USE OF NEEM (Azadirachta indica) AS A SUBSTITUTE FOR ANTIMICROBIAL DRUGS IN BROILER CHICKENS’ FEED

UTILIZAÇÃO DE NEEM (Azadirachta indica) EM SUBSTITUIÇÃO AO ANTIMICROBIANO EM RAÇÕES DE FRANGOS DE CORTE

Abstract

In the present work, we carried out an experiment aiming at evaluating the use of Neem as an antimicrobial substance in the feeds of broiler chickens. We used 240 one-day-old Cobb broiler chicks distributed in an entirely casual design, with 4 treatments, 6 repetitions and 10 birds per experimental unit, during a 21-day experimental period. Treatments consisted of a basal diet with no antimicrobial inclusion, a diet with 0.05% of tylosin, and a diet with 0.05% and 0.1% of Neem. Parameters evaluated were zootechnical performance, feed digestibility, intestinal count of Salmonella sp. and Escherichia coli, and the development of lymphoid organs. Data on the performance and metabolization of nutrients were subjected to an ANOVA and averages were compared with a post-hoc Tukey test considering α=0.05. Data on E. coli counts were analyzed with a Kruskal-Wallis test. Neem did not influence performance variables. The metabolization coefficient of dry matter and feed ethereal extract was better with tylosin (P<0.05). No growth of Salmonella was observed during the experiment. The use of Neem did not reduce E. coli population and had no influence on lymphoid organs' weight. Therefore, Neem had no effect on the performance, digestibility and intestinal microbiota of birds up to 21 days old.

Keywords:
additive; phytogenic additives; bird nutrition; intestinal health

Resumo

Realizou-se um experimento objetivando avaliar a utilização de Neem como antimicrobiano em rações de frangos de corte. Foram utilizados 240 pintos de corte, Cobb, com 1 dia de idade, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, 4 tratamentos, 6 repetições, 10 aves por unidade experimental, o período experimental foi de 21 dias. Os tratamentos consistiram: dieta basal sem inclusão de antimicrobiano; dieta com 0,05% de tilosina; dieta com 0,05% e 0,1% de Neem. Avaliou-se: o desempenho zootécnico, a digestibilidade da ração, contagem intestinal de Salmonella sp. e Escherichia coli, e o desenvolvimento dos órgãos linfoides. Dados de desempenho e metabolização dos nutrientes da ração foram submetidos à ANOVA, médias comparadas pelo teste Tukey, adotou-se α=0,05. Dados de contagem de E. coli foram analisados pelo teste de Kruskal-Wallis. O Neem não influenciou as variáveis de desempenho. O coeficiente de metabolizabilidade da matéria seca e extrato etéreo da ração foi melhor com utilização de tilosina (P<0,05). Não se observou crescimento de Salmonella durante o período experimental. A utilização de Neem não reduziu a população de E. coli, e não influenciou no peso dos órgãos linfoides. A utilização do Neem não afetou o desempenho, digestibilidade e microbiota intestinal das aves até 21 dias.

Palavras-chave:
aditivo; aditivos fitogênicos; nutrição de aves; saúde intestinal

Introduction

Brazilian broiler production has been one of the most developing farming activities in the last decades, in such a way that strategies for a more efficient production are increasingly being sought. In this context, diet stands out, since it represents the greatest portion of production expenses, and better formulations that provide greater economic profits while maintaining a good zootechnical performance for the birds are necessary.

In order to reach high levels of production and pathogen control for broiler chickens, one of the alternatives is to use feed additives capable of promoting growth. However, some of these products are suffering several restrictions for possessing similar molecules to the ones found in human antibiotics. In this context, several studies have been conducted with natural products with antimicrobial activity to substitute the antibiotics used in these birds’ feed.

Neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) is a versatile medicinal plant, as it shows a wide spectrum of biological activity. The chemical composition of its active principals has had considerable progress regarding biological activity and medical applications, thus being considered a valuable source of natural products for the development of medicines, industrial products, and in the integrated management of agricultural plagues⁽¹⁾. In regards to isolated active compounds, salanine, azadirachtin, meliantrol, azadirone, gedunin and nimbolin stand out. Among these, azadirachtin is considered one of the strongest compounds⁽²⁾. Therefore, Neem has been used in animal feed as a growth promoter due to its distinguished antimicrobial capacity as well as its anticoccidian effect in birds⁽³⁾. Supporting this, Tipo et al.⁽⁴⁾ state that the treatment using Neem as an anticoccidian in broiler chickens was superior to sodium salinomycin.

