The Impact of Deep Brain Stimulation on the Quality of Life and Swallowing in Individuals with Parkinson’s Disease

Abstract

Introduction

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an established treatment for Parkinson’s disease (PD). However, there is little evidence regarding the effect of DBS on dysphagia.

Objective

To assess the swallowing and quality of life of individuals with PD before and after DBS surgery.

Methods

Our sample consisted of people who had undergone DBS surgery in a referral hospital in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The inclusion criteria were a diagnosis of PD and having undergone DBS surgery. A cognitive screening, through a questionnaire about depression and quality of life, was conducted. Evaluations of each patient’s swallowing were performed before and after surgery. The assessment consisted of anamnesis, clinical assessment, the Functional Oral Intake Scale, clinical evaluation of swallowing, and the Hoehn and Yahr scale.

Results

The sample included 10 individuals, all male, with a mean age of 57.3 years (±4.7), a mean disease duration of 13.0 years (±2.4), and mean level education of 8.1 years (±4.0). In the clinical evaluation of the swallowing, a significant improvement after DBS was not observed. However, little changes in the signs and symptoms of dysphagia that had a positive impact on the quality of life were observed. Furthermore, there was no relation between the patients’ motor subtype and swallowing pre- and post-DBS.

Conclusion

There was an improvement in the quality of life of the patients after DBS. However, the improvement in the clinical signs and symptoms of dysphagia did not cause an overall improvement in the swallowing function.

Keywords:
neurology; speech therapy; swallowing; parkinson’s disease; deep brain stimulation

Introduction

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) is an established treatment for Parkinson's disease (PD). The beneficial effects of DBS in reducing motor symptoms in individuals with PD are robust, and have been reported in the literature.^{1 2 3} However, there is little evidence regarding the effect of DBS on the non-motor symptoms of PD, such as dysphagia.^{1 4 5 6}

According to the literature, dysphagia may occur independently of the phase of PD, and have a prevalence of 31% to 100% of patients with PD.⁷ Among the clinical signs of dysphagia observed in patients with PD are: increased oral transit time; difficulty in forming the bolus; residue in the oral cavity; weak ejection of the bolus; multiple swallows; posterior escape of the bolus, reflecting decreased swallowing; change in the closing of the vocal folds; reduction in pharyngeal and esophageal motility; food stasis in the pharynx; laryngeal penetration and aspiration; dysfunction of the esophageal sphincter; and gastro-esophageal reflux.^{8 9 10 11}

Some complications that may be caused by dysphagia are: malnutrition; dehydration; and aspiration pneumonia. Pneumonia is the most common cause of death in patients with PD.¹²

Various screening tests, including clinical evaluations of pulse oximetry, have been used to detect silent aspiration. These tests have sensitivities of 27 to 100%, and specificities of 39 to 97%. Thus, the clinical evaluation of dysphagia is important.¹³

Existing studies on DBS claim that the surgery does not negatively affect swallowing, but there is still no evidence that it is an effective form of treatment for dysphagia in patients with PD.^{1 14 15 16} In the studies by Ciucci et al¹⁴ and Lengerer et al,¹⁵ no significant change in the swallowing evaluation after the completion of DBS was observed. Corroborating these findings, Kulneff¹ also did not observe clinical changes in swallowing, but found an improved self-evaluation of swallowing after DBS. However, the Silbergleit study¹⁶ reported improvements in oral motor control of the oropharynx regarding solid food consistency. It thus appears that the evidence for the effects of DBS on dysphagia is still inconclusive and conflicted. The objective of this study is to compare the swallowing and quality of life of individuals with PD before DBS surgery to their swallowing after DBS surgery.

Material and Methods

We performed a longitudinal descriptive study. Our sample consisted of people who had undergone bilateral DBS of the subthalamic nucleus between January 2014 and March 2015 in a referral hospital in the city of Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. All individuals who had undergone surgery during this period participated in the research. The inclusion criteria were a diagnosis of PD according to the United Kingdom Parkinson's Disease Society Brain Bank criteria for idiopathic PD¹⁷ and having undergone DBS surgery. All participants were informed of the purpose of the research, and signed an informed consent form. The study was approved by the research ethics committee of the hospital.

Procedures

The following procedures were performed before (a maximum of thirty days) and after (between six months to one year) the surgery: anamnesis, clinical evaluation, evaluation using the the Functional Oral Intake Scale (FOIS), staging of PD using the Modified Hoehn and Yahr (H&Y) scale, and classification of the motor subtype of the patient as either hard/akinetic or trembling based on a records review. The motor subtype assessments were performed by a neurologist who is an expert in movement disorders. The anamnesis was used to gather information regarding age, gender, education, and duration of the disease.

These procedures were performed in two stages (pre- and post-surgically), and were designed to not only observe a single moment of swallowing during an objective examination, but also to assess functionally how the patients ate a full meal by checking for the clinical signs of dysphagia described below.

