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Solitary plasmacytoma of the jaws: therapeutical considerations and prognosis based on a case reports systematic survey Como citar este artigo: Lombardo EM, Maito FL, Heitz C. Solitary plasmacytoma of the jaws: therapeutical considerations and prognosis based on a case reports systematic survey. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol. 2018;84:798-806.

Resumo:

Introdução:

O plasmocitoma solitário é um tumor maligno raro de células plasmáticas sem evidência de proliferação sistêmica e engloba dois subtipos: plasmocitoma solitário extramedular e plasmocitoma solitário ósseo. A etiologia ainda é desconhecida. Ambas as lesões apresentam risco de progressão para mieloma múltiplo. Uma série de abordagens tem sido usada para seu tratamento.

Objetivo:

Realizar uma revisão sistemática da literatura com enfoque nos aspectos terapêuticos e prognósticos.

Método:

Realizou-se uma busca de relatos de caso clínico na base de dados PubMed com termos de busca relacionados com "plasmocitoma" sob os seguintes critérios: tipo de estudo (relato de caso), artigos na língua inglesa, estudos realizados apenas em humanos, sem limites de data de publicação.

Resultados:

Dos 216 artigos encontrados, apenas 21 preencheram os critérios de inclusão pré-estabelecidos.

Conclusão:

A ocorrência de plasmocitoma solitário ósseo nos ossos da face é uma condição rara prevalente entre a 4a e a 6a décadas de vida, localizada na região posterior de mandíbula na maioria dos casos. O exame histopatológico e a investigação sistêmica são mandatórios para confirmação do diagnóstico.

PALAVRAS-CHAVE
Plasmocitoma; Tumor de células plasmáticas; Mieloma múltiplo

Abstract

Introduction:

Solitary plasmacytoma is a rare malignant tumor of plasma cells with no evidence of systemic proliferation. There are two known subtypes: extramedullary solitary plasmacytoma and solitary bone plasmacytoma. The etiology is still unknown. Both lesions present a risk of progression to multiple myeloma. A number of approaches have been used for treatment of solitary plasmacytoma.

Objective:

To carry out a systematic review of the case reports described in the literature, focusing on therapeutic and prognostic aspects.

Methods:

A search of clinical case reports was performed in the PubMed database using Mesh Terms related to "plasmacytoma" under the following criteria: type of study (case report), articles in English language, conducted in humans, with no publication date limits.

Results:

Of the 216 articles found, only 21 articles met the pre-established inclusion criteria.

Conclusion:

The occurrence of solitary bone plasmacytoma in the bones of the face is a rare condition prevalent between the 4th and 6th decades of life, located in the posterior region of the mandible in most cases. Histopathological examination and systemic investigation are mandatory for confirmation of diagnosis.

KEYWORDS
Plasmacytoma; Plasma cell tumor; Multiple myeloma

Introdução

O plasmocitoma solitário (PS) é um tumor maligno raro de células plasmáticas, sem evidência de proliferação sistêmica. Quando há envolvimento sistêmico, isto é, envolvimento de múltiplos locais do sistema esquelético, a doença é denominada mieloma múltiplo (MM), uma das apresentações mais frequentes de neoplasia das células plasmáticas.11 Soutar R, Lucraft H, Jackson G, Reece A, Bird J, Low E, et al. Guidelines on the diagnosis and management of solitary plasmacytoma of bone and solitary extramedullary plasmacytoma. Clin Oncol. 2004;16:405-13.

O PS apresenta uma incidência de 2% ?5% de todas as neoplasias e dois subtipos: plasmocitoma solitário extramedular (PSE) e plasmocitoma solitário ósseo (PSO).11 Soutar R, Lucraft H, Jackson G, Reece A, Bird J, Low E, et al. Guidelines on the diagnosis and management of solitary plasmacytoma of bone and solitary extramedullary plasmacytoma. Clin Oncol. 2004;16:405-13.,22 Anil S. Solitary plasmacytoma of the maxilla - a case report and review of the literature. Gen Dent. 2007;55:39-43. O PSE origina-se de tecidos moles e é mais frequente na cabeça e na região do pescoço, especificamente no trato respiratório superior, enquanto o PSO apresenta-se como uma lesão óssea intramedular no esqueleto axial ou ossos pélvicos.33 Nolan KD, Mone MC, Nelson EW. Plasma cell neoplasms. Review of disease progression and report of a new variant. Surg Oncol. 2005;14:85-90.

A etiologia do plasmocitoma solitário é desconhecida; no entanto, sugere-se que a estimulação crônica, a superdosagem de radiação, infecções virais e a interação genética no sistema reticuloendotelial podem contribuir para o desenvolvimento da lesão.44 Ozdemir R, Kayiran O, Oruc M, Karaaslan O, Koçer U, Ogun D. Plasmacytoma of the hard palate. J Craniofac Surg. 2005;16:164-9.

O PSO ocorre preferencialmente no sexo masculino, entre a 6ª e a 7ª décadas de vida. No entanto, pode acometer indivíduos de qualquer idade. Em geral pacientes afetados pelo PSO apresentam queixa primária de inchaço, associada ou não à sintomatologia dolorosa.55 Dimopoulos MA, Moulopoulos LA, Maniatis A, Alexanian R. Solitary plasmacytoma of bone and asymptomatic multiple myeloma. Blood. 2000;96:2037-44.,66 Nonaka CFW, Maia AP, do Nascimento GJF, de Almeida Freitas R, Batista de Souza L, Galvão HC. Immunoexpression of vascular endothelial growth factor in periapical granulomas, radicular cysts, and residual radicular cysts. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2008;106:896-902.

O PSO pode apresentar dois padrões radiográficos: o primeiro pode ser uma área radiolúcida delimitada; o segundo, uma massa lítica destrutiva na mandíbula. Microscopicamente, observa-se a proliferação monoclonal de células plasmocitoides com núcleos excêntricos e citoplasma basofílico.77 Bourjat P, Kahn JL, Braun JJ. Imaging of solitary maxillo-mandibular plasmacytoma. J Radiol. 1999;80:859-62.,88 Baad R, Kapse SC, Rathod N, Sonawane K, Thete SG, Kumar MN. Solitary plasmacytoma of the mandible - a rare entity. J Int oral Heal JIOH. 2013;5:97-101.

Uma vez feita a biópsia e definido o diagnóstico histopatológico do PSO, é importante submeter o paciente a uma investigação sistêmica da doença por meio de exames de imagem de corpo inteiro, biópsia de medula óssea, exame hematológico completo e eletroforese da urina e plasma para rastreamento de proteínas sintetizadas pelas células tumorais.11 Soutar R, Lucraft H, Jackson G, Reece A, Bird J, Low E, et al. Guidelines on the diagnosis and management of solitary plasmacytoma of bone and solitary extramedullary plasmacytoma. Clin Oncol. 2004;16:405-13.,99 Nofsinger YC, Mirza N, Rowan PT, Lanza D, Weinstein G. Head and neck manifestations of plasma cell neoplasms. Laryngoscope. 1997;107:741-6.

