Multimorbidity associated with polypharmacy and negative self-perception of health

Abstract

Objective:

to verify the association between the multimorbidity of the elderly and sociodemographic variables, self-perception of health and polypharmacy.

Method:

a cross-sectional study was performed. The research data was collected using the Health, Well-Being and Aging questionnaire. The sample was composed of 676 people aged 60 years or more, who were residents of small towns in the north of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The dependent variable was multimorbidity, that is, the occurrence of two or more chronic non-communicable diseases in the same person. The independent variables were demographic, socioeconomic and health-related characteristics. Poisson’s raw and robust regression model was used to analyze the effect of the independent variables in relation to the outcome and p was considered significant when <0.05.

Result:

among the elderly interviewed, 45% presented multimorbidity, 51.1% reported a self-perception of poor/very poor health and 37.1% used polypharmacy. After the analysis was adjusted to the occurrence of multimorbidity, association with the following variables was found: health perception (regular/poor/very poor) PR=1.15 (CI95%; 1.09 - 1.22) and use of polypharmacy PR=1.29 (CI95%; 1.22 - 1.35).

Conclusion:

Multimorbidity may interfere negatively in the self-perception of health of the elderly contributing to increased medicine consumption.

Keywords:
Elderly; Comorbidity; Chronic Disease; Health of the Elderly; Polypharmacy; Self-Perception of Health

Resumo

Objetivo:

verificar a associação entre multimorbidade em idosos e variáveis sociodemográficas, autopercepção de saúde e polifarmácia.

Método:

Estudo de corte transversal, para a coleta de dados utilizou-se o questionário Saúde, Bem-estar e Envelhecimento. A amostra foi constituída de 676 indivíduos com 60 anos de idade ou mais residentes em municípios de pequeno porte do norte do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. A variável dependente foi a multimorbidade, isto é, a ocorrência de duas ou mais doenças crônicas não transmissíveis no mesmo indivíduo. As variáveis independentes foram as características demográficas, socioeconômicas e relativas à saúde. O modelo de regressão de Poisson bruta e ajustada foi utilizado para analisar o efeito das variáveis independentes em relação ao desfecho e p foi considerado significativo quando <0,05.

Resultados:

Dos idosos entrevistados, 45% apresentam multimorbidade, 51,1% relatam autopercepção de saúde ruim/muito ruim e 37,1% faz uso de polifarmácia. Após análise ajustada à ocorrência de multimorbidade, apresentou-se associação às variáveis: percepção de saúde negativa. RP=1,15; (IC95%; 1,09 - 1,22) e uso de polifarmácia RP=1,29; (IC95%; 1,22 - 1,35).

Conclusão:

A multimorbidade pode interferir negativamente na autopercepção de saúde dos idosos contribuindo para o aumento do consumo de medicamentos.

Palavras-chaves:
Idoso; Comorbidade; Doença Crônica; Saúde do Idoso; Polifarmácia; Autopercepção de Saúde

INTRODUCTION

Aging can lead to the emergence of chronic noncommunicable diseases (CNCDs), and while the process is not directly related to chronic diseases and disabilities, such conditions are more frequent among the elderly¹.

Among the CNCDs that affect the elderly, the main illnesses are related to the cardiovascular system, such as Systemic Arterial Hypertension, Cerebrovascular Accidents, and increased glucose rates, which can result in Diabetes Mellitus or cancer². There is also an increased frequency of multiple chronic diseases among such individuals, leading to the presence of multimorbidity among the elderly.

Literature^3-6 considers multimorbidity the simultaneous occurrence of two or more morbidities, chronic physical or mental diseases in an individual. Individuals with multimorbidity, especially the elderly, tend to experience a greater number of hospitalizations, use multiple medications simultaneously and thereby increase their susceptibility to adverse effects. Thus, the presence of multimorbidity increases the risk of mortality, generates physical and mental problems^3-5 and negatively influences quality of life^7-9. It therefore results in greater demands on health care, representing a major challenge for health systems around the world^10,11, especially as the care involved is more complex¹².

The complex and challenging¹¹ condition of multimorbidity has a major impact on society through the burden it places on the health system and by reducing the productivity of individuals in the labor market and raising the costs of disability¹³. Such data are fundamental to demonstrating the importance of government policies to the health of the elderly. The prevalence of multimorbidity among elderly persons is high (50 to 98%)^10,11 and its occurrence is associated with advanced age, the female gender, a low socioeconomic level and an unhealthy lifestyle^14,15. In addition, studies indicate that self-perception of health is often described as negative, due to the occurrence of social, physical or mental disabilities, thus impairing quality of life^8,9,16,17.

