at the level of the trunk,¹² are left pending.

Thus we can understand that the patients with CP and who have greater limitation of mobility (GMFCS level V)¹³ are the most affected and with greater severity due to the appearance of lateralizations and vertebral rotations. However, the mechanisms involved are unknown, and it is impossible to predict the specific deviations to be expected and their evolution for each patient. Moreover, due to the fact that this group has shown conservative treatment to be insufficient,^14,15 we consider it necessary to enter this field to know exactly, and thus correctly address both care and prevention from a global point of view (orthopedic, surgical, neurological, and physiotherapeutic).

For these reasons, and following a line of investigation related to postural reflexes and association with motor function and scoliosis in previous studies,^5,10 the objective of this study was established:

To define the implications of the response of the erector spinae, specifically the longissimus thoracis (LT) and lumbar iliocostalis (IC), in the origin and/or development of scolioses in a population of patients with CP GMFCS level V.

METHODS

This is a descriptive, observational, cross-sectional study. The sample was selected from the student body of the Purísima Concepción Special Education Center of Granada, the inclusion criteria being a diagnosis of infantile cerebral palsy GMFCS level V. The exclusion criteria consisted of having undergone corrective surgery for scoliosis, belonging to a different GMFCS level, or having a diagnosis different from that specified by the inclusion criteria.

Consecutive sampling was performed so that all the patients who met the inclusion criteria during the data collection period were selected, ultimately yielding a sample of 12 patients with CP, ranging from four to 14 years of age, who were treated regularly at the Physical Therapy Unit of the Center.

Protection of the people: The authors declare that the procedures followed comply with the Declaration of Helsinki of the World Health Organization and are in accordance with the standards of the Hermanas Hospitalarias Institutional Review Board.

Confidentiality and informed consent: The authors declare that they followed the workplace protocols for access to and publication of patient data and that all the patients included in the study received sufficient information and gave their informed consent in writing for participation in the study. This document is in the possession of the corresponding author.

Privacy: The authors declare that patient data do not appear in this article.

In the study, the independent variable was defined as the muscular activity of the erector spinae in the presence of lateral and anteroposterior imbalances, while alterations of the spine constituted the dependent variables.

Thus, the variables were established as:

• Activity of the longissimus thoracis right (RLT) and left (LLT) muscles with and without lateral imbalances.

• Activity of the RLT and LLT with and without anteroposterior imbalances.

• Activity of the iliocostalis lumborum right (RIC) and left (LIC) muscles with and without lateral imbalances.

• Activity of the RIC and LIC with and without anteroposterior imbalances.

• Type of scoliosis.

Surface electromyography was used to evaluate the bilateral muscular activity of LT and IC, as was done in previous studies of this population.^10,16 The apparatus used was the Myomed® 632 V X, with a sensitivity of 0.5-10,000 microvolts, a bandwidth of 5-1,500 Hz, and digital filter. It was used in combination with a data transmission unit for further processing (Myocombox®). Self-adhesive, 20mm diameter electrodes (EN-trode®) were used.

The bipolar method was used to measure the muscular activity of the thoracolumbar extensor group (LT and IC) with an electrode more for reference, following the guidelines of the SENIAM Project¹⁷ for both muscle groups.

The measurements were taken based on the methodology followed in previous studies.¹²

The contraction of the right and left iliocostalis lumborum and longissimus thoracis groups was recorded for one minute with the patient in a sitting position with their legs in the air and with an adult supporting both shoulders to record it causing lateral and anteroposterior imbalances at fixed speed and inclination (45º in one second).

The average values of contraction in a sitting position without imbalance (S), in a sitting position with lateral imbalances (Lat), and in a sitting position with anteroposterior imbalances (AP) were recorded.

Subsequently, the average Lat and AP contraction values were expressed in proportion to S:

• [Average contraction in Lat/Average contraction in S] (µLat)

• [Average contraction in AP/Average contraction in S] (µAP)

Finally, both µLat and µAP were divided into two groups:

• Correct response: when the result of the ratio between contraction with imbalances and contraction without imbalance for the musculature being assessed is equal to or greater than one.

• Insufficient response: when the result of the ratio between contraction with imbalances and contraction without imbalance for the musculature being assessed is less than one.

Radiological exams were used to determine the type of scoliosis, measured using the Cobb method, the reliability of which has been proven¹⁸ both in quantifying the degree and indicating the vertebral limits.

The radiographs were performed in decubitus and traction.

