Auditory Speech Perception Development in Relation to Patient’s Age with Cochlear Implant

Abstract

Introduction

A cochlear implant in adolescent patients with pre-lingual deafness is still a debatable issue.

Objective

The objective of this study is to analyze and compare the development of auditory speech perception in children with pre-lingual auditory impairment submitted to cochlear implant, in different age groups in the first year after implantation.

Method

This is a retrospective study, documentary research, in which we analyzed 78 reports of children with severe bilateral sensorineural hearing loss, unilateral cochlear implant users of both sexes. They were divided into three groups: G1, 22 infants aged less than 42 months; G2, 28 infants aged between 43 to 83 months; and G3, 28 older than 84 months.We collectedmedical record data to characterize the patients, auditory thresholds with cochlear implants, assessment of speech perception, and auditory skills.

Results

There was no statistical difference in the association of the results among groups G1, G2, and G3 with sex, caregiver education level, city of residence, and speech perception level. There was a moderate correlation between age and hearing aid use time, age and cochlear implants use time. There was a strong correlation between age and the age cochlear implants was performed, hearing aid use time and age CI was performed.

Conclusion

There was no statistical difference in the speech perception in relation to the patient’s age when cochlear implant was performed. There were statistically significant differences for the variables of auditory deprivation time between G3 - G1 and G2 - G1 and hearing aid use time between G3 - G2 and G3 - G1.

Keywords:
cochlear implantation; auditory perception; age groups; deafness; rehabilitation

Introduction

Hearing is a pre-requisite for language acquisition and development. Thus, hearing and language are interrelated and interdependent functions. One of the main disorders that may interfere with the development of language and speech is hearing impairment. The American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA) considers that hearing impairments represent 60% of the communication disorders, with congenital hearing loss considered the most frequent and most prevalent among those routinely screened in preventive health programs.¹

Early diagnosis and immediate intervention are essential to ensure the child with hearing loss a better development of auditory, language and cognitive skills, as it is a highly disabling disorder, considering its effects on communication.²

The cochlear implant (CI) is considered the most effective technological resource for the treatment of severe or profound sensorineural pre-lingual hearing impairment currently available.³ This is an intervention whose effects and results for communicative skills in children are obtained over the years.⁴ To introduce the benefits of early implantation, the gap between the age of language development and chronological age should be minimized and auditory information should be introduced during sensitive periods of hearing and language development.⁵

Sensitive periods, also known as critical, are specific periods of brain development, since these steps should coincide with exposure to certain sensory experiences, resulting in rapid acquisition of new skills, which are impossible or very difficult to be acquired in other stages.⁶ Thus, auditory experiences combined with information from other senses optimize the construction of oral language and concept formation.^{7 8 9}

In the sensitive period, the central auditory system can be modified depending on the quantity and quality of captured external stimuli. The richer the stimuli, the greater the level of connections between inner ear and cortex. The child who does not receive proper language stimulation during the first two or three years of life will hardly have his/her hearing and language potential fully developed.¹⁰ Thus, early adaptation to cochlear implant before structural and functional changes in the brain is important to ensure proper development of the auditory system and therefore language.^{11 12}

Assessment and follow-up of these children's language skills are important for several reasons, such as to verify the effectiveness of CI as well as the auditory performance progress.⁷

In recent studies, communicative skills improved for many of the subjects after CI was performed. In adults, after cochlear implant, stimulation allows recognition of sentences with and without visual support. Children, after cochlear implantation, become responsive to instrumental tests, recognize voices and words.¹³ The age at surgery is an important variable to be considered. Studies show that children implanted earlier achieve better performance in auditory perception, incidental language acquisition, and speech intelligibility.^{7 14 15}

Short-term results, measured during the first years of CI use in children with pre-lingual hearing impairment, have been fully described in the literature. In general, the results of these studies demonstrated the unquestionable benefits using CI, whether within receptive or expressive language in the academic learning process or in social and emotional areas.^{4 13 15}

Several factors described in the literature, such as etiology, age at implantation, presence of residual hearing, effective auditory rehabilitation, family participation in the therapeutic process, may potentially contribute to the variability in the performance of children using CI.^{4 16}

There has been an increase in the literature of studies seeking for behavioral and objective procedures for assessing candidates for cochlear implants as well as for monitoring auditory, speech, and language development in children using CI.

Auditory perception tests and cortical auditory evoked potentials have proven to be promising for both the candidate's development prognosis to CI and follow-up stage.