The clinical evaluation of swallowing was performed by a certified speech therapist, previously trained to apply the protocols. All the assessments were conducted by the same professional. This assessment had the purpose of checking for signs and symptoms of oropharyngeal dysphagia. We used solid food consistency (half portion of bread) and liquid (100 mL of water) evaluated by free demand using cervical auscultation and an oximeter. The signs and symptoms were analyzed based on the literature on this field.^{18 19} We assessed the presence or absence of coughing, gagging, tongue projection, side head projection, head projection, noise, food residue, periorbicular contraction, and lip interposition.^{14 16 20}

At the end of the clinical evaluation, the intake of food was scored according to the FOIS. This scale scores the level of oral food intake of the patients at particular levels, from 0 (restricted to alternative food pathway) to 7 (total oral intake without restrictions), with the aim of monitoring the patients' evolution during the therapeutic process. The valid and reliable instrument has a coefficient of inter-rater reliability that ranges from 0.98 to 0.99, with Kappa coefficient average values between 0.86 and 0.91, with appropriate consensual validity (Kendall 0,90 agreement) and criterion validity (based on The Mann Assessment of Swallowing Ability).²¹ A translated and validated version for Brazilian Portuguese was used.²² At the end of the evaluation, the swallowing of the individual was classified as:

• – Normal: normal for both consistencies and all items.

• – Functional: it can be normal or changed, but does not result in worsening efficiency of swallowing or aspiration; it is possible to maintain adequate nutrition and hydration orally.

• – Dysphagia: when there is a risk of penetration and laryngeal aspiration.

To classify the patients' stage of PD, we used the H&Y Degree of Disability Scale, which has the purpose of indicating the general state of the patient. It consists of five classification stages used to assess the severity of PD, and it essentially measures global signs and symptoms.²³

The instruments Parkinson Disease Questionnaire-39 (PDQ-39), translated to Portuguese, and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) were applied. These tests were used to verify the influence of depression and quality of life in the swallowing function.

We performed a descriptive analysis of the data for the continuous variables (age, education, disease duration, PDQ-39, BDI, and FOIS). The results were expressed as means and standard deviations (SDs). For the nominal variables, which were swallowing and signs and symptoms of dysphagia, the results were presented as percentages. We used McNemar's test to assess the differences between the signs and symptoms of dysphagia pre- and post-DBS. The analyses were performed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS, SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, US) software, version 18.0. All tests were stipulated to have a 5% error.

Results

Our sample consisted of 10 male individuals, 63.6% were married. The average age was 57.3 years (±4.7), the mean duration of the disease was 13.0 years (±2.4), and the mean level of education was 8.1 years (±4.0).

Concerning the motor symptoms, clinical improvement was observed in all patients after DBS during a medical evaluation, and no modification was associated with the motor subtype (postural tremor and rigidity). This information was extracted from the patients' medical records. The levodopa equivalent dose was not modified before and after surgery during the period of this study.

Table 1 contains the patients' sociodemographic information and their clinical and swallowing profiles.

Table 1
Sociodemographic and clinical profile pre- and post DBS

	Age	Level of education	Disease duration	H&Y	Motor	FOIS		Swallowing
						Pre	Post	Pre	Post
01	60	2	14	3	Rigid	7	7	Functional	Functional
02	54	4	14	4	Tremor	7	7	Dysphagia	Functional
03	64	5	12	2	Tremor	7	7	Dysphagia	Functional
04	49	15	10	3	Rigid	7	7	Functional	Dysphagia
05	52	7	15	3	Rigid	4	4	Dysphagia	Dysphagia
06	56	12	8	2	Rigid	7	7	Dysphagia	Dysphagia
07	63	6	15	3	Rigid	7	7	Dysphagia	Functional
08	56	8	13	3	Tremor	6	4	Dysphagia	Dysphagia
09	60	10	16	3	Rigid	7	7	Functional	Functional
10	59	12	13	3	Rigid	7	7	Functional	Functional

• Abbreviations: DBS, deep brain stimulation; FOIS, Functional Oral Intake Scale; H & Y, Hoehn & Yahr staging Scale.

As shown in Table 2, we observed no significant differences in the presence or absence of signs and symptoms of dysphagia before and after surgery.

Table 2
Findings in the swallowing evaluation pre and post-DBS

Signals and symptoms	Pren (%)	Postn (%)	p
Alteration of orbicular contraction	6 (60)	1(10)	0.063
Alteration in mentalis contraction	3 (30)	1 (10)	0.5
Head movement	6 (60)	2 (20)	0.219
Noise during swallowinge	5 (50)	4 (40)	1.00
Residue after swallowing	4 (40)	5 (50)	1.000
Tongue projection during swallowing	4 (40)	0	*
Choking during swallowing	3 (30)	2 (20)	1.000
Coughing during swallowing	1 (10)	2 (20)	1.000

• Abbreviation: DBS, deep brain stimulation.
• Notes: McNemar's test; * we could not perform statistical tests; e = sample.