The types of scoliosis were classified in relation to location, according to the standards of the Scoliosis Research Society (thoracic: the apex of the curve between T2 and the T11/T12 intervertebral disc; thoracolumbar: the apex of the curve between T12 and L1; lumbar: the apex of the curve between discs L1/L2 and L4).

They were also distributed by direction (left or right) using the convexity of the curve as a reference.

Finally, each patient was classified by scoliosis type according to the criteria defined by Lenke.¹⁹

Due to limitations in the measurement of curves of less than 10 degrees²⁰ and taking the Scoliosis Research Society and National Scoliosis Foundation guidelines into account, only the curves that exceeded this measurement using the Cobb method were included.

This study was conducted according to the protocols established in the Fundación Purísima Concepción Center, requesting informed consent by means of an authorization model approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Hermanas Hospitalarias (representative FPC Granada 03/2014).

The investigators were responsible for collecting the data and confirming the correct administration of the tests. The collection was accomplished without any type of abnormality.

Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS 20.0 for Windows. The participation index was 100%. First, descriptive data analysis techniques were used to determine frequencies and percentages. To check to what extent some type of relationship was produced, contingency tables and Pearson’s chi square test were used.

RESULTS

Twelve people with CP, aged from four to 14 years old (mean 9.3 years, SD 3.57), participated in the study, 58.3% (n=7) of whom were girls and 41.7% (n=5) of whom were boys. Spastic quadriplegia was present in 83.3% (n=10) and dyskinetic quadriplegia in the remaining 16.7% (n=2).

In terms of etiology, 41.7% (n=5) had hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy, 25% (n=3) acute fetal distress, 16.7% (n=2) cytomegalovirus, and 16.7% (n=2) microcephaly.

The classification of the patients by location and type of scoliosis is presented in Table 1.

Table 1
Classification of the patients according to the location and type of scoliosis (Lenke classification¹⁹).

	Type of curve	Cobb Angle	Lenke Classification
1	Left thoracolumbar	40º	5CN
2	Right thoracolumbar	55º	5CN
3	Left thoracolumbar	28º	5B+
4	Left thoracolumbar	30º	5B+
5	Left thoracolumbar	42º	5C+
6	Right thoracolumbar	38º	5C-
7	Left thoracolumbar	28º	5B+
8	Right thoracolumbar	25º	5BN
9	Right thoracic	32º	3AN
	Left lumbar	26º
10	Right thoracolumbar	30	5BN
11	Right thoracic	35º	1A+
12	Right thoracic	40º	6C-
	Left thoracolumbar	56º

As regards the frequencies and percentages of the types of spinal deviations (Table 2), no cases of left thoracic or right lumbar scoliosis were detected, and right and left thoracolumbar scolioses made up the highest percentages.

Table 2
Frequency and percentage for each type of scoliosis by location.

Type of scoliosis		Frequency	Percentage
Right thoracolumbar	No	8	66.7%
	Yes	4	33.3%
Left thoracolumbar	No	6	50%
	Yes	6	50%
Right thoracic	No	9	75%
	Yes	3	25%
Left thoracic	No	12	100%
	Yes	0	0%
Right lumbar	No	12	100%
	Yes	0	0%
Left lumbar	No	11	91.7%
	Yes	1	8.3%

In terms of lateral imbalances (Table 3), only the muscle response of the bilateral LT in right thoracolumbar scoliosis showed a statistically significant difference (p=0.028).

Table 3
Relationship between the average contraction in the presence of lateral imbalances (µ Lat) of the right longissimus (RLT) and left longissimus (LLT) and right thoracolumbar scoliosis.

Right thoracolumbar scoliosis and response of the longissimus thoracis to the lateral imbalance
Right thoracolumbar scoliosis				LLT (µ Lat)
				Insufficient response	Correct response
No	RLT (µ Lat)	Insufficient response	Count	3	0
			% No scoliosis	37.5%	0%
		Correct response	Count	1	4
			% No scoliosis	12.5%	50%
Yes	RLT (µ Lat)	Insufficient response	Count	1	1
			% Yes scoliosis	25%	25%
		Correct response	Count	1	1
			% Yes scoliosis	25%	25%
Significance for “No scoliosis” p= 0.028**

• No: absence of scoliosis; Yes: presence of scoliosis.

We confirmed that, in cases in which scoliosis was not present, the highest percentages referred to symmetrical responses: 37.5% (n=3) had an insufficient response for both right and left LT and 50% (n=4) had a correct response for right and left LT.

As for the anteroposterior imbalances for IC (Table 4), we observed statistically significant differences for the presence of left thoracolumbar scoliosis (p=0.014) and for the absence of right thoracolumbar scoliosis (p=0.028), left thoracic scoliosis (p=0.046), and right lumbar scoliosis (p=0.046).