The objective of the present work was to evaluate the use of Neem (Azadirachta indica) as an antimicrobial in broiler chicken’s feed, aiming at improving intestinal health, nutrient metabolization, and zootechnical performance.

Materials and methods

The experiment was carried out in the experimental aviary at the Universidade Federal de Goiás between May 26 and June 16, 2015. All procedures performed in this study were approved by the Ethics Committee on Animal Use of the Universidade Federal de Goiás (CEUA/UFG), under the protocol 070/14.

We used 240 one-day-old male broiler chicks from the Cobb lineage. Individuals were distributed in an entirely casual experimental design with four treatments, six repetitions and ten birds per experimental unit. Treatments consisted of four diets based on corn and soybean bran divided in a diet with no antimicrobials, one with 0.05% tylosin, one with 0.05% Neem, and one with 0.1% Neem. We used a commercial tylosin from Elanco® at a concentration of 25% per dose, as recommended by the manufacturer. The Neem used was obtained from the seed residue from the Neem oil extraction and was composed by the crushed, grinded, and dehydrated seeds residue supplied by the producing company (product composition is shown in table 1).

Table 1
Levels of guarantee in composition of Neen

Component	(%)
Humidity	1.50
Dry matter	99.20
Crude protein	17.40
Ethereal extract	22.30
Crude fiber	45.40
Zn	0.003
Cu	0.0007
Fe	0.0134
B	0.0011
Azadirachtin	0.05-0.08

Source: Engordão®; Base Fértil Ribeirão Comercial Agrícola LTDA.

Experimental feeds were formulated to be isonutritive and based on corn and soybean bran to attend the specific nutritional requirements for each phase of poultry raising, according to the recommendations of Rostagno et al.⁽⁵⁾. Birds received the experimental diets during a 21-day period divided into two phases: pre-initial and initial (Tables 2 and 3).

Table 2
Centesimal composition of experimental diets for broilers in pre-starter stage

Treatments (%)
Ingredients	Basal Feed	0.05% Tylosin	0.05% of Neem	0.1% of Neem
Corn	58.028	58.000	57.710	57.396
Soybean meal	36.421	36.400	36.482	36.544
Soy oil	1.142	1.141	1.249	1.356
Dicalcium phosphate	1.915	1.915	1.916	1.917
Limestone	0.809	0.809	0.809	0.808
Salt	0.448	0.448	0.448	0.448
DL-Methionine	0.354	0.354	0.355	0.355
L-Lysine HCl	0.349	0.349	0.349	0.347
L-Threonine	0.134	0.134	0.134	0.134
Premix1	0.400	0.400	0.400	0.400
Tylosin	-	0.050	-	-
Neem	-	-	0.147	0.294
Total	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00
Calculated composition
Metabolisable energy	2.950	2.950	2.950	2.950
(Kcal/kg)
Crude protein (%)	22.20	22.20	22.20	22.20
Digestible lysine (%)	1.310	1.310	1.310	1.310
Digestible Methionine	0.944	0.944	0.944	0.944
(%)
Digestible Threonine (%)	0.852	0.852	0.852	0.852
Calcium (%)	0.920	0.920	0.920	0.920
Available phosphorus (%)	0.470	0.470	0.470	0.470
Sodium (%)	0.220	0.220	0.220	0.220

• ¹
  Provided per kg of product: vit. A, 12.000.000 UI; vit. D3, 2.200.000 UI; vit. E 30.000 UI; vit. B1, 2.200 mg; vit B2, 6.000 mg; vit. B6, 3.300 mg; pantothenic acid, 13.000 mg; biotin, 110 mg; vit. K3, 2.500 mg; folic acid, 1.000 mg; nicotinic acid 53.0000 mg; niacin, 25.000 mg; vit. B12, 16.000 μg: selenium, 0,25 g; antioxidant 120.000 mg; and vehicle QSP., 1.000 g; manganese, 75.000 mg; iron, 20000 mg; zinc, 50.000 mg; copper, 4.000 mg; cobalt, 200 mg; iodine 1.500 mg e vehicle QSP, 1.000 g.