10 Oliveira R, Paula D, Lopes ADF, Malena R, De Faria D. Eletroforese de proteínas séricas: interpretação e correlação clínica. Rev Med Minas Gerais. 2008;18:116-22.
-1111 Meziane M, Boulaadas M, Essakalli L, Kzadri M, Harmouch A. Solitary plasmocytoma: ghost tumour? Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2012;41:17-9.

Embora o MM seja uma ocorrência relativamente comum quando comparada com outras neoplasias de células plasmáticas, o PSO nos ossos do crânio é uma entidade relativamente rara, com pouquíssima literatura sobre ela.1212 Dores GM, Landgren O, McGlynn KA, Curtis RE, Linet MS, Devesa SS. Plasmacytoma of bone, extramedullary plasmacytoma, and multiple myeloma: incidence and survival in the United States, 1992-2004. Br J Haematol. 2009;144:86-94. O objetivo do presente estudo é fazer uma revisão sistemática de relatos de casos, com foco em suas características epidemiológicas, clínicas e microscópicas, bem como seu diagnóstico, tratamento, prognóstico e a importância do acompanhamento clínico longitudinal.

Método

Uma revisão sistemática de relatos de casos foi feita a partir de artigos encontrados no banco de dados PubMed/Medline. Uma estratégia de busca foi desenvolvida com o Pubmed Advanced Search Builder com as seguintes combinações dos descritores Plasmocytoma, Myeloma, mandible AND maxilla e os termos de entrada derivados em conjunto com os operadores booleanos OR e AND, conforme descrito na tabela 1. Os critérios de inclusão aplicados para os relatos de caso foram: tipo de estudo (relato de caso), escritos em língua inglesa e feitos em humanos.

Tabela 1
Estratégia de busca no Pubmed Advanced Search Builder

Resultados

Com base na estratégia de busca, foram encontrados 216 artigos. Ao aplicar os critérios de inclusão como filtro, foram excluídos 114. Os demais 102 foram submetidos à leitura seletiva dos títulos, o que determinou a exclusão de 78. Os 24 restantes foram submetidos à análise dos resumos e, nessa etapa, três foram excluídos por apresentar a lesão de PS localizada em região anatômica distinta da especialização dos cirurgiões bucomaxilofaciais.

A leitura interpretativa dos relatos de casos completos foi feita em 21 artigos: 20 relatos de caso e uma série de casos. Os relatos de caso foram organizados em ordem decrescente do ano de publicação em duas tabelas: uma fornece dados epidemiológicos e clínicos, assim como o diagnóstico inicial (tabela 2); e a outra (tabela 3) contém informações referentes à detecção da proteína M (ou paraproteína), abordagem terapêutica, tempo de seguimento, recorrências e evolução para o MM, bem como os achados considerados relevantes para cada artigo. Além disso, a série de casos foi incluída na discussão deste mesmo estudo.

Tabela 2
Dados epidemiológicos e clínicos
Tabela 3
Detecção da proteína M (ou paraproteína), abordagem terapêutica, tempo de seguimento, recorrências e evolução para MM, bem como achados considerados relevantes para cada artigo

Discussão

Dados epidemiológicos

A distribuição dos casos de PSO por idade variou de 15 a 83 anos, com média de 54,15 para ambos os sexos, 43,6 para homens e 61,54 para mulheres. A maior incidência de PSO ocorreu entre a 4ª e a 6ª décadas de vida.22 Anil S. Solitary plasmacytoma of the maxilla - a case report and review of the literature. Gen Dent. 2007;55:39-43.,44 Ozdemir R, Kayiran O, Oruc M, Karaaslan O, Koçer U, Ogun D. Plasmacytoma of the hard palate. J Craniofac Surg. 2005;16:164-9.,1313 Cioranu VI, Seceleanu VP, Imre MM, Nicolae V, Cioranu SI. Maxillary solitary recurrent plasmacytoma: a case report. Chirurgia (Bucur). 2013;108:732-5.

14 An S-Y, An C-H, Choi K-S, Heo M-S. Multiple myeloma presenting as plasmacytoma of the jaws showing prominent bone formation during chemotherapy. Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 2013;42:20110143.

15 Nanda KDS, Bhargava D, Sharma B, Dave A. Plasmacytoma masquerading as an abscess. J Investig Clin Dent. 2012;3:236-9.

16 Pinto LSS, Campagnoli EB, Leon JE, Lopes MA, Jorge J. Maxillary lesion presenting as a first sign of multiple myeloma: case report. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2007;12:E344-7.

17 Poggio CE. Plasmacytoma of the mandible associated with a dental implant failure: a clinical report. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2007;18:540-3.

18 Canger EM, Celenk P, Alkan A, Günhan O. Mandibular involvement of solitary plasmocytoma: a case report. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2007;12:E7-9.

19 Yoon JH, Yook JI, Kim HJ, Cha IH, Yang WI, Kim J. Solitary plasmacytoma of the mandible in a renal transplant recipient. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2003;32:664-6.

20 Matsumura S, Kishino M, Ishida T, Furukawa S. Radiographic findings for solitary plasmacytoma of the bone in the anterior wall of the maxillary sinus: a case report. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2000;89:651-7.

21 Ho CL, Chen YC, Yiang YT, Kao WY, Chao TY. Mandibular mass as the presenting manifestation of IgM myeloma in a 22-year-old man. Ann Hematol. 1999;78:93-5.

22 Millesi W, Enislidis G, Lindner A, Schobel G, Ewers R, Drach J, et al. Solitary plasmocytoma of the mandible - a combined approach for treatment and reconstruction. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1997;26:295-8.

23 Kanazawa H, Shoji A, Yokoe H, Midorikawa S, Takamiya Y, Sato K. Solitary plasmacytoma of the mandible. Case report and review of the literature. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 1993;21:202-6.

24 Saito K, Mogi K, Matsuda N. A case of IgG lambda-type solitary plasmacytoma in the maxilla associated with amyloidosis. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1987;45:715-8.

25 Mustoe TA, Fried MP, Goodman ML, Kelly JH, Strome M. Osteosclerotic plasmacytoma of maxillary bone (orbital floor). J Laryngol Otol. 1984;98:929-38.

26 Loh HSS. A retrospective evaluation of 23 reported cases of solitary plasmacytoma of the mandible, with an additional case report. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1984;22:216-24.

27 Christensen RE, Sanders B, Mudd B. Local recurrence of solitary plasmacytoma of the mandible. J Oral Surg. 1978;36:311-3.