The topic is highly relevant, as clinical studies of the elderly often include comorbidity¹¹ and information on multimorbidity provides support for the improvement of therapeutic strategies. The present study therefore aimed to verify the association between multimorbidity in the elderly and sociodemographic variables, self-perception of health and polypharmacy.

METHOD

A cross-sectional population-based study was performed with elderly residents in small municipal regions in the north of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The inclusion criteria were individuals aged 60 and over, of both genders, who had lived in rural or urban areas in the municipal regions of Coxilha and Estação for at least six months, and had, at the time of the interview, cognitive conditions to respond to the questionnaire, and/or the presence of a relative or caregiver to assist them or provide answers. Elderly persons hospitalized at the time of the interview were excluded.

A prevalence of the outcome (multimorbidity) of 45%¹⁸, a sample error of 5%, a confidence interval of 95% and a power of 80% were used to calculate the sample size, and provided a result of 381 elderly persons. This total was multiplied by 1.5 for the design effect, resulting in 571 elderly persons. A total of 10% was then added to the total to allow for possible losses (refusals and non-eligibility, among other factors), giving a total of 628 elderly persons. However, as there were other outcomes with a larger sample, the decision was taken to include 676 elderly persons.

All the elderly persons in the municipal region of Coxilha (352) were included in the study. There was a loss of 6% (21), giving a total of 331 individuals. To make up the sample, 345 of the 992 elderly persons living in the municipality of Estação were randomly added. These individuals were initially listed by area of residence and gender, and were subsequently selected by simple random sampling, maintaining the proportions of gender and area of residence in the total elderly population (Figure 1).

Figure 1
Flowchart of sample selection. Coxilha, Estação, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. 2010, 2011.

Data collection was carried out from 2010 to 2011 through a household survey, using the Pesquisa, Saúde, Bem Estar e Envelhecimento (Research, Health, Well-being and Aging) (SABE) structured questionnaire. Although this instrument has seven sections, only the following parts were used in the present study: a) Personal and family information, c) Housing conditions, d) Health conditions and living habits, and f) Use and access to health services.

Multimorbidity, defined as two or more chronic diseases occurring simultaneously in an individual, was considered the dependent variable. As the list of morbidities included in this definition has not yet been established in literature, those measured in SABE Section D (Health conditions and living habits) were included, with the following diseases considered: systemic arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, rheumatism, asthma or bronchitis and pulmonary emphysema, stroke/cerebral ischemia, arthritis/osteoporosis, heart problems (coronary disease, angina, congestive disease, others) and depression.

The following variables were considered: gender (female and male), age group (60-79 and 80 years or older), schooling (attended school and did not attend school), skin color/ethnicity (white and non-white), marital status (with spouse (married or lives with partner) or without spouse (widowed, single, separated and divorced), family income (≤1 minimum wage or >1 minimum wage), place of residence (urban or rural) and engages in physical activity (yes or no).

For the variable physical activity, the elderly persons were asked if they engaged in some kind of physical activity in their day to day lives (domestic, work and/or leisure activities), with the question explained and exemplified so that they could understand and classify whether or not they practiced physical activity. Polypharmacy (yes or no) was defined as elderly persons who said they took five or more medications a day.

For alcohol ingestion (yes and no), the elderly persons were asked on how many days per week, on average, they had drunk alcohol over the last three months. Individuals who responded "one or two days a week", "three or four days a week", or "every day of the week" were categorized as “yes”. Habit of Smoking was classified as yes or no, while Perception of Health was divided into good/very good or fair/poor/very poor).

Categorical variables (nominal and ordinal) were presented as absolute and relative frequency distributions. Quantitative variables were described by measures of central tendency and variability. Bivariate analysis using the chi-squared test was used evaluate the association between multimorbidity and the independent variables, with a significance level of 5%. Prevalence ratios and 95% confidence intervals were used in the crude and adjusted analysis, both of which used Poisson regression. Variables with a p value less than 0.20 in bivariate analysis were considered in the multiple model, while those with p<0.05 remained in the model.

The study was approved by the Ethics Research Committee of the Universidade de Passo Fundo (the University of Passo Fundo) under opinion numbers 148/2010 (Coxilha) and 017/2011 (Estação), in accordance with the guidelines of Resolution nº 196/96 of the National Health Council.