Table 3
Centesimal composition of experimental diets for broilers in starter stage

Treatments (%)
Ingredients	Basal Feed	0.05% Tylosin	0.05% of Neem	0.1% of Neem
Corn	62.203	62.188	61.889	61.575
Soybean meal	32.884	32.889	32.946	33.007
Soy oil	1.098	1.098	1.204	1.311
Dicalcium phosphate	1.506	1.506	1.507	1.508
Limestone	0.838	0.838	0.836	0.835
Salt	0.425	0.421	0.425	0.425
DL-Methionine	0.282	0.282	0.281	0.281
L-Lysine HCl	0.280	0.280	0.277	0.276
L-Threonine	0.084	0.084	0.084	0.084
Premix1	0.400	0.400	0.400	0.400
Tylosin	-	0.050	-	-
Neem	-	-	0.147	0.294
Total	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00
Calculated composition
Metabolisable energy	3.000	3.000	3.000	3.000
(Kcal/kg)
Crude protein (%)	20.80	20.80	20.80	20.80
Digestible lysine (%)	1.174	1.174	1.174	1.174
Digestible Methionine (%)	0.846	0.846	0.846	0.846
Digestible Threonine (%)	0.763	0.763	0.763	0.763
Calcium (%)	0.819	0.819	0.819	0.819
Available phosphorus (%)	0.391	0.391	0.391	0.391
Sodium (%)	0.210	0.210	0.210	0.210

• ¹
  Provided per kg of product: vit. A, 12.000.000 UI; vit. D3, 2.200.000 UI; vit. E 30.000 UI; vit. B1, 2.200 mg; vit B2, 6.000 mg; vit. B6, 3.300 mg; pantothenic acid, 13.000 mg; biotin, 110 mg; vit. K3, 2.500 mg; folic acid. 1.000 mg; nicotinic acid 53.0000 mg; niacin, 25.000 mg; vit. B12, 16.000 μg; selenium, 0,25 g; antioxidant 120.000 mg; and vehicle QSP., 1.000 g; manganese, 75.000 mg; iron, 20000 mg; zinc, 50.000 mg; copper, 4.000 mg; cobalt, 200 mg; iodine 1.500 mg e vehicle QSP, 1.000 g.

All birds were kept in cages made of galvanized wire with dimensions of 0.5m x 0.4m x 0.4m. Each cage was equipped with a trough water fountain and a feeder in the front, and a tray underneath it to collect excretes.

Birds also received feed and water at will during the entire experimental period, in which the feeders were filled twice a day to avoid wastes. Water was changed and fountains cleaned daily. Temperatures were constantly monitored by thermometers and maximum and minimum temperatures were measured once a day. The environment was controlled with curtains upon necessity.

Bird performance analyses were carried out at the 7 and 21-day-old marks. We evaluated feed consumption (g/bird), weight gain (g/bird), feed conversion, and viability.

At 21 days of age, one bird from each experimental unit was randomly chosen and sacrificed by cervical dislocation after a 4-hour fast. Lymphoid organs (spleen, thymus, and bursa) were collected by using a scalpel and tweezers, and individually weighted in a precision scale to determine immunological activity.

To determine the metabolization coefficient of the feed’s nutrients, a method of total excrete sampling was carried out in the period between 18 to 21 days of age, corresponding to four sampling days. In the experimental period, feed consumption, total excretes produced, and bird weight were measured. Two daily excrete collections (at 8AM and 4PM) were performed, with samples being stored in identified plastic bags and frozen until the end of the collection period.

Samples were than thawed, weighted, homogenized, and subsamples of 400g of excretes were retrieved for laboratory analysis. These were pre-dried in a ventilated stove at 55ºC and subsequently the contents of the dry matter (DM), nitrogen (N), ether extract (EE), and mineral matter (MM) were analyzed following the methods described by Silva and Queiroz⁽⁶⁾. In addition, the nutrient metabolization coefficient was calculated by the equations proposed by Sakomura and Rostagno⁽⁷⁾.

Cloaca swabs were performed in five birds for each repetition at the 14 and 21-day-old marks. Swabs were put in test tubes with 10 mL of sterile peptone water at 1%, constituting 10-0. Afterwards, 1 mL of peptone water with the sample was transferred, for a 9 mL sterile peptoned saline solution at 0.85%. Serial decimal dilutions were performed until 10-9.