We observed a positive impact of DBS on the quality of life of the individuals. Regarding depression and cognitive aspects, we observed no changes between pre- and post-DBS. These data are presented in Fig. 1.

Fig. 1
Comparison of cognitive assessment, depression, and quality of life pre- and post-DBS. Abbreviations: BDI, beck depression inventory; PDQ, Parkinson disease questionnaire; MMSE, mini mental state examination; MOCA, Montreal cognitive assessment.

Discussion

Our results demonstrate that there was no significant improvement in swallowing in the patients after DBS. These findings corroborate those reported in the literature,^{1 3 14} and indicate that there are no significant changes in the swallowing evaluation in the patients after DBS. Previous studies, however, did not address a possible relationship between the effects of DBS on the triad of PD motor symptoms and post-surgery swallowing. They also did not report whether patients with tremor motor symptoms had patterns of swallowing pre- or post-DBS that differed from those of patients who had postural tremor and rigidity. As in our study, the motor subtype was not associated with swallowing.

However, the patients showed mild changes in the clinical evaluation that interfered with the improvement in their quality of life.

With the motor improvements, the patients decreased the oropharyngeal compensation during the feeding process. Six patients had their orbicular contraction changed pre-DBS, and just kept those changes post-DBS. Regarding the head movement, six patients had preoperatively, which can cause a new exhaust feed and only two maintained postoperatively.

Some studies^{1 3 14 24} with samples similar to ours and one study with a larger sample (18 subjects)³ indicate that there is a maintenance of the standard swallowing pattern after the completion of the DBS, regardless of the position of the electrodes and the stimulator settings (amplitude, frequency, pulse width). Even though the aforementioned studies found improvements in some aspects of swallowing and tongue movement, including in the swallowing reflex during the laryngeal phase and the pharyngeal transit time, none found overall improvements in swallowing. The same was observed in our study. Even though clinically an improvement in swallowing due to an improvement in motor aspects was expected, perhaps a long-term follow-up of these patients in order to determine the effect of the motor issues in swallowing is necessary.

In the literature review, the articles that evaluate swallowing and DBS^{1 3 14 24} do not mention the individual parameters of each patient; the only article that refers to the parameters describes them in function of evaluating with DBS on and off. The parameters are different in each patient, and because of our small sample, it was not possible for us to evaluate the correlation with these data. According to the following parameters, there is no first and post-surgery, the data are being collected, and the new evaluation of swallowing will be performed later.

In the study analyzing post-DBS swallowing with the largest sample so far, Lengerer et al¹⁵ used videofluoroscopy to analyze 18 subjects without dysphagia who underwent DBS in the pre-operative period, and suggested a little improvement in swallowing after surgery. Even though they observed a significant decrease of up to 70% in the late pharyngeal reflex, a decline by up to 16% in pharyngeal transit time after surgery was observed. The pharyngeal reflex time decreased by up to 18% following DBS. Moreover, the duration of the opening of the cricopharyngeus was decreased by up to 21% after the operation.

These results were also corroborated by a study by Kitashima et al³ in which there was some improvement in the signs and symptoms of dysphagia without an improvement in the overall function of swallowing.

We observed an improvement in the total quality of life (QoL) scores following DBS, which is in agreement with the studies by Volkmann et al²⁵ and Tykocki et al²⁶, who found a significant reduction in the depressive symptoms and motor signs, and an improved QoL in patients with PD after DBS.

Even though these studies compare QoL before and after DBS,^{25 26 27} they do not analyze swallowing in the same manner as we do here. However, since swallowing is a factor with a significant impact on QoL, it is evident that we need to analyze it in studies of QoL.

We found no significant changes in the average BDI score after DBS. Our findings corroborate previous reports in the literature,^{28 29 30 31 32} which indicate that there are no significant variations in the symptoms of depression after DBS. The same is observed when comparing individuals with PD who have undergone DBS with those who have not undergone DBS. Aono et al³³ noted an improvement in the depressive symptoms one month after DBS. However, this improvement was not sustained over the period of one year, and was not correlated with the state of motor function. Thus, the findings regarding the effects of DBS on depressive symptoms are inconclusives.

Conclusion

We concluded that there was an improvement in the QoL of the patients after DBS. However, the decrease of the clinical signs and symptoms of dysphagia did not impact the overall improvement in the swallowing function. Additionally, we observed the relationship between PD motor subtype and swallowing pre- and post-DBS in this sample.

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  Apr-Jun 2018

History

• Received
  12 Nov 2016
• Accepted
  21 Mar 2017