28 Raley LL, Granite EL. Plasmacytoma of the maxilla: report of case. J Oral Surg. 1977;35:497-500.

29 Lipper S, Kahn LB, Hesselson N. Localised myeloma with osteogenesis and Russell body formation. S Afr Med J. 1975;49:2041-5.
-3030 Webb HE, Devine KD, Harrison EG, Deline KD. Solitary myeloma of the mandible. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1966;22:1-6. A distribuição por gênero foi equilibrada, 11 casos em mulheres e 10 em homens. Esses dados corroboram os resultados obtidos por Dores et al.1212 Dores GM, Landgren O, McGlynn KA, Curtis RE, Linet MS, Devesa SS. Plasmacytoma of bone, extramedullary plasmacytoma, and multiple myeloma: incidence and survival in the United States, 1992-2004. Br J Haematol. 2009;144:86-94. (2004).

A etnia do paciente foi mencionada em apenas sete relatos de caso: três negros, três asiáticos e um branco. 22 Anil S. Solitary plasmacytoma of the maxilla - a case report and review of the literature. Gen Dent. 2007;55:39-43.,44 Ozdemir R, Kayiran O, Oruc M, Karaaslan O, Koçer U, Ogun D. Plasmacytoma of the hard palate. J Craniofac Surg. 2005;16:164-9.,1313 Cioranu VI, Seceleanu VP, Imre MM, Nicolae V, Cioranu SI. Maxillary solitary recurrent plasmacytoma: a case report. Chirurgia (Bucur). 2013;108:732-5.

14 An S-Y, An C-H, Choi K-S, Heo M-S. Multiple myeloma presenting as plasmacytoma of the jaws showing prominent bone formation during chemotherapy. Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 2013;42:20110143.

15 Nanda KDS, Bhargava D, Sharma B, Dave A. Plasmacytoma masquerading as an abscess. J Investig Clin Dent. 2012;3:236-9.

16 Pinto LSS, Campagnoli EB, Leon JE, Lopes MA, Jorge J. Maxillary lesion presenting as a first sign of multiple myeloma: case report. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2007;12:E344-7.

17 Poggio CE. Plasmacytoma of the mandible associated with a dental implant failure: a clinical report. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2007;18:540-3.

18 Canger EM, Celenk P, Alkan A, Günhan O. Mandibular involvement of solitary plasmocytoma: a case report. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2007;12:E7-9.

19 Yoon JH, Yook JI, Kim HJ, Cha IH, Yang WI, Kim J. Solitary plasmacytoma of the mandible in a renal transplant recipient. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2003;32:664-6.

20 Matsumura S, Kishino M, Ishida T, Furukawa S. Radiographic findings for solitary plasmacytoma of the bone in the anterior wall of the maxillary sinus: a case report. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2000;89:651-7.

21 Ho CL, Chen YC, Yiang YT, Kao WY, Chao TY. Mandibular mass as the presenting manifestation of IgM myeloma in a 22-year-old man. Ann Hematol. 1999;78:93-5.

22 Millesi W, Enislidis G, Lindner A, Schobel G, Ewers R, Drach J, et al. Solitary plasmocytoma of the mandible - a combined approach for treatment and reconstruction. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1997;26:295-8.

23 Kanazawa H, Shoji A, Yokoe H, Midorikawa S, Takamiya Y, Sato K. Solitary plasmacytoma of the mandible. Case report and review of the literature. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 1993;21:202-6.

24 Saito K, Mogi K, Matsuda N. A case of IgG lambda-type solitary plasmacytoma in the maxilla associated with amyloidosis. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1987;45:715-8.

25 Mustoe TA, Fried MP, Goodman ML, Kelly JH, Strome M. Osteosclerotic plasmacytoma of maxillary bone (orbital floor). J Laryngol Otol. 1984;98:929-38.

26 Loh HSS. A retrospective evaluation of 23 reported cases of solitary plasmacytoma of the mandible, with an additional case report. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1984;22:216-24.

27 Christensen RE, Sanders B, Mudd B. Local recurrence of solitary plasmacytoma of the mandible. J Oral Surg. 1978;36:311-3.

28 Raley LL, Granite EL. Plasmacytoma of the maxilla: report of case. J Oral Surg. 1977;35:497-500.

29 Lipper S, Kahn LB, Hesselson N. Localised myeloma with osteogenesis and Russell body formation. S Afr Med J. 1975;49:2041-5.
-3030 Webb HE, Devine KD, Harrison EG, Deline KD. Solitary myeloma of the mandible. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1966;22:1-6. Embora a maioria dos relatos de caso não tenha mencionado a etnia dos pacientes, observa-se na literatura uma prevalência do PSO em indivíduos brancos.1212 Dores GM, Landgren O, McGlynn KA, Curtis RE, Linet MS, Devesa SS. Plasmacytoma of bone, extramedullary plasmacytoma, and multiple myeloma: incidence and survival in the United States, 1992-2004. Br J Haematol. 2009;144:86-94.

Localização da lesão

Nos relatos de casos revisados, o local mais comum de aparecimento do PSO foi a mandíbula, mais precisamente nas regiões posteriores.22 Anil S. Solitary plasmacytoma of the maxilla - a case report and review of the literature. Gen Dent. 2007;55:39-43.,44 Ozdemir R, Kayiran O, Oruc M, Karaaslan O, Koçer U, Ogun D. Plasmacytoma of the hard palate. J Craniofac Surg. 2005;16:164-9.,1313 Cioranu VI, Seceleanu VP, Imre MM, Nicolae V, Cioranu SI. Maxillary solitary recurrent plasmacytoma: a case report. Chirurgia (Bucur). 2013;108:732-5.

14 An S-Y, An C-H, Choi K-S, Heo M-S. Multiple myeloma presenting as plasmacytoma of the jaws showing prominent bone formation during chemotherapy. Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 2013;42:20110143.

15 Nanda KDS, Bhargava D, Sharma B, Dave A. Plasmacytoma masquerading as an abscess. J Investig Clin Dent. 2012;3:236-9.

16 Pinto LSS, Campagnoli EB, Leon JE, Lopes MA, Jorge J. Maxillary lesion presenting as a first sign of multiple myeloma: case report. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2007;12:E344-7.

17 Poggio CE. Plasmacytoma of the mandible associated with a dental implant failure: a clinical report. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2007;18:540-3.

18 Canger EM, Celenk P, Alkan A, Günhan O. Mandibular involvement of solitary plasmocytoma: a case report. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2007;12:E7-9.

19 Yoon JH, Yook JI, Kim HJ, Cha IH, Yang WI, Kim J. Solitary plasmacytoma of the mandible in a renal transplant recipient. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2003;32:664-6.