A plating exam was carried out in triplicate with 0.1 mL of different solutions in plates containing bright green agar (BG) and MacConkey agar, which were incubated at 37ºC for 24 hours. After this period, plates were read to observe any growth of colonies suggestive of Salmonella and E. coli in their respective media. If no growth suggestive of Salmonella was found in the BG, 1 mL of the sample in peptone water was transferred to the selenite cystine broth and incubated at 37ºC for 24 hours. Colony-forming units suggestive of E. coli were replicated, three to five, to test tubes with triple sugar-iron (TSI), which were incubated at 37ºC for 24 hours.

The TSI agar that presented characteristics and reactions compatible with E. coli were subjected to the biochemical tests of indol production, urea, H2S production, urease, methyl red and malonate and glucose use in all colony-forming units in the dilutions until 10-9, and were then registered and log-transformed.

Performance and feed nutrient metabolization data were subjected to an analysis of variance (ANOVA) and averages were compared with the Tukey test at a significance level of 5%. E. coli count data were analyzed with the Kruskal-Wallis test at 5%. All statistical analysis were performed in the R software.

Results and discussion

Bird performance was not influenced by the inclusion of neem in the feed (Table 4). These results differ from the ones obtained by Girotto and Santos⁽⁸⁾ when evaluating different inclusions of Neem pie in the feed of broiler chickens from 1 to 42 days in the pre-initial and initial phases. The authors observed better results in feed consumption and weight gain in birds that received higher levels (3 to 4%) of Neem pie in the diet.

Table 4
Feed intake (FI), weight gain (WG), final weight (FW), feed conversion (FC), and viability (V) of 1- and 21-day-old broilers fed diets containing Neem

1 to 7 days old
Treatments	FI (g)	WG (g)	FW (g)	FC	V(%)
Control	146.8	127.5	171.0	1.165	96.6
Tylosin	150.6	136.8	183.3	1.110	100
Neem 0.05%	149.2	137.5	181.0	1.108	100
Neem 0.1%	148.4	133.9	177.4	1.085	100
P value	0.954	0.587	0.690	0.533	-
CV (%)	8.030	10.20	10.60	8.570	-
1 to 21 days old
Treatments	FI (g)	WG (g)	FW (g)	FC	V(%)
Control	1018.0	664.1	707.6	1.536	96.6
Tylosin	1041.0	697.5	741.0	1.490	100
Neem 0.05%	1028.0	679.8	723.3	1.515	100
Neem 0.1%	1005.0	650.0	693.5	1.551	100
P value	0.516	0.203	0.270	0.085	-
CV (%)	4.190	5.740	6.500	2.710	-

• CV= coefficient of variation

Similarly, Wankar et al.⁽⁹⁾, using Neem leaf powder as a feed supplement for broiler chickens, verified that supplementing 1 to 3 g/kg of product in the feed caused a significant increase in weight gain and a reduction in feed conversion in comparison to birds that did not receive Neem leaf supplementation in the diet.

Even though Neem is described in the literature as being used as a growth-promoting antibiotic^{(10,11,12,13)}, no alteration in the characteristics evaluated was observed. This might have occurred because sanitary conditions did not result in a significant sanitary challenge, thus no effective action was required by the treatments applied to the birds.

The coefficient of dry matter metabolization and ethereal extract was better with the use of tylosin (Table 5). The coefficient of brute protein metabolization did not significantly differ with the inclusion of Neem in the feed. In regards to the coefficient of mineral matter metabolization, both tylosin and 0.05% Neem in the feed yielded similar results.