RESULTS

A total of 676 elderly people, who were predominantly female (54.6%), participated in the study. The mean age was 70 years (±7.63), and of the sample 78.4% described themselves as white; 15% had attended school; 71.4% had a spouse, 88.9% had an income greater than or equal to one minimum wage and 69.4% lived in the urban area. In terms of health, 45% presented multimorbidity, 49.4% did not engage in physical activity; 27.1% used polypharmacy; 67.6% ingested alcoholic beverages; 14.4% were smokers, 47.2% described their self-perceived health as poor/very poor; and the majority (98%) had access to health services, as shown in Table 1.

Table 1
Sociodemographic and behavioral characteristics of elderly persons. Rio Grande do Sul, 2010/2011.

Variable	n	Prevalence (%)	CI 95%
Gender
Female	369	54.6	50.6 - 58.3
Male	307	45.4	41.7 - 49.4
Age range (years)
60 - 79	596	88.2	85.7 - 90.8
80 or older	80	11.8	9.2 - 14.3
Skin color
White	530	78.4	75.1 - 81.2
Non-White	146	21.6	18.8 - 24.9
Level of schooling
Did not attend school	573	85.0	12.3 - 17.8
Attended school	101	15.0	82.2 - 87.7
Marital status
With spouse	193	28.6	25.1 - 32.2
Without spouse	483	71.4	67.8 - 74.9
Family income (minimum salary)
≤ 1	73	11.1	8.8 - 13.7
> 1.01	584	88.9	86.3 - 91.2
Engages in physical activity
Yes	341	50.5	45.8 - 53.0
No	334	49.5	47.0 - 54.2
Polypharmacy
Yes	164	27.8	24.4 - 31.6
No	425	72.2	68.4 - 75.6
Consumes alcohol
Yes	456	67.6	64.1 - 71.1
No	219	32.4	28.9 - 35.9
Smokes
Yes	97	14.4	11.9 - 17.1
No	577	85.6	82.9 - 88.1
Multimorbidity
Yes	304	45.0	51.3 - 58.8
No	371	55.0	41.2 - 48.7
Perception of health
Good/very good	356	52.8	49.1 - 56.4
Fair/poor/very poor	318	47.2	43.6 - 50.9
Area of residence
Urban	469	69.4	65.8 - 73.1
Rural	207	30.6	26.9 - 34.2

The prevalence of multimorbidity in the elderly was 45%. Of those affected by this outcome 50.9% were female, 60% were over 80 years old, 47.9% were non-white, 48% went to school, 51.8% had no spouse, 45.5% had an income of more one minimum wage, 69.4% lived in urban areas, 53.3% did not engage in physical activity, 86% used polypharmacy, 52.9% drank alcohol, 45.8% did not smoke and 63.7% perceived their health as regular/poor/very poor (Table 2).

Table 2
Prevalence of multimorbidity and associated factors among the elderly. Rio Grande do Sul, 2010/2011.

Variable	N	Prevalence (%)	p	PR (CI 95%)	*PR (CI 95%)
Gender			0.001
Female	369	50.9		1.09 (0.87 - 0.96)	---
Male	307	37.9
Age range (years)			0.002
80 or older	80	60.0		1.20 (1.04 - 1.20)	---
60 - 79	596	43.0
Skin color			0.423
White	530	44.2		1.03(0.96 - 1.09)	---
Non-White	146	47.9
Level of schooling			0.494
Attended school	573	48.0		1.02(0.95 - 1.10)	---
Did not attend school	101	44.3
Marital status			0.033
With spouse	193	51.8		1.06 (1.00 - 1.12)	---
Without spouse	483	42.3
Family income (minimum salary)			0.194
≤1	584	37.5
>1,01	73	45.5		1.06 (0.97 -1.15)	---
Area of residence
Urban	469	69.4	0.226	1.03 (0.98-1.10)	---
Rural	207	30.6
Engages in physical activity			<0.001
No	334	53.3		1.12 (1.06 - 1.17)	---
Yes	341	37.0
Polypharmacy			<0.001
Yes	164	86.0		1.36 (1.30 -1.42)	1.29 (1.22-1.35)
No	425	36.7
Consumes alcohol			<0.001
Yes	456	52.9		1.15 (1.08 - 1.23)	---
No	219	28.8
Smokes			0.231
Yes	97	40.2		0.95 (0.88 - 1.03)	---
No	577	45.8
Perception of health			<0.001
Fair/poor/very poor	318	63.7		1.24 (1.17 - 1.30)	1.15 (1.09-1.21)
Good/very good	356	28.1

• PR: prevalence ratio; *PR adjusted prevalence ratio; CI: 95% confidence interval; p: Pearson’s chi-squared test.