Table 4
Association between the average contraction in the presence of anteroposterior imbalances (µ AP) of the right lumbar iliocostalis (RIC) and the left lumbar iliocostalis (LIC) and the type of scoliosis.

Scoliosis and the response of the lumbar iliocostalis to anteroposterior imbalance
Right thoracolumbar scoliosis				LIC (µ AP)
				Insufficient response	Correct response
No	ICdrcho (µ AP)	Insufficient response	Count	3	0
			% No scoliosis	37.5%	0%
		Correct response	Count	1	4
			% No scoliosis	12.5%	50%
Significance for “No scoliosis” p= 0.028**
Escoliosis dorsolumbar izquierda
Yes	ICdrcho (µ AP)	Insufficient response	Count	2	0
			% Yes scoliosis	33.3%	%
		Correct response	Count	0	4
			% Yes scoliosis	%	66.7%
Significance for “Yes scoliosis” p= 0.014**
Left thoracic scoliosis
No	ICdrcho (µ AP)	Insufficient response	Count	3	0
			% No scoliosis	25%	0%
		Correct response	Count	3	6
			% No scoliosis	25%	50%
Significance for “No scoliosis” p= 0.046**
Right lumbar scoliosis
No	RIC (µ AP)	Insufficient response	Count	3	0
			% No scoliosis	25%	0%
		Correct response	Count	3	6
			% No scoliosis	25%	50%
Significance for “No scoliosis” p= 0.046**

• No: absence of scoliosis; Yes: presence of scoliosis.

Thus, in the cases in which right thoracolumbar scoliosis did not exist, 37.5% (n=3) presented insufficient bilateral IC responses and 50% (n=4) presented correct bilateral IC responses.

In the cases with left thoracic and right lumbar scolioses, 50% (n=6) presented correct bilateral IC responses.

In the cases of left thoracolumbar scoliosis, 66.7% (n=4) presented correct responses for the right and left IC and 33.3% (n=2) insufficient bilateral responses.

In relation to anteroposterior imbalances for the LT (Table 5), we observed statistically significant differences for the absence of right thoracolumbar (p=0.005), right thoracic (p=0.018), left thoracic (p= 0.005), right lumbar (p=0.005), and left lumbar (p=0.007) scolioses, and for the presence of left thoracolumbar scoliosis (p= 0.014).

Table 5
Association between the average contraction in the presence of anteroposterior imbalances (µ AP) of the right (RLT) and left (LLT) longissimus and the type of scoliosis.

Scoliosis and the response of the longissimus to anteroposterior imbalance
Right thoracolumbar scoliosis				LLT (µ AP)
				Insufficient response	Correct response
No	RLT (µ AP)	Insufficient response	Count	2	0
			% No scoliosis	25%	0%
		Correct response	Count	0	6
			% No scoliosis	0%	75%
Significance for “No scoliosis” p= 0.005**
Left thoracolumbar scoliosis
Yes	RLT (µ AP)	Insufficient response	Count	2	0
			% Yes scoliosis	33.3%	0%
		Correct response	Count	0	4
			% Yes scoliosis	0%	66.7%
Significance for “Yes scoliosis” p= 0.014**
Right thoracic scoliosis
No	RLT (µ AP)	Insufficient response	Count	3	1
			% No scoliosis	37.5%	12,5%
		Correct response	Count	0	5
			% No scoliosis	0%	62.5%
Significance for “No scoliosis” p= 0.018**
Left thoracic scoliosis
No	RLT (µ AP)	Insufficient response	Count	3	1
			% No scoliosis	25%	8.3%
		Correct response	Count	0	8
			% No scoliosis	0%	66.7%
Significance for “No scoliosis” p= 0.005**
Right lumbar scoliosis
No	RLT (µ AP)	Insufficient response	Count	3	1
			% No scoliosis	25%	8.3%
		Correct response	Count	0	8
			% No scoliosis	0%	66.7%
Significance for “No scoliosis” p= 0.005**
Left lumbar scoliosis
No	RLT (µ AP)	Insufficient response	Count	3	1
			% No scoliosis	27.3%	9.1%
		Correct response	Count	0	7
			% No scoliosis	0%	63.6%
Significance for “No scoliosis” p= 0.007**

• No: absence of scoliosis; Yes: presence of scoliosis.

In this sense, for the absence of right thoracolumbar scoliosis, the responses of the LT muscles were divided between insufficient (25%, n=2) and correct (75%, n=6).