Table 5
Coefficient of dry matter metabolization (CMDM), crude protein (CMCP), ethereal extract (CMEE) and mineral matter (CMM) in broilers fed diets containing Neem

Treatments	CMDM	CMCP	CMEE	CMM
	(%)	(%)	(%)	(%)
Control	68.41 b	55.68	81.41 b	39.51 b
Tylosin	71.26 a	55.73	86.76 a	48.36 a
Neem 0.05%	67.68 b	55.33	81.68 b	44.36 a
Neem 0.1%	66.91 b	53.34	79.96 b	37.27 b
P value	0.017	0.555	0.069	0.001
CV (%)	3.2	5.9	5.3	9.6

• Means within the same column with diferente letters are significantly diferente by Tukey test (P<0.05) CV= coefficient of variation

The little diversity in intestinal microbiota in newborn birds, besides being considered as a limiting factor for digestion, also enables intestinal colonization by enteric pathogens. This process’ negative effect has been partly overcome with the use of growth promoters⁽¹⁴⁾. In this way, the results obtained in this research might be related to the action of growth promoters that modify the intestinal microbiota, promoting a stronger equilibrium in the microbe populations, which in turn improves digestion and nutrient absorption.

However, even though the tylosin treatment was superior, the neem inclusion did not affect nutrient digestibility in the feed, since diets with neem did not differ from the ones without antimicrobial substances.

Average values of colony-forming unit (CFU) counts of E. coli expressed in log are shown in table 6. No Salmonella growth was observed during the experimental period in the media used.

Table 6
Average values of colony-forming unit (CFU) counts of E. coli expressed in log in swabs of cloaca of broiler chickens with 1, 14 and 21 days old

Escherichia coli (CFU/0,1mL) log
Treatments	1 day old	14 days old	21 days old
Control	2.1700	1.2683	1.9717
Tylosin	0	2.5467	1.5367
Neem 0.05%	0	2.7500	1.5367
Neem 0.1%	1.5333	1.9183	1.2783
P> Value X2	0.0566	0.5757	0.8921

No statistical differences were observed in the CFU counts for E. coli, which suggests that no antimicrobial activity of the Neem pie occurred in any of the days evaluated, since no bacteria reduction existed in the treatments in which the product was included. Similarly, no excessive bacterial increase was observed. These results may indicate that the experimental conditions did not allow us to observe the effects of Neem use, since the antibiotic treatment was compared to the others, including those without Neem.

These results can be supported by Sarker et al.⁽¹²⁾, who used Neem leaf as a growth promoter in broiler chickens with colibacillosis and did not observe any antimicrobial activity against E. coli. In addition, there is also the fact that E. coli is a naturally occurring microorganism in healthy birds’ microbiota. Therefore, the results presented show only an equilibrium between the treatments due to the little infestation in the birds, since no sanitary challenge occurred.

Although no antimicrobial activity of the Neem pie was observed in the present study, Odoh and Bratte⁽¹⁵⁾ observed a reduction of enterobacteria in laying hens feces while evaluating the inclusion of several levels of neem dry leaves in these chickens’ feed. They also observed that an inclusion of 10% of these leaves in the feed can be used as an antimicrobial substance and a natural growth-promoting agent in the diets. These results corroborate previous studies that also demonstrated the efficacy of neem leaf extracts against E. coli and S. faecalis ⁽¹⁶⁾.

Neem's antimicrobial activity might be related to the presence of triterpenoids, phenolic compounds, carotenoids, steroids, flavonoids, and azidarachtin⁽¹⁷⁾. However, these compounds are probably present in low quantities in neem pie, which might explain the lack of efficiency of the product as an antimicrobial.

The results of relative spleen, bursa, and thymus weight at the 21-day-old mark are presented in table 7. There was no significant difference between the tested treatments.

Table 7
Relative weight of the spleen (SW), Fabricius bursa (BW) and thymus (TW) to 21 days old to broiler chickens fed diets containing Neem

Treatments	SW	BW	TW
	(%)	(%)	(%)
Control	0.70	0.19	0.20
Tylosin	0.75	0.20	0.22
Neem 0.05%	0.72	0.15	0.20
Neem 0.1%	0.74	0.13	0.22
P value	0.917	0.209	0.854
CV (%)	19.16	33.35	23.90

• CV= coefficient of variation

With the results obtained, we may argue that the addition of Neem had no influence on the weight of the lymphoid organs and no interference on the cellular immunity of broiler chickens. This result may be related to the fact that the birds were not severely challenged, thus there was no need for a greater activity of the immune system to contain any kind of infection, since bacterial counts were relatively low.

Conclusion

Neem use did not affect performance, digestibility, and the intestinal microbiota of birds up to 21 days old.

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  20 May 2019
• Date of issue
  2019

History

• Received
  20 Apr 2018
• Accepted
  27 Mar 2019