20 Matsumura S, Kishino M, Ishida T, Furukawa S. Radiographic findings for solitary plasmacytoma of the bone in the anterior wall of the maxillary sinus: a case report. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2000;89:651-7.

21 Ho CL, Chen YC, Yiang YT, Kao WY, Chao TY. Mandibular mass as the presenting manifestation of IgM myeloma in a 22-year-old man. Ann Hematol. 1999;78:93-5.

22 Millesi W, Enislidis G, Lindner A, Schobel G, Ewers R, Drach J, et al. Solitary plasmocytoma of the mandible - a combined approach for treatment and reconstruction. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1997;26:295-8.

23 Kanazawa H, Shoji A, Yokoe H, Midorikawa S, Takamiya Y, Sato K. Solitary plasmacytoma of the mandible. Case report and review of the literature. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 1993;21:202-6.

24 Saito K, Mogi K, Matsuda N. A case of IgG lambda-type solitary plasmacytoma in the maxilla associated with amyloidosis. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1987;45:715-8.

25 Mustoe TA, Fried MP, Goodman ML, Kelly JH, Strome M. Osteosclerotic plasmacytoma of maxillary bone (orbital floor). J Laryngol Otol. 1984;98:929-38.

26 Loh HSS. A retrospective evaluation of 23 reported cases of solitary plasmacytoma of the mandible, with an additional case report. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1984;22:216-24.

27 Christensen RE, Sanders B, Mudd B. Local recurrence of solitary plasmacytoma of the mandible. J Oral Surg. 1978;36:311-3.

28 Raley LL, Granite EL. Plasmacytoma of the maxilla: report of case. J Oral Surg. 1977;35:497-500.

29 Lipper S, Kahn LB, Hesselson N. Localised myeloma with osteogenesis and Russell body formation. S Afr Med J. 1975;49:2041-5.
-3030 Webb HE, Devine KD, Harrison EG, Deline KD. Solitary myeloma of the mandible. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1966;22:1-6. Esses achados confirmam os encontrados por Loh2626 Loh HSS. A retrospective evaluation of 23 reported cases of solitary plasmacytoma of the mandible, with an additional case report. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1984;22:216-24. (1984) e Pisano et al.3131 Pisano JJ, Coupland R, Chen SY, Miller AS. Plasmacytoma of the oral cavity and jaws: a clinicopathologic study of 13 cases. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 1997;83:265-71. (1997).

Embora a literatura apresente a dor como principal sintoma,22 Anil S. Solitary plasmacytoma of the maxilla - a case report and review of the literature. Gen Dent. 2007;55:39-43. o presente estudo encontrou um aumento de volume indolor como o achado clínico mais comum. Cefaleia e sensação de pressão também foram relatadas.2525 Mustoe TA, Fried MP, Goodman ML, Kelly JH, Strome M. Osteosclerotic plasmacytoma of maxillary bone (orbital floor). J Laryngol Otol. 1984;98:929-38.,3030 Webb HE, Devine KD, Harrison EG, Deline KD. Solitary myeloma of the mandible. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1966;22:1-6. O tempo de evolução da lesão variou de 15 dias a 72 meses, com tempo médio de evolução de 15,11 meses.22 Anil S. Solitary plasmacytoma of the maxilla - a case report and review of the literature. Gen Dent. 2007;55:39-43.,44 Ozdemir R, Kayiran O, Oruc M, Karaaslan O, Koçer U, Ogun D. Plasmacytoma of the hard palate. J Craniofac Surg. 2005;16:164-9.,1313 Cioranu VI, Seceleanu VP, Imre MM, Nicolae V, Cioranu SI. Maxillary solitary recurrent plasmacytoma: a case report. Chirurgia (Bucur). 2013;108:732-5.

14 An S-Y, An C-H, Choi K-S, Heo M-S. Multiple myeloma presenting as plasmacytoma of the jaws showing prominent bone formation during chemotherapy. Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 2013;42:20110143.

15 Nanda KDS, Bhargava D, Sharma B, Dave A. Plasmacytoma masquerading as an abscess. J Investig Clin Dent. 2012;3:236-9.

16 Pinto LSS, Campagnoli EB, Leon JE, Lopes MA, Jorge J. Maxillary lesion presenting as a first sign of multiple myeloma: case report. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2007;12:E344-7.

17 Poggio CE. Plasmacytoma of the mandible associated with a dental implant failure: a clinical report. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2007;18:540-3.

18 Canger EM, Celenk P, Alkan A, Günhan O. Mandibular involvement of solitary plasmocytoma: a case report. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2007;12:E7-9.

19 Yoon JH, Yook JI, Kim HJ, Cha IH, Yang WI, Kim J. Solitary plasmacytoma of the mandible in a renal transplant recipient. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2003;32:664-6.

20 Matsumura S, Kishino M, Ishida T, Furukawa S. Radiographic findings for solitary plasmacytoma of the bone in the anterior wall of the maxillary sinus: a case report. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2000;89:651-7.

21 Ho CL, Chen YC, Yiang YT, Kao WY, Chao TY. Mandibular mass as the presenting manifestation of IgM myeloma in a 22-year-old man. Ann Hematol. 1999;78:93-5.

22 Millesi W, Enislidis G, Lindner A, Schobel G, Ewers R, Drach J, et al. Solitary plasmocytoma of the mandible - a combined approach for treatment and reconstruction. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1997;26:295-8.

23 Kanazawa H, Shoji A, Yokoe H, Midorikawa S, Takamiya Y, Sato K. Solitary plasmacytoma of the mandible. Case report and review of the literature. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 1993;21:202-6.

24 Saito K, Mogi K, Matsuda N. A case of IgG lambda-type solitary plasmacytoma in the maxilla associated with amyloidosis. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1987;45:715-8.

25 Mustoe TA, Fried MP, Goodman ML, Kelly JH, Strome M. Osteosclerotic plasmacytoma of maxillary bone (orbital floor). J Laryngol Otol. 1984;98:929-38.

26 Loh HSS. A retrospective evaluation of 23 reported cases of solitary plasmacytoma of the mandible, with an additional case report. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1984;22:216-24.

27 Christensen RE, Sanders B, Mudd B. Local recurrence of solitary plasmacytoma of the mandible. J Oral Surg. 1978;36:311-3.

28 Raley LL, Granite EL. Plasmacytoma of the maxilla: report of case. J Oral Surg. 1977;35:497-500.

29 Lipper S, Kahn LB, Hesselson N. Localised myeloma with osteogenesis and Russell body formation. S Afr Med J. 1975;49:2041-5.

30 Webb HE, Devine KD, Harrison EG, Deline KD. Solitary myeloma of the mandible. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1966;22:1-6.
-3131 Pisano JJ, Coupland R, Chen SY, Miller AS. Plasmacytoma of the oral cavity and jaws: a clinicopathologic study of 13 cases. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 1997;83:265-71.

