Air and Bone Conduction Frequency-specific Auditory Brainstem Response in Children with Agenesis of the External Auditory Canal

Abstract

Introduction

The tone-evoked auditory brainstem responses (tone-ABR) enable the differential diagnosis in the evaluation of children until 12 months of age, including those with external and/or middle ear malformations. The use of auditory stimuli with frequency specificity by air and bone conduction allows characterization of hearing profile.

Objective

The objective of our study was to compare the results obtained in tone-ABR by air and bone conduction in children until 12 months, with agenesis of the external auditory canal.

Method

The study was cross-sectional, observational, individual, and contemporary. We conducted the research with tone-ABR by air and bone conduction in the frequencies of 500 Hz and 2000 Hz in 32 children, 23 boys, from one to 12 months old, with agenesis of the external auditory canal.

Results

The tone-ABR thresholds were significantly elevated for air conduction in the frequencies of 500 Hz and 2000 Hz, while the thresholds of bone conduction had normal values in both ears. We found no statistically significant difference between genders and ears for most of the comparisons.

Conclusion

The thresholds obtained by bone conduction did not alter the thresholds in children with conductive hearing loss. However, the conductive hearing loss alter all thresholds by air conduction. The tone-ABR by bone conduction is an important tool for assessing cochlear integrity in children with agenesis of the external auditory canal under 12 months.

Keywords:
evoked potentials; auditory; hearing loss; conductive; bone conduction; congenital abnormalities; ear; external

Introduction

The early identification of hearing loss is essential for the appropriate language and cognitive development of children. The audiological diagnosis must be done by the critical language acquisition period to achieve the maximum neural plasticity. The advances of technological have allowed an objective assessment of hearing, which is essential for children who are not able to respond the audiological behavioral assessment.

The tone-evoked auditory brainstem response (tone-ABR) is considered the gold standard to determine electrophysiological thresholds in children younger than 24 moths. ^{1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13} The tone-ABR can be performed by air and bone conduction, in the frequencies of 500 to 4000Hz, which allows the comparison of the electrophysiological thresholds and the hearing loss classification. ^{5 8 10 11 13} There is an air-bone gap in conductive hearing loss, which are greater or equal than 15dB (decibel). This gap is not observed in sensorioneural hearing loss. ^{2 3 8 14}

The tone-ABR assessment by bone conduction is essential for diagnosis in young children with external or middle ear malformations. The electrophysiological thresholds by air and bone conduction allow the characterization of the audiological profile, ^{2 4 9 12 15 16 17 18} which have a good correlation with the behavioral audiological assessment. ⁷

Some researches with tone-ABR in children with ear malformation ^{4 13 16 19 20} demonstrated the higher thresholds by air assessment than bone conduction, which characterizes the conductive hearing loss, commonly associated with the ear malformations.

The agenesis of the external auditory canal is an important ear malformation characterized by absence of external auditory canal, which may affect the right and/or the left ear. ^{18 21 22 23} Changes in the middle ear, as the absence of the tympanic membrane, can also be associated with agenesis of the external auditory canal. This can be explained by the same embryological origin of the structures.

Despite the importance of the early audiological assessment by the tone-ABR bone conduction in children under 12 months with agenesis of the external auditory canal, we have not found current articles on this topic. This can be explained by the low prevalence of this ear malformation, ²⁴ that is, 1 in 10.000 to 20.000 live births. ²⁵ Furthermore, in many cases, the audiological assessment by tone-ABR by bone conduction is not a routine in the audiological diagnosis and this can compromise the correct audiological profile.

Thus, the purpose of this research was to analyze the electrophysiological thresholds by tone-ABR by air and bone conduction in children under 12 months of age with agenesis of the external auditory canal.