Cortical auditory evoked potentials are considered biomarkers of central auditory patterns maturation and are able to infer about neurophysiologic changes after intervention, as well as infer about the development of auditory skills.^{7 17} The P1 component latency of cortical auditory potentials was established as a biomarker to assess the central auditory system maturation in children. Latency changes in P1, due to increasing age, reflect the maturation of central auditory pathways occurring (at least partly) in response to auditory stimulation.^{7 12}

In general, a child with a hearing impairment who receives stimuli through a cochlear implant within the first 3.5 years of life will have P1 latency values ​​within the normal range in the first 6–8 months after implant activation; it was also shown that children who have had early access to sounds have better scores on speech recognition in an open setting in comparison to those who have had auditory deprivation for longer periods.⁷

Cochlear implants in adolescent patients with pre-lingual deafness is still a debatable issue, and there is no consensus or scientific evidence of the eligibility criteria to ensure better results in this age group.¹⁸

Therefore, this study aimed to analyze and compare the development of auditory speech perception in children with pre-lingual hearing impairment submitted to CI, in different age groups in the first year after implant.

Method

This research was approved by the Ethics Committee of the involved institution, registered under number 6331/2007.

It was a retrospective, documentary research conducted through the analysis of medical records, with data collected from the Medical Archival Service of the institution.

The study analyzed 78 records of children with profound bilateral sensorineural hearing loss, unilateral cochlear implant users of both sexes. For the participants' selection, we used the following inclusion criteria: children using unilateral cochlear implant, aged 12–84 months; CI use for at least 12 months; children without any kind of psychological and neurological impairment, assessed by a specialist.

We divided the subjects into three groups: G1, composed of 22 implanted children aged less than 42 months; G2, 28 implanted children aged 43 months to 83 months; and G3, 28 implanted children older than 84 months.

Data Collection

The Hearing Health Program which performed CI in the research participants is part of a teaching hospital with previously established protocols and procedures, and their staff trained for proper record, thus turning it into a large database for research.

Initially, we collected data from medical records of patients to perform their characterization, with information such as gender, date of birth, city/state of origin, hearing deprivation time, hearing aid use time (HAUT) before CI, age at cochlear implant, date of surgery, and caregiver and child education level. The data collected relating to hearing assessments performed at every visit to the Cochlear Implant Program included: a) the hearing thresholds with CI for frequencies between 250 and 6kHz, acquired in open field, with the speakers at 45 azimuth, 80 cm distant from the implanted ear; b) speaking skills through the analysis of the questionnaire Meaningful Use of Speech Scale (MUSS)^{19 20}; c) auditory skills, considering: the responses recorded in the patient record for the questionnaire Infant-Toddler Meaningful Auditory Integration Scale (IT-MAIS),^{21 22} and the speech perception assessment, performed according to the applied test and adapted to the age of the subject, considering children aged up to 5 years and 11 months: Phonemes and Words Recognition Index²³ and/or Assessment Test for Minimum Hearing Capacity - TACAM²⁴; and the children aged from six years, the Words Recognition Index: Disyllables List,²⁵ and/or Assessment of Auditory Behavior through four Glendonald Auditory Screening Procedure (GASP) tests: detection of Ling sounds, discrimination of vowel length, word recognition, and comprehension of simple sentences.²⁶

Due to the variety of tests used to assess speech perception and because of the age variability of the sample, there was a need to establish categories herein named Speech Perception Level (SPL), classified according to the development level of the auditory speech perception of the child. The established category ranged from 0 (lowest level of speech perception) to 8 (highest level of speech perception).

Thus, Table 1 describes the criteria for categorizing the level of auditory speech perception of the participating children. As criteria, we established that the value of auditory speech perception level increases as does the complexity of auditory skills.

Table 1
Criteria established in this study to categorize auditory speech perception level

Skill	Result in percentage between	Category
Detection	0–50%	1
	51% - 100%	2
Discrimination	0–50%	3
	51% - 100%	4
Recognition	0–50%	5
	51% - 100%	6
Comprehension	0–50%	7
	51% - 100%	8

Statistical Analysis

After the description of data, we used a chi-square test to verify the association of the subject's speech perception level (SPL) results with the school level of caregivers and genders. To verify the SPL relationship with age at CI, auditory thresholds mean, auditory deprivation time, and cochlear implant use time, we used Spearman's correlation. For the interpretation of Spearman's correlation coefficient, we considered the following values: 0–0.2 = very weak correlation; 0.2–0.5 = weak correlation; 0.5- 0.7 = moderate correlation; 0.7–0.9 = strong correlation; and 0.9–1 = excellent correlation.