Aspectos de imaginologia e diagnóstico inicial

Radiograficamente, observou-se na maioria dos estudos que o plasmocitoma solitário aparece como uma lesão radiolucente multilocular difusa. A destruição óssea parece estar limitada à região medular dos ossos do crânio.22 Anil S. Solitary plasmacytoma of the maxilla - a case report and review of the literature. Gen Dent. 2007;55:39-43.,44 Ozdemir R, Kayiran O, Oruc M, Karaaslan O, Koçer U, Ogun D. Plasmacytoma of the hard palate. J Craniofac Surg. 2005;16:164-9.,1313 Cioranu VI, Seceleanu VP, Imre MM, Nicolae V, Cioranu SI. Maxillary solitary recurrent plasmacytoma: a case report. Chirurgia (Bucur). 2013;108:732-5.

14 An S-Y, An C-H, Choi K-S, Heo M-S. Multiple myeloma presenting as plasmacytoma of the jaws showing prominent bone formation during chemotherapy. Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 2013;42:20110143.

15 Nanda KDS, Bhargava D, Sharma B, Dave A. Plasmacytoma masquerading as an abscess. J Investig Clin Dent. 2012;3:236-9.

16 Pinto LSS, Campagnoli EB, Leon JE, Lopes MA, Jorge J. Maxillary lesion presenting as a first sign of multiple myeloma: case report. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2007;12:E344-7.

17 Poggio CE. Plasmacytoma of the mandible associated with a dental implant failure: a clinical report. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2007;18:540-3.

18 Canger EM, Celenk P, Alkan A, Günhan O. Mandibular involvement of solitary plasmocytoma: a case report. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2007;12:E7-9.

19 Yoon JH, Yook JI, Kim HJ, Cha IH, Yang WI, Kim J. Solitary plasmacytoma of the mandible in a renal transplant recipient. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2003;32:664-6.

20 Matsumura S, Kishino M, Ishida T, Furukawa S. Radiographic findings for solitary plasmacytoma of the bone in the anterior wall of the maxillary sinus: a case report. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2000;89:651-7.

21 Ho CL, Chen YC, Yiang YT, Kao WY, Chao TY. Mandibular mass as the presenting manifestation of IgM myeloma in a 22-year-old man. Ann Hematol. 1999;78:93-5.

22 Millesi W, Enislidis G, Lindner A, Schobel G, Ewers R, Drach J, et al. Solitary plasmocytoma of the mandible - a combined approach for treatment and reconstruction. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1997;26:295-8.

23 Kanazawa H, Shoji A, Yokoe H, Midorikawa S, Takamiya Y, Sato K. Solitary plasmacytoma of the mandible. Case report and review of the literature. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 1993;21:202-6.

24 Saito K, Mogi K, Matsuda N. A case of IgG lambda-type solitary plasmacytoma in the maxilla associated with amyloidosis. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1987;45:715-8.

25 Mustoe TA, Fried MP, Goodman ML, Kelly JH, Strome M. Osteosclerotic plasmacytoma of maxillary bone (orbital floor). J Laryngol Otol. 1984;98:929-38.

26 Loh HSS. A retrospective evaluation of 23 reported cases of solitary plasmacytoma of the mandible, with an additional case report. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1984;22:216-24.

27 Christensen RE, Sanders B, Mudd B. Local recurrence of solitary plasmacytoma of the mandible. J Oral Surg. 1978;36:311-3.

28 Raley LL, Granite EL. Plasmacytoma of the maxilla: report of case. J Oral Surg. 1977;35:497-500.

29 Lipper S, Kahn LB, Hesselson N. Localised myeloma with osteogenesis and Russell body formation. S Afr Med J. 1975;49:2041-5.
-3030 Webb HE, Devine KD, Harrison EG, Deline KD. Solitary myeloma of the mandible. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1966;22:1-6.

Apenas oito relatos de caso apresentaram diagnóstico clínico presuntivo e as hipóteses apresentadas foram: abscesso, granuloma piogênico, mixoma, ameloblastoma, pseudotumor orbital e osteossarcoma.1313 Cioranu VI, Seceleanu VP, Imre MM, Nicolae V, Cioranu SI. Maxillary solitary recurrent plasmacytoma: a case report. Chirurgia (Bucur). 2013;108:732-5.,1515 Nanda KDS, Bhargava D, Sharma B, Dave A. Plasmacytoma masquerading as an abscess. J Investig Clin Dent. 2012;3:236-9.,1919 Yoon JH, Yook JI, Kim HJ, Cha IH, Yang WI, Kim J. Solitary plasmacytoma of the mandible in a renal transplant recipient. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2003;32:664-6.,2020 Matsumura S, Kishino M, Ishida T, Furukawa S. Radiographic findings for solitary plasmacytoma of the bone in the anterior wall of the maxillary sinus: a case report. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2000;89:651-7.,2323 Kanazawa H, Shoji A, Yokoe H, Midorikawa S, Takamiya Y, Sato K. Solitary plasmacytoma of the mandible. Case report and review of the literature. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 1993;21:202-6.,2525 Mustoe TA, Fried MP, Goodman ML, Kelly JH, Strome M. Osteosclerotic plasmacytoma of maxillary bone (orbital floor). J Laryngol Otol. 1984;98:929-38.,2626 Loh HSS. A retrospective evaluation of 23 reported cases of solitary plasmacytoma of the mandible, with an additional case report. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1984;22:216-24.,2929 Lipper S, Kahn LB, Hesselson N. Localised myeloma with osteogenesis and Russell body formation. S Afr Med J. 1975;49:2041-5.

O diagnóstico diferencial do PSO deve ser feito em relação a outras lesões semelhantes nos exames de imagem de rotina, como ameloblastoma, tumor odontogênico ceratocístico, mixoma, lesão central de células gigantes, tumores metastáticos, malformação vascular, sarcoma e linfoma.3232 Lesmes D, Laster Z. Plasmacytoma in the temporomandibular joint: a case report. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2008;46:322-4.,3333 Kyle RA. The monoclonal gammopathies. Clin Chem. 1994;40:2154-61. Assim, o exame histopatológico torna-se essencial para o diagnóstico definitivo.

Presença da proteína M

A proteína plasmática M ou paraproteína, uma imunoglobulina monoclonal sintetizada por células tumorais, foi investigada em 18 casos.22 Anil S. Solitary plasmacytoma of the maxilla - a case report and review of the literature. Gen Dent. 2007;55:39-43.,44 Ozdemir R, Kayiran O, Oruc M, Karaaslan O, Koçer U, Ogun D. Plasmacytoma of the hard palate. J Craniofac Surg. 2005;16:164-9.,1313 Cioranu VI, Seceleanu VP, Imre MM, Nicolae V, Cioranu SI. Maxillary solitary recurrent plasmacytoma: a case report. Chirurgia (Bucur). 2013;108:732-5.