Methods

This research is an observational, cross-sectional, individual, and contemporary study with children from a hospital. The sample consisted of non-probabilistic and convenience. The Scientific Committee and Research Ethics Committee evaluated and approved the project (protocol n° 2011039.). Still emphasizing the completeness of Resolution 466/12 which deals with human research, only the children whose parents or guardians signed the Informed Consent participated of this study.

The research included 32 term children, aged between one and 12 months, of both genders, who had right and/or left agenesis of the external auditory canal. The diagnosis of malformation was performed by a medical evaluation, where children are accompanied.

All children have the hearing assessment by the tone-ABR by air and bone conduction. For the children with unilateral agenesis of the external auditory canal, the electrophysiological thresholds were obtained for both ears. However, for this research we considered only in the thresholds by the ear with malformation.

All children remained in natural sleep and were positioned comfortably in the mother's lap or caregiver in a reclining chair.

The tone-ABR was conducted with the equipment Smart EP, with two channels, Intelligent Hearing Systems (IHS) brand. The thresholds were obtained by air and bone conduction, sequentially, through supra-aural TDH-39 and bone vibrator B-71 Radio EAR in the upper posterior auricular position. The bone vibrator was fixed with a self-adherent elastic wrap. ² We placed the reference electrodes on the right (M2) and left (M1) mastoid, and the active (Fz) and ground (Fpz) on the forehead. We cleaned the skin with gauze and Nuprep, to reduce electrical impedance between the skin and the electrode. We maintained impedance at or below 3 Kohms.

We obtained the electrophysiological thresholds for the frequencies of 500 and 2000Hz. The results were considered normal when the electrophysiological thresholds were less or equal to 30 and 35dBNa by air and less or equal to 20 and 30dBNA by bone conduction, for 500 and 2000Hz, respectively. ⁷ The frequency of 2000Hz was the first to be tested. The electrophysiological thresholds were identified by the wave V in both transducers. The initial intensity was 80dBnNA for air and 50 dBnHL for bone conduction, being decreased from 10 to 10 dB until the wave V was not detected. From this, the intensity was increased from 10 to 10 dB to determine in which intensity the wave V was detected. The contralateral air masking was used with intensity by 40dB ⁴ for the children with unilateral agenesis of external auditory canal. We reapplied electrophysiological threshold by air and bone conduction in all intensities to check the reproducibility of wave V. We used a minimum of 2,000 sweeps to obtain each electrophysiological threshold. The protocol used in this research is described in Table 1.

Table 1
Tone-ABR parameters by air and bone conduction for 500 and 2000Hz

	Tone-ABR by air conduction	Tone-ABR by bone conduction
Transducer	Supra-aural TDH-39	Bone vibrator B-71 Radio EAR
Stimulus	Tone burst (500 and 2000Hz)	Tone burst (500 and 2000Hz)
Polarity	Alternating	Alternating
Sweeps	2000 to 4000	2000 to 4000
Rate	37.1/s (sweeps per second)	37.1/s
Filters	100–3000Hz	100–3000Hz
Analysis time window	25ms	25ms
Envelope	Blackman	Blackman
Signal amplification	100.000	100.000
Masking	not applicable	Contralateral; Intensity: 40dB
Impedance	Less than 5Kohms	Less than 5Kohms

We created the database on the Excel program and analyzed the data with SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) version 20.0. We describe continuous variables as median, standard deviation, minimum, and maximum and present the categorical variables by absolute and relative frequencies. We used the Wilcoxon test to compare the electrophysiological thresholds between air and bone conduction and between frequencies. We used the Mann-Whitney test to compare genders. The level of statistical significance was 5% (p ≤ 0.05) for all statistical tests.

Results

For this research 32 children with agenesis of the external auditory canal were evaluated by tone-ABR, 23 males (71.8%) and 9 females (28.1%), aged between one and 12 months ( Table 2).

Table 2
Descriptive statistic of the children with agenesis of the auditory canal

	n = 32 (%)
Age (months) – Median (min – max)	6 (1–12)
Gender – n (%)
Male	23 (71.87)
Female	9 (28.13)
Affected ear – n (%)
Right	17 (53.12)
Left	10 (31.25)
Both	5 (15.62)

• Abbreviations: min, minimum value; max, maximum value.