We also used Analysis of Variance - ANOVA²⁷ to compare information between groups and Tukey post test to highlight the differences among the groups. All results were obtained using software SAS 9.2. And the graphics were built with the R program, version 3.0.²⁸

Results

Of the 78 patients participating in the study, 56.41% were female and 43.59% male. Table 2 shows the mean and standard deviation of variables: hearing deprivation time, hearing aid use time, participant's age at CI surgery, CI use time, and auditory thresholds with CI per group.

Table 2
Mean and standard deviation of the studied values: auditory deprivation time, hearing aid use time, cochlear implant use time, and hearing threshold with cochlear implant, per group

Group	ADT(years)		HAUT (years)		Age with CI (years)		CIUT(years)		AT com CI(dBHL)
	Mean	sd	Mean	sd	Mean	sd	Mean	sd	Mean	sd
G1	1.8	0.8	1	0.7	2.8	0.7	4.1	1.7	40.7	21.4
G2	2.8	1.4	2.1	1.5	5.2	1.7	4	1.7	36.2	12.4
G3	3	1.7	6	3.1	8.8	1.7	4.4	1.3	34.2	12

• Abbreviations: ADT, Auditory Deprivation Time; AT with CI, Auditory Threshold with Cochlear Implant; CI, Cochlear Implant; CIUT, cochlear implant use time; dBHL, decibel Hearing Level; HAUT, hearing aid use time; sd, standard deviation.

The school level of the subjects ranged from preschool to regular high school, with 88.15% of the participants attending regular school and 11.85% attending a special school. Of the 78 participants, 16.95% attended the first year of regular elementary school during the data collection period.

As for caregiver education level, 3.33% had incomplete elementary education, 10% complete elementary education, 6.67% incomplete high school, 56.67% completed high school, 3.33% incomplete higher education, and 20% completed higher education.

As for the analysis of SPL in relation to the groups, Table 3 shows the number of patients and percentage, according to the Group and SPL category. It is worth noting, in this table, that the total sample was 67 patients, 15 patients in G1, 26 in G2, and 26 in G3. These numbers differ from the original sample number (n= 78), because the data for this analysis (SPL) was not found in the medical record of 11 patients (seven belonging to G1, two belonging to G2, and two belonging to G3).

Table 3
Results description of auditory speech perception level among studied groups

Category of auditory speech perception level	Groups
	G1	G2	G3	Total
1	–	22.99%	11.49%	34.48%
2	22.99%	57.46%	45.97%	1116.42%
3	–	11.49%	45.97%	57.46%
4	11.49%	11.49%	57.46%	710.44%
5	34.48%	22.99%	22.99%	710.46%
6	11.49%	11.49%	34.48%	57.46%
7	22.99%	1014.92%	34.48%	1522.39%
8	68.95%	45.97%	45.97%	1420.89%
Total	1522.39%	2638.80%	2638.81%	67100%

• Abbreviations: G1, Group 1; G2, Group 2; G3, Group 3.

There was no evidence of statistical difference using the chi-square test when we performed the association of the results among groups G1, G2, and G3 with sex (p= 0.7465), caregiver education level (p= 0.5210), city of residence (p= 0.3207) and SPL (p= 0.1148). There was also no significant difference when combining SPL with sex (p= 0.839) and SPL with the city of origin and where speech therapy (p= 0763) was held, using the chi-square test.

In our search for SPL correlation with the proposed variables, we observed Spearman's correlation coefficients for the proposed variables, with moderate correlation between age and hearing aid use time, age and CI use; strong correlation between age and age when CI was performed, hearing aid use time and age when CI was performed (Table 4).

Table 4
Spearman's correlation coefficient data among auditory speech perception level, age, auditory deprivation time, hearing aid use time, cochlear implant use time, and participant age when CI was performed

Variable	ASPL	AGE	ADT	HAUT	CIUT	PAWCIWP
NPF	1.00000	0.08725	0.23638	0.17956	0.13411	0.22101
IDADE	0.08725	1.00000	0.20153	0.64851	0.57433	0.77880
TPA	0.23638	0.20153	1.00000	0.02710	0.04187	0.23814
TUSOAASI	0.17956	0.64851	0.02710	1.00000	0.06551	0.75922
TUSOIC	0.13411	0.57433	0.04187	0.06551	1.00000	0.13565
IDADEAOIC	0.22101	0.77880	0.23814	0.75922	0.13565	1.00000

• Abbreviations: ADT, auditory deprivation time; ASPL, auditory speech perception level; PAWCIWP, participant age when CI was performed; TCIU, time of cochlear implant use; THAU, time of hearing aid use.