14 An S-Y, An C-H, Choi K-S, Heo M-S. Multiple myeloma presenting as plasmacytoma of the jaws showing prominent bone formation during chemotherapy. Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 2013;42:20110143.

15 Nanda KDS, Bhargava D, Sharma B, Dave A. Plasmacytoma masquerading as an abscess. J Investig Clin Dent. 2012;3:236-9.

16 Pinto LSS, Campagnoli EB, Leon JE, Lopes MA, Jorge J. Maxillary lesion presenting as a first sign of multiple myeloma: case report. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2007;12:E344-7.

17 Poggio CE. Plasmacytoma of the mandible associated with a dental implant failure: a clinical report. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2007;18:540-3.

18 Canger EM, Celenk P, Alkan A, Günhan O. Mandibular involvement of solitary plasmocytoma: a case report. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2007;12:E7-9.

19 Yoon JH, Yook JI, Kim HJ, Cha IH, Yang WI, Kim J. Solitary plasmacytoma of the mandible in a renal transplant recipient. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2003;32:664-6.

20 Matsumura S, Kishino M, Ishida T, Furukawa S. Radiographic findings for solitary plasmacytoma of the bone in the anterior wall of the maxillary sinus: a case report. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2000;89:651-7.

21 Ho CL, Chen YC, Yiang YT, Kao WY, Chao TY. Mandibular mass as the presenting manifestation of IgM myeloma in a 22-year-old man. Ann Hematol. 1999;78:93-5.

22 Millesi W, Enislidis G, Lindner A, Schobel G, Ewers R, Drach J, et al. Solitary plasmocytoma of the mandible - a combined approach for treatment and reconstruction. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1997;26:295-8.

23 Kanazawa H, Shoji A, Yokoe H, Midorikawa S, Takamiya Y, Sato K. Solitary plasmacytoma of the mandible. Case report and review of the literature. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 1993;21:202-6.

24 Saito K, Mogi K, Matsuda N. A case of IgG lambda-type solitary plasmacytoma in the maxilla associated with amyloidosis. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1987;45:715-8.

25 Mustoe TA, Fried MP, Goodman ML, Kelly JH, Strome M. Osteosclerotic plasmacytoma of maxillary bone (orbital floor). J Laryngol Otol. 1984;98:929-38.

26 Loh HSS. A retrospective evaluation of 23 reported cases of solitary plasmacytoma of the mandible, with an additional case report. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1984;22:216-24.

27 Christensen RE, Sanders B, Mudd B. Local recurrence of solitary plasmacytoma of the mandible. J Oral Surg. 1978;36:311-3.

28 Raley LL, Granite EL. Plasmacytoma of the maxilla: report of case. J Oral Surg. 1977;35:497-500.

29 Lipper S, Kahn LB, Hesselson N. Localised myeloma with osteogenesis and Russell body formation. S Afr Med J. 1975;49:2041-5.
-3030 Webb HE, Devine KD, Harrison EG, Deline KD. Solitary myeloma of the mandible. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1966;22:1-6. A presença da proteína M foi relatada em oito relatos de casos,1414 An S-Y, An C-H, Choi K-S, Heo M-S. Multiple myeloma presenting as plasmacytoma of the jaws showing prominent bone formation during chemotherapy. Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 2013;42:20110143.,1616 Pinto LSS, Campagnoli EB, Leon JE, Lopes MA, Jorge J. Maxillary lesion presenting as a first sign of multiple myeloma: case report. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2007;12:E344-7.,2020 Matsumura S, Kishino M, Ishida T, Furukawa S. Radiographic findings for solitary plasmacytoma of the bone in the anterior wall of the maxillary sinus: a case report. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2000;89:651-7.,2121 Ho CL, Chen YC, Yiang YT, Kao WY, Chao TY. Mandibular mass as the presenting manifestation of IgM myeloma in a 22-year-old man. Ann Hematol. 1999;78:93-5.,2323 Kanazawa H, Shoji A, Yokoe H, Midorikawa S, Takamiya Y, Sato K. Solitary plasmacytoma of the mandible. Case report and review of the literature. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 1993;21:202-6.,2424 Saito K, Mogi K, Matsuda N. A case of IgG lambda-type solitary plasmacytoma in the maxilla associated with amyloidosis. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1987;45:715-8.,2828 Raley LL, Granite EL. Plasmacytoma of the maxilla: report of case. J Oral Surg. 1977;35:497-500.,2929 Lipper S, Kahn LB, Hesselson N. Localised myeloma with osteogenesis and Russell body formation. S Afr Med J. 1975;49:2041-5. correspondeu a 38,09%. Essa taxa está na faixa de 24% a 72% indicada em outros estudos.55 Dimopoulos MA, Moulopoulos LA, Maniatis A, Alexanian R. Solitary plasmacytoma of bone and asymptomatic multiple myeloma. Blood. 2000;96:2037-44.

A presença da proteína M é obtida por eletroforese a partir de amostras de sangue ou urina.3333 Kyle RA. The monoclonal gammopathies. Clin Chem. 1994;40:2154-61. O uso desse exame para determinar o diagnóstico de PSO ainda é duvidoso, pois a presença de paraproteína nem sempre determina a existência da doença em questão; porém, deve-se ressaltar que seu valor diagnóstico é relevante nos casos em que se deseja avaliar a presença de MM.11 Soutar R, Lucraft H, Jackson G, Reece A, Bird J, Low E, et al. Guidelines on the diagnosis and management of solitary plasmacytoma of bone and solitary extramedullary plasmacytoma. Clin Oncol. 2004;16:405-13.,3434 Lo Muzio L, Pannone G, Bucci P. Early clinical diagnosis of solitary plasmacytoma of the jaws: a case report with a six years follow-up. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2001;30:558-60.

Há autores que defendem que a presença de paraproteína mesmo após o tratamento pode ser indicativa de tumor residual ou oculto.11 Soutar R, Lucraft H, Jackson G, Reece A, Bird J, Low E, et al. Guidelines on the diagnosis and management of solitary plasmacytoma of bone and solitary extramedullary plasmacytoma. Clin Oncol. 2004;16:405-13.,3535 Wilder RB, Ha CS, Cox JD, Weber D, Delasalle K, Alexanian R. Persistence of myeloma protein for more than one year after radiotherapy is an adverse prognostic factor in solitary plasmacytoma of bone. Cancer. 2002;94:1532-7.

Tratamento

Os tratamentos usados para os casos foram os seguintes:

  • Apenas radioterapia - dois casos.1717 Poggio CE. Plasmacytoma of the mandible associated with a dental implant failure: a clinical report. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2007;18:540-3.,2525 Mustoe TA, Fried MP, Goodman ML, Kelly JH, Strome M. Osteosclerotic plasmacytoma of maxillary bone (orbital floor). J Laryngol Otol. 1984;98:929-38.