For the absence of right thoracic scoliosis, the responses of the right and left IC muscles were correct in 62.5% (n=5).

For cases where left thoracic and right lumbar scolioses were not observed, 66.7% (n=8) of the bilateral LT responses were correct.

In turn, a higher percentage (63.6%, n=7) of cases with the absence of left lumbar scoliosis had correct bilateral LT responses.

Finally, among the cases of left thoracolumbar scoliosis, 66.7% (n=4) presented correct right and left LT responses and 33.3% (n=2) had insufficient responses.

DISCUSSION

We found that 100% of the study population, all classified as GMFCS level V, had at least one curve greater than 10º as measured by the Cobb method, in line with the authors who associate scoliosis with cerebral palsy and the motor level.^5-6

In reference to the location of the scoliosis and the type of CP, our data agrees with more global studies in which, both for patients with greater limitations on mobility⁷ and in spastic forms of cerebral palsy, the thoracolumbar tract is the most affected.⁶

As for the etiopathogenesis of scoliosis in CP, our results do not present either muscle group as a direct cause of the spinal deviations, in accordance with reviews in which no significant correlation is found between muscle asymmetry and curvature as the origin or initial trigger.²¹

However, our study shows significant associations between the symmetrical responses in the presence of anteroposterior imbalances of the LT and IC and the absence of scoliosis. Although this symmetry refers to both insufficient and correct responses, we observed an important difference in favor of the correct ones.

So, for the iliocostalis lumborum, the correct responses exceeded the insufficient responses both for right thoracolumbar scoliosis (50% versus 37.5%) and for left thoracic and right lumbar scolioses (50% versus 25%).

Similarly, for the longissimus thoracis in the presence of AP imbalances, correct responses exceeded insufficient responses (always bilaterally) in right thoracolumbar (75% versus 25%), right thoracic (62.5% versus 37.5%), left thoracic and right lumbar (66.7% versus 25%), and left lumbar (63.6% versus 27.3%) scolioses.

These data highlight the importance of symmetry in muscle responses as a factor in the prevention of spinal deviations and agree with Ferrari et al,⁶ who consider symmetric patterns as protectors of trunk block maintenance, or Benitez-Feliponi,²² who recognizes symmetries of trunk mobility as one of the factors related to scolioses in CP.

At the same time, they can be summed up as postural reflexes, since, in addition to symmetry, in cases where scoliosis does not appear, there is a higher percentage of correct responses that relate to balancing responses of the muscles. In this sense, authors like Vialle et al,²³ who talk about spinal deformity induced by muscular incoordination and a lack of muscular compensation mechanisms, as well as the collapse of the trunk secondary to asymmetrical maintenance forces, or Imrie and Yaszay,²⁴ who implicate imbalance of the trunk among other factors, are supported.

For all of the above and keeping in mind that significant associations were only noted for lateral imbalances on right thoracolumbar scoliosis, muscle responses at the anteroposterior level are those of greater specific weight.

This statement coincides with results of VCR and vestibular stimulation studies in CP, in which significant changes have been verified at the anteroposterior level.¹⁰

Therefore, our study presents the search for symmetrical postural responses at the anteroposterior level as a possible tool against the development or structuring of scoliosis in patients with great limitation of mobility along the same lines as the objectives of other investigations of scoliosis in patients without neurological changes in which a reduction in the rates of asymmetry of the trunk musculature is also sought.²⁵

However, in this case, treatment of orthopedic problems of the spine in this population is based on physical therapy of these postural responses.

All these statements would also be in accordance, from the point of view of the mechanomorphosis of the spine, with studies that discuss maintenance of asymmetrical vertebral loads as a facilitator of the structuring of spinal deviations.²⁶

In contrast, despite all of the above, our data leave other causes and factors implicated in the development of scoliosis in CP open, since the symmetrical bilateral IC and LT responses in cases of left thoracolumbar locations were exceptions.

CONCLUSIONS

In our population, we did not observe the asymmetry of the IC and LT muscle responses to be the main cause of the appearance and development of scoliosis.

However, the symmetry of the responses seems to be one of the factors that prevent the appearance of spinal deviations in this population of patients with CP and GMFCS level V.

The main limitation of the study is the number of participants, which in spite of preventing extrapolation to other populations, does not contain a line to prevent the progress of musculoskeletal changes so harmful to this population.

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• ²⁰
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• ²¹
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• 1
  Study conducted at the Fundación Purísima Concepción de Granada. Spain.

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  Jan-Mar 2018

History

• Received
  09 Oct 2015
• Accepted
  11 Oct 2017