Other variables, such as age, hearing deprivation time, and speech perception level showed weak or very weak correlations, as seen in Table 4.

When comparing the variables hearing deprivation time, hearing aid use time in relation to the groups through ANOVA statistical analysis, there was evidence of statistical difference, specified by Tukey post test. Thus, for the hearing deprivation time variable, there was evidence of a statistical difference between G3 - G1 and G2 - G1 (p= 0.005) and for the variable hearing aids use time between G3 - G2 and G3 - G1 (p< 0.0001). The profile of each group regarding the variables in the study are shown in Figs. 1 and 2.

Fig. 1
Profile of each group regarding auditory deprivation time.

Fig. 2
Profile of each group regarding hearing aid use time.

As for the variables, CI use time (p= 0.538) and auditory thresholds mean with CI (p= 0.328), was found no evidence of statistically significant difference, through ANOVA.

Discussion

Studies have shown that education level of the caregiver is a determining factor in the child's mental development and is directly related to the variety of stimulation and interaction with them.^{29 30 31} As for education level of the caregiver in this study, 56.67% of the subjects had completed high school, followed by those with higher education (20%). Yehudai et al³² state that the socio-demographic parameter, highlighting parental education, a variable that the health system cannot control, significantly influences the results after implantation, since accessibility to speech sounds, achieved after CI activation, must be integrated with the possibilities of stimulation available in the environment throughout the process (re)habilitation. Thus, the education level of the caregiver may limit the chances of the implanted child achieving the expected performance, even when identified and implanted at an early age. In this study, however, when we performed the SPL correlation with parental education, there was no evidence of statistical difference.

The education level of the children in the study could not be properly analyzed because most of them (88.15%) attended regular education in public schools, which in many Brazilian states and towns follows the Continued Progression system. In this system, the student does not flunk from one year to the next, but at the end of cycles, in case the student does not achieve sufficient learning. Thus, it is impossible to establish whether the subject's level of education matches that of his/her age group.

The direct influence of the familýs socio-cultural level is noteworthy, specifically the caregiver's level, for hearing children's process of acquisition and development, which should be the same for children with hearing impairment. However, when data was collected from the 78 medical records, we could observe that the “evolution” of children in the intervention process depends on several inter and intra related factors. Some of them with a greater predominance of influences, such as the critical period (neural plasticity), early intervention, and systematic and effective rehabilitation process, ensured by an engaged and skilled professional.

The literature states that the earlier the implant, the better the auditory and language development of the child.⁷

In a comparative analysis of the data in Table 2, we found that the more delayed the intervention (represented by hearing deprivation time), the later the realization of the cochlear implant surgery (represented by the age at implant). The hearing impaired child should remain the minimum possible deprived of sounds. The hearing deprivation time is one of the factors that interfere the most with the development of spoken language and can even be the main cause, taking into account the particularities of each case.³³

The hearing thresholds mean with CI for G1 was 40.7 dB HL, considered high for individuals who use CI. However, in analyzing individuals separately, we noted that the thresholds recorded for subjects #1, #11, and #22 significantly influenced the thresholds mean of the whole group. The high auditory thresholds found in these subjects may be justified by adjustments to the program (mapping) at the time of data collection. Some implanted children take longer to reach the desired auditory thresholds with CI, and this group was characterized by lower age, another variable, considering the difficulty of auditory behavioral assessment process.

Seeking to record the progress, benefits, and importance of age in the cochlear implant performance, Baumgartner et al³⁴ performed the assessment of auditory speech perception in children implanted before and after the age of three years in a homogeneous group. All children showed improvement over time in their speech recognition skills, and children implanted before three years achieved high levels of performance. In the study, the subjects underwent intensive audiological rehabilitation programs, individually tailored after receiving cochlear implants, a reality which is not always possible in public intervention programs because of financial issues and/or family commitment, directly influencing on the positive results of the development of speech perception.