  • Apenas quimioterapia - três casos.44 Ozdemir R, Kayiran O, Oruc M, Karaaslan O, Koçer U, Ogun D. Plasmacytoma of the hard palate. J Craniofac Surg. 2005;16:164-9.,1414 An S-Y, An C-H, Choi K-S, Heo M-S. Multiple myeloma presenting as plasmacytoma of the jaws showing prominent bone formation during chemotherapy. Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 2013;42:20110143.,1616 Pinto LSS, Campagnoli EB, Leon JE, Lopes MA, Jorge J. Maxillary lesion presenting as a first sign of multiple myeloma: case report. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2007;12:E344-7.

  • Apenas intervenção cirúrgica - cinco casos.55 Dimopoulos MA, Moulopoulos LA, Maniatis A, Alexanian R. Solitary plasmacytoma of bone and asymptomatic multiple myeloma. Blood. 2000;96:2037-44.,2424 Saito K, Mogi K, Matsuda N. A case of IgG lambda-type solitary plasmacytoma in the maxilla associated with amyloidosis. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1987;45:715-8.,2727 Christensen RE, Sanders B, Mudd B. Local recurrence of solitary plasmacytoma of the mandible. J Oral Surg. 1978;36:311-3.,2929 Lipper S, Kahn LB, Hesselson N. Localised myeloma with osteogenesis and Russell body formation. S Afr Med J. 1975;49:2041-5.,3030 Webb HE, Devine KD, Harrison EG, Deline KD. Solitary myeloma of the mandible. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1966;22:1-6.

  • Intervenção cirúrgica associada à radioterapia - quatro casos.2323 Kanazawa H, Shoji A, Yokoe H, Midorikawa S, Takamiya Y, Sato K. Solitary plasmacytoma of the mandible. Case report and review of the literature. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 1993;21:202-6.,2626 Loh HSS. A retrospective evaluation of 23 reported cases of solitary plasmacytoma of the mandible, with an additional case report. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1984;22:216-24.,2828 Raley LL, Granite EL. Plasmacytoma of the maxilla: report of case. J Oral Surg. 1977;35:497-500.,3030 Webb HE, Devine KD, Harrison EG, Deline KD. Solitary myeloma of the mandible. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1966;22:1-6.

  • Radioterapia associada à quimioterapia - dois casos.2020 Matsumura S, Kishino M, Ishida T, Furukawa S. Radiographic findings for solitary plasmacytoma of the bone in the anterior wall of the maxillary sinus: a case report. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2000;89:651-7.,2121 Ho CL, Chen YC, Yiang YT, Kao WY, Chao TY. Mandibular mass as the presenting manifestation of IgM myeloma in a 22-year-old man. Ann Hematol. 1999;78:93-5.

  • Intervenção cirúrgica, radioterapia e autotransplante - um caso.1313 Cioranu VI, Seceleanu VP, Imre MM, Nicolae V, Cioranu SI. Maxillary solitary recurrent plasmacytoma: a case report. Chirurgia (Bucur). 2013;108:732-5.

  • Radioterapia e diminuição da dose de imunossupressores - um caso.1919 Yoon JH, Yook JI, Kim HJ, Cha IH, Yang WI, Kim J. Solitary plasmacytoma of the mandible in a renal transplant recipient. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2003;32:664-6.

  • Radioterapia, quimioterapia e intervenção cirúrgica - um caso.2222 Millesi W, Enislidis G, Lindner A, Schobel G, Ewers R, Drach J, et al. Solitary plasmocytoma of the mandible - a combined approach for treatment and reconstruction. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1997;26:295-8.

Em um dos relatos de caso a abordagem terapêutica não foi relatada22 Anil S. Solitary plasmacytoma of the maxilla - a case report and review of the literature. Gen Dent. 2007;55:39-43. e em outro caso o paciente faleceu antes de iniciar o tratamento.1818 Canger EM, Celenk P, Alkan A, Günhan O. Mandibular involvement of solitary plasmocytoma: a case report. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2007;12:E7-9. A abordagem terapêutica ainda é controversa, porém a radioterapia parece ser o tratamento que oferece melhores resultados clínicos, pois o PSO se revela como uma lesão radiossensível.55 Dimopoulos MA, Moulopoulos LA, Maniatis A, Alexanian R. Solitary plasmacytoma of bone and asymptomatic multiple myeloma. Blood. 2000;96:2037-44.,3636 Reed V, Shah J, Medeiros LJ, Ha CS, Mazloom A, Weber DM, et al. Solitary plasmacytomas: outcome and prognostic factors after definitive radiation therapy. Cancer. 2011;117:4468-74. As taxas de controle local do PSO com radioterapia apresentadas na literatura ultrapassam 80%.22 Anil S. Solitary plasmacytoma of the maxilla - a case report and review of the literature. Gen Dent. 2007;55:39-43.,3737 Mayr NA, Wen B-C, Hussey DH, Patrick Burns C, Staples JJ, Fred Doornbos J, et al. The role of radiation therapy in the treatment of solitary plasmacytomas. Radiother Oncol. 1990;17:293-303.,3838 Ozsahin M, Tsang RW, Poortmans P, Belkacémi Y, Bolla M, Dinçbas FO, et al. Outcomes and patterns of failure in solitary plasmacytoma: a multicenter rare cancer network study of 258 patients. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006;64:210-7. A intervenção cirúrgica deve ser feita em situações em que não há previsão de dano funcional ou estético.2323 Kanazawa H, Shoji A, Yokoe H, Midorikawa S, Takamiya Y, Sato K. Solitary plasmacytoma of the mandible. Case report and review of the literature. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 1993;21:202-6.

A quimioterapia é recomendada apenas com base em relatos na literatura que mostraram melhoria do controle local e atraso no desenvolvimento do MM.3838 Ozsahin M, Tsang RW, Poortmans P, Belkacémi Y, Bolla M, Dinçbas FO, et al. Outcomes and patterns of failure in solitary plasmacytoma: a multicenter rare cancer network study of 258 patients. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006;64:210-7. No entanto, a quimioterapia isolada não apresenta benefícios quando comparada com a radioterapia, mas quando aplicada conjuntamente parece ter um efeito benéfico em pacientes com maior risco de falha do tratamento, ou seja, naqueles com lesões tumorais maiores que 4-5 cm.11 Soutar R, Lucraft H, Jackson G, Reece A, Bird J, Low E, et al. Guidelines on the diagnosis and management of solitary plasmacytoma of bone and solitary extramedullary plasmacytoma. Clin Oncol. 2004;16:405-13.,3838 Ozsahin M, Tsang RW, Poortmans P, Belkacémi Y, Bolla M, Dinçbas FO, et al. Outcomes and patterns of failure in solitary plasmacytoma: a multicenter rare cancer network study of 258 patients. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006;64:210-7.,3939 Tsang RW, Gospodarowicz MK, Pintilie M, Bezjak A, Wells W, Hodgson DC, et al. Solitary plasmacytoma treated with radiotherapy: impact of tumor size on outcome. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2001;50:113-20.