In crude analysis multimorbidity was associated with the following variables: gender (p=0.001), age range (p=0.002), marital status (p=0.033), family income (p<0.001), polypharmacy (p<0.001), alcohol intake (p<0.001) and health perception (p<0.001). In the adjusted analysis of multimorbidity among the elderly, the outcome remained associated with polypharmacy (p<0.001) and health perception (p<0.001) (Table 2).

The prevalence ratio of elderly persons with multimorbidity who reported their health as regular/poor/very poor was 1.15 times higher than that of the elderly who reported their health as good/very good. Furthermore, the prevalence ratio of elderly individuals with multimorbidity who used polypharmacy was 1.29 times higher than those who did not use polypharmacy.

DISCUSSION

The prevalence of multimorbidity found in the elderly population was 45%, a rate lower than that found in systematic review studies in which the prevalence was between 50 and 98%^1,19. These differences can be explained by the different forms of analyzing the prevalence of multimorbidity of the studies, making evaluation of the outcome difficult, mainly due to the lack of a standard in relation to the number of diseases to be considered. While the occurrence of two or more chronic diseases is frequently used²⁰, the number of chronic conditions evaluated in studies ranges from 5 to 335, with a subsequent variation in the prevalence of multimorbidity¹⁹.

The location where the studies were conducted may also have influenced the results, as the main surveys were often performed in large urban centers²¹. The outcome of multimorbidity was not associated with the place of residence in systematic analysis, however¹⁹.

Similarly, the method used for the analysis of the association of multimorbidity may have interfered with the results. Poisson logistic regression analysis was employed in the present study, which demonstrated significant differences with results found in literature, where multimorbidity was frequently related to female gender, advanced age, low socioeconomic level and physical inactivity, as well as mental disorders⁷. This test was performed using both crude and adjusted models, and the variables highlighted in literature were found to be associated in the crude model. However, polypharmacy and self-perception of health remained associated with the outcome in the adjusted analysis.

A self-perception of health as regular/poor/very poor was reported by most of the elderly with multimorbidity, and was associated with the outcome. Other studies found the same results^9,17. This finding can be explained by studies that show that elderly people with multimorbidity have a poorer quality of life, a deficit in self-care of health, and a greater degree of dependence in daily life, with negative repercussions on functional capacity²². As the number of diseases increases, physical, social and mental complications occur in the elderly, resulting in a worsening of self-perception of health²³.

The use of polypharmacy was also associated with multimorbidity. This association can be understood by the frequent need among the elderly to take medications for the treatment of diseases. The seeking out of medical care due to the clinical manifestations of disease, the fragmented care of elderly persons with multimorbidity, the health protocols aimed at a single disease¹¹, and the difficulty of deciding treatment in a shared manner among health professionals and in providing patient-centered care²⁴ may be elements that contribute to the frequent use of medications by the elderly.

This uncontrolled consumption may also cause clinical alterations, or even drug interactions which have adverse effects on the elderly^22,25. Understanding how morbidities interact with one another has a greater clinical relevance than simply counting the number of diseases. From this knowledge, it is possible to determine the possible drug interactions to which elderly persons are exposed¹¹. Studies on medications often exclude elderly patients with multimorbidity, making it difficult for medical professionals to determine appropriate treatment²⁶. However, the geriatrician, when participating in treatment with a multidisciplinary team, can maintain or decrease the number of medications used by patients²⁷. Additionally, the use of methods described in literature, such as that proposed by BEERS (which allows the evaluation of the suitability of drugs used by the elderly), avoids the use of potentially inappropriate medications²⁸.

CONCLUSION

It can be concluded that multimorbidity is associated with a negative self-perception of health and polypharmacy. Faced with the progressive aging of the population, special attention should be given to elderly persons with multimorbidity, with a focus on health interventions aimed not just at treating chronic diseases but also the promotion of an improved quality of life.

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• Erratum
  The name of the sixth author of the article "Multimorbidity associated with polypharmacy and negative selfperception of health", published on P.634 of the Revista Brasileira de Geriatria e Gerontologia v. 20, n. 5, p. 634-642, 2017, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1981-22562017020.170059, was listed incorrectly. The correct name of this author is Marcos Paulo Dellani, and not Marcos Paulo Delani as printed.

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  Sep-Oct 2017

History

• Received
  01 July 2017
• Reviewed
  18 July 2017
• Accepted
  29 Aug 2017