Svirsky, Teoh, and Neuburger³⁵ developed a study in which they compared the development of language and the results of speech perception with age at cochlear implant, considering implant at the second, third, or fourth year of life. They found that children implanted between one and two years old obtained language assessment scores which were very close to the mean values ​​of children with normal hearing. The results indicate that the average advantage of implanted children between 12 and 24 months of age was 5.7 months, in comparison with implanted children between 25 to 36 months. The group implanted earlier had an advantage over the other two groups, which indicates a decline in the language skills acquisition in relation to age at implantation, confirming the existence of a “sensitive period” for language development.

May-Mederake³⁶ conducted a study that revealed that children implanted before two years old perform as well as or even better than their normative peers considering the development of speech and grammar. Furthermore, the effect of age on grammar and language development in children was significant in younger implanted children (<12 months), who achieved higher scores than children implanted after 12 months. The fact that specific tests have been applied in this population can justify the fact that the findings are not in line with the ones of this study. The established methodological differences between investigations may be a key to the findings, whether they agree or do not with the literature.

As for patient's age at the moment of speech perception assessment, studies have shown that older subjects and with greater hearing deprivation time present poorer performance in comparison to those subjects with opposite characteristics,¹⁴ which may be related to auditory sensory deprivation time, since the literature indicates that this aspect really influences the performance of pre-lingual implanted.

In addition, studies show that there is some variability in the results obtained after a period over seven years using CI,⁴ which can be explained by the longer sensory deprivation time and the use of less technologically advanced devices found in the first generation of implanted children, which can contribute decisively to the existence of this variability.

A study by Souza et al¹⁸ with adolescents aged 10 to 17 years and 11 month patients with pre-lingual hearing impairment revealed that speech perception improved substantially two years after using CI, achieving high levels of vowels and sentences recognition in open and closed settings.

There was no evidence of statistical difference when SPL results were associated with gender and caregiver education level.

In searching for SPL correlation with the proposed variables, Table 4 shows Spearman's correlation coefficients for the proposed variables. It is possible to observe a moderate correlation between age and hearing aid use time, and age and CI use time. Moreover, there is strong correlation between age and age CI was performed, hearing aid use time and age CI was performed.

Contrary to this research, other studies^{37 38 39} in which SPL did not correlate with age concluded that the factors affecting the performance of cochlear implant users in speech perception tests are the earlier activation of CI and the use of hearing aids in the contralateral ear.

Interestingly, however, studies conducted by Geers,⁴⁰ Nicholas, and Sedey³⁷ and assessing the language skills of 8 and 9 year-olds revealed that the implant in 2 or 3 year-olds did not provide significantly greater benefits to the language skill level compared with children implanted at 4 or 5 years old.

Parameters for comparison are needed to verify whether the results of CI in relation to language and hearing development are below expected, that is, one must know the hearing and language profile of the implanted children in their different levels of development,⁴¹ through clinical examination and detailed records.

It is important to establish time benchmarks for the subject's behavioral changes facing intervention, either through the investigation of auditory thresholds, responses to speech perception tests, and results of applied inventories as they generate contributions both to the scientific community and to the protocol to be adopted by the service.

For the group implanted up to three years and six months (G1) the hearing deprivation time is directly related to the low age, and changes in auditory health policy afforded by public health policies, especially by the organization of health care networks that prioritize organization and implementation of State Networks for Hearing Health, promoting early diagnosis and intervention. Follow-up with speech therapists in the city of origin has become increasingly effective, demonstrated by the patients' good hearing and language development. This reinforces the importance of the care network and, especially, the interaction of CI program staff with rehabilitative speech therapists from the participant's city of origin. In addition, the performance of universal screening was established as ideal, and is recommended by all professionals in the area.⁴²

Efforts have been made by government agencies and professionals toward diagnosing as early as possible. The challenge is the intervention process, with regards to fast access to technological resources applied to deafness (hearing aids, frequency modulated systems, CI, and others) available when needed and especially to specialized services aimed at re(habilitation) with qualified and committed professionals.

Conclusion

There was no evidence of statistical difference in relation to speech perception development with the patient's age when cochlear implant was performed. There was evidence of statistical difference for the variables, hearing deprivation time among G3 - G1 and G2 - G1, and hearing aids use time for G3 - G2 and G3 - G1.

We observed moderate correlation between age and hearing aids use time, age and CI use time, and a strong correlation between age and age CI was performed, hearing aid use time and age CI was performed.

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  Jul-Sep 2017

History

• Received
  24 Feb 2016
• Accepted
  21 Apr 2016