Prognóstico e seguimento

O tempo de seguimento após o tratamento variou de 28 dias a sete anos. O período médio de seguimento foi de 19,9 meses. Houve quatro mortes.1313 Cioranu VI, Seceleanu VP, Imre MM, Nicolae V, Cioranu SI. Maxillary solitary recurrent plasmacytoma: a case report. Chirurgia (Bucur). 2013;108:732-5.,1616 Pinto LSS, Campagnoli EB, Leon JE, Lopes MA, Jorge J. Maxillary lesion presenting as a first sign of multiple myeloma: case report. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2007;12:E344-7.,1818 Canger EM, Celenk P, Alkan A, Günhan O. Mandibular involvement of solitary plasmocytoma: a case report. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2007;12:E7-9.,1919 Yoon JH, Yook JI, Kim HJ, Cha IH, Yang WI, Kim J. Solitary plasmacytoma of the mandible in a renal transplant recipient. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2003;32:664-6.

Em apenas dois casos (9,5%) houve evolução da lesão de PSO para MM.1616 Pinto LSS, Campagnoli EB, Leon JE, Lopes MA, Jorge J. Maxillary lesion presenting as a first sign of multiple myeloma: case report. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2007;12:E344-7.,3030 Webb HE, Devine KD, Harrison EG, Deline KD. Solitary myeloma of the mandible. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1966;22:1-6. A baixa progressão para MM no dano aos ossos do crânio foi relatada da mesma forma que em outros estudos retrospectivos.2323 Kanazawa H, Shoji A, Yokoe H, Midorikawa S, Takamiya Y, Sato K. Solitary plasmacytoma of the mandible. Case report and review of the literature. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 1993;21:202-6.,2626 Loh HSS. A retrospective evaluation of 23 reported cases of solitary plasmacytoma of the mandible, with an additional case report. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1984;22:216-24.

Frequentemente, o PSO pode ser encontrado como um achado radiográfico e pode representar uma lesão primária ou foco de MM, como relatado anteriormente.4040 Tamir R, Pick AI, Calderon S. Plasmacytoma of the mandible: a primary presentation of multiple myeloma. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1992;50:408-13.,4141 Mendenhall WM, Mendenhall CM, Mendenhall NP. Solitary plasmacytoma of bone and soft tissues. Am J Otolaryngol. 2003;24:395-9. O presente estudo revelou que, em dois relatos de casos, o MM foi diagnosticado a partir da detecção de uma lesão óssea do crânio.1414 An S-Y, An C-H, Choi K-S, Heo M-S. Multiple myeloma presenting as plasmacytoma of the jaws showing prominent bone formation during chemotherapy. Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 2013;42:20110143.,2121 Ho CL, Chen YC, Yiang YT, Kao WY, Chao TY. Mandibular mass as the presenting manifestation of IgM myeloma in a 22-year-old man. Ann Hematol. 1999;78:93-5.

Houve dois relatos de recorrência da lesão e em um caso o evento ocorreu em um mês e em outro após três anos, ambos tratados cirurgicamente.2424 Saito K, Mogi K, Matsuda N. A case of IgG lambda-type solitary plasmacytoma in the maxilla associated with amyloidosis. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1987;45:715-8.,2727 Christensen RE, Sanders B, Mudd B. Local recurrence of solitary plasmacytoma of the mandible. J Oral Surg. 1978;36:311-3. O tempo médio de recorrência da lesão após o tratamento relatado em outros estudos variou de dois a 2,5 anos.4242 Agostini T, Sacco R, Bertolai R, Acocella A, Lazzeri D. Solitary plasmacytoma of the jaw. J Craniofac Surg. 2011;22:e2-10.

O pior prognóstico corresponde à progressão do PSO para MM. Tal evento está diretamente relacionado ao tamanho dos tumores. Evidências científicas sugerem que pacientes que apresentam massas tumorais previamente diagnosticadas como PSO, com tamanho maior do que 4-5 cm, têm maior risco de desenvolver MM.3939 Tsang RW, Gospodarowicz MK, Pintilie M, Bezjak A, Wells W, Hodgson DC, et al. Solitary plasmacytoma treated with radiotherapy: impact of tumor size on outcome. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2001;50:113-20. Além disso, a localização óssea do plasmocitoma em comparação com a entidade extramedular, a idade (pacientes com mais de 60 anos) e a presença de paraproteína no momento do diagnóstico também determinam maiores taxas de progressão para MM.3636 Reed V, Shah J, Medeiros LJ, Ha CS, Mazloom A, Weber DM, et al. Solitary plasmacytomas: outcome and prognostic factors after definitive radiation therapy. Cancer. 2011;117:4468-74.,4343 Guo S-Q, Zhang L, Wang Y-F, Sun B-C, Zhang L-Y, Zhang J, et al. Prognostic factors associated with solitary plasmacytoma. Onco Targets Ther. 2013;6:1659-66.

Considerações finais

O SPO é uma condição rara nos ossos faciais. Acomete pacientes entre a 4ª e 6ª décadas de vida sem predileção por sexo. A lesão surge principalmente na mandíbula, mais precisamente na região posterior. Comumente, apresenta-se como uma lesão radiolucente multilocular. O principal sinal associado ao desenvolvimento do PSO é o aumento indolor de volume. A biópsia e o exame histopatológico são obrigatórios, pois a definição do diagnóstico determina a necessidade de investigação avançada para descartar a possibilidade de MM.

A importância do diagnóstico precoce é justificada pela possibilidade de o plasmocitoma ser uma lesão primária ou metastática do MM. O tratamento de escolha para o PSO é a radioterapia. A associação de intervenção cirúrgica e quimioterapia é garantida para casos específicos. O acompanhamento periódico do paciente é necessário por pelo menos três anos após o diagnóstico, devido à possibilidade de desenvolvimento de MM.

  • Como citar este artigo: Lombardo EM, Maito FL, Heitz C. Solitary plasmacytoma of the jaws: therapeutical considerations and prognosis based on a case reports systematic survey. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol. 2018;84:798-806.
  • A revisão por pares é da responsabilidade da Associação Brasileira de Otorrinolaringologia e Cirurgia Cérvico-Facial.

References

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Datas de Publicação

  • Publicação nesta coleção
    Nov-Dec 2018

Histórico

  • Recebido
    14 Mar 2018
  • Aceito
    1 Maio 2018
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