The electrophysiological thresholds by air conduction were statistically significant higher than bone conduction in both ears and in both tested frequencies ( Table 3).

Table 3
Comparison between tone-ABR thresholds by air and bone conduction

Frequency	Ear	Bone md (min – max)(dBHL)	Air md (min – max)(dBHL)	p*
500 Hz	Right	25 (20–30)	55 (40–70)	0.001*
	Left	20 (20–30)	50 (40–70)	0.001*
		p= 0.655*	p= 0.038*
2000 Hz	Right	25 (20–30)	50 (30–70)	0.001*
	Left	20 (20–25)	45 (30–70)	0.001*
		p= 1.00*	p= 0.655*

• Abbreviations: dBHL, decibel hearing level; md, median; min, minimum value; max, maximum value.
• *Wilcoxon Test.

There was no statistically significant difference between the ears and gender for the two tested frequencies in the comparison between air and bone conduction for most of the comparisons ( Tables 3, 4, and 5).

Table 4
Comparison between frequencies of tone-ABR thresholds by air and bone conduction

	Ear	500 Hz md (min – max)(dBHL)	2000 Hz md (min – max)(dBHL)	p*
Air	Right	55 (40–70)	50 (30–70)	0.002*
	Left	50 (40–70)	45 (30–70)	0.004*
		p= 0.038*	p= 0.655*
Bone	Right	25 (20–30)	25 (20–30)	0.785*
	Left	20 (20–30)	20 (20–25)	0.059*
		p= 0.655*	p= 1.00*

• Abbreviation: dBHL, decibel hearing level; md, median; min, minimum value; max, maximum value.
• *Wilcoxon Test.

Table 5
Comparison between genders

	Ear	Frequencies	Male md(min – max)(dBHL)	Female md (min – max) (dBHL)	p*
Air	Right	500 Hz	60 (45–70)	42.5 (40–50)	0.004*
		2000 Hz	50 (45–50)	40 (40–40)	0.004*
	Left	500 Hz	57.5 (40–70)	50 (40–50)	0.129*
		2000 Hz	50 (30–70)	40 (30–50)	0.254*
Bone	Right	500 Hz	25 (20–30)	20 (20–30)	0.275*
		2000 Hz	25 (20–30)	25 (20–25)	0.897*
	Left	500 Hz	22.5 (20–30)	20 (20–30)	0.440*
		2000 Hz	20 (20–25)	20 (20–20)	0.371*

• Abbreviations: dBHL, decibel hearing level; md, median; min, minimum value; max, maximum value.
• * Mann-Whitney Test.

Discussion

The electrophysiological hearing assessment in children under 12 months of age allows the precise identification of hearing loss. ^{9 11 13 16 17 18 26 27} Research by bone conduction is essential in children with ear malformations.

The craniofacial malformations are associated with changes in the fetal development of the pharyngeal arches, the development of which depends on complex interactions between the ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm, along with the neural crest that populates each arch. ²⁸ In this research, agenesis of the external auditory canal had higher prevalence in boys (71.8%), in agreement with other authors. ²⁷ In addition, there was a higher occurrence of unilateral agenesis (84.3%) than bilateral. These findings are similar to other studies in children with ear malformations. ^{21 22 24 25 27 28 29} On the other hand, some researchers ²³ did not report predominance of unilateral malformation.

In this study, we found that the agenesis of the external auditory canal had a greater involvement on the right ear (53.12%), followed by left ear (31.25%), and bilateral (15.62%) ear malformation. Our results agree with other studies. ^{21 22 24}

For the comparison of air and bone conduction of tone-ABR, this study showed higher air electrophysiological thresholds to 500 and 2000Hz than the bone electrophysiological thresholds to the same frequencies. These findings corroborate with other studies. ^{14 30 31 32} In addition, the bone thresholds remained within the mean for the normal criteria, confirming the conductive hearing loss in children with agenesis of the external auditory canal. These results are important for the children to benefit from appropriate treatment, reducing the damage caused by hearing loss. ^{10 25 33} Thus, the audiological assessment with tone-ABR by bone conduction in children under 12 months is essential to the early identification of conductive hearing loss to achieve the maximum neural plasticity with the correct treatment.

In this study, there was no statistically significant difference between most comparisons of tone-ABR in the ears with agenesis of the external auditory canal both by air and by bone conduction research. These findings corroborate with the results reported by other studies, ^{5 21 34 35} but we found no studies with comparisons between ears in children with agenesis of the external auditory canal. In this research the frequency of 500Hz in the right ear by air conduction had higher thresholds than the left ear. This results disagrees with other researches with hearing electrophysiology. ^{5 21 34 35} However, the results from this study can be justified by the number of ears with agenesis of the external auditory canal which is greater on the right ear and may have influenced the ranking of data analyzed by the Wilcoxon test. Analyzing the literature, it is clear that, despite the comparison between ears be important, many studies assess the bone electrophysiological thresholds only in one ear, limiting the comparison of the results from this study. In this study, we assert that the comparison between ears can contribute to future research comparing the degree of hearing loss between ears in children with agenesis of the external auditory canal.

In this study, there was no statistically significant difference between genders for the tone-ABR by bone conduction, agreeing with others studies. ^{5 8 21} In contrast, our results disagree with a study, ³⁴ which found higher tone-ABR thresholds in the female than male gender. In the present study, boys had higher thresholds by air in the right ear than girls. ⁵ The high incidence of the agenesis of the external auditory canal in males compared with females may have influenced this result.

The results from this study showed values of the electrophysiological thresholds by air tone-ABR of 500Hz higher than 2000 Hz. This finding agree with others research, ^{5 32 35} in which the authors reported that the frequency of 500Hz had a higher threshold when compared with higher frequencies. This fact can be explained by the difficulty of the identification of wave V in lower frequencies, mainly in lower intensities. On the other hand, the audiometric configuration in conductive hearing loss show worse results in lower frequencies, which is compatible with this type of hearing loss.

Overall, the results of this study are in agreement with other studies with tone-ABR bone conduction. ^{1 7 27 30 31} However, there is a large number of studies that use tone-ABR by air only in the national literature. The lack of precision of the protocols used in the tone-ABR by bone conduction can hinder the classification of the normal criteria and, consequently, the use of this type of assessment. ^{10 19 30} In this research, we only evaluated the thresholds of the 500 and 2000Hz due to the protocols in the scientific literature ^{1 5 7 8} found prior the data collection period. However, most recent research ¹⁰ proposed the normality criteria for the frequencies of 500, 1000, 2000, and 4000Hz in neonates, which can facilitate the classification of normal or hearing loss for this age group.

This research found normal electrophysiological thresholds obtained by tone-ABR bone conduction in contrast with abnormal results by air tone-ABR assessment. These results showed the conductive hearing loss in all tested children. The assessment with tone-ABR bone conduction is an important tool to assess the cochlear integrity in children under 12 months of age with agenesis of the auditory canal, allowing the identification of the type and the degree of hearing loss for early intervention.

Conclusion

The results of tone-ABR in children with agenesis of the auditory canal showed higher thresholds by air than bone conduction. The electrophysiological thresholds of tone-ABR by bone conduction were normal for both tested frequencies. In addition, the variables gender and ear did not influence in the most electrophysiological responses.

The tone-ABR by air and bone conduction in children with agenesis of the external auditory canal is an important tool to the correct audiological diagnosis, assisting in appropriate early intervention.

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  Oct-Dec 2017

History

• Received
  22 June 2016
• Accepted
  21 Dec 2016