Acessibilidade / Reportar erro

Social support for the elderly with HIV/Aids: an integrative review

Abstract

Objective:

The present integrative literature review aimed to verify the scientific knowledge produced about social support for elderly persons with HIV/Aids.

Method:

A search was carried out in the Lilacs, Medline, Scopus and Web of Science databases for studies published in the last ten years. The final analysis consisted of seven articles.

Results:

It was found that social support is extremely important in the life of the elderly with HIV/Aids, and a real need for this support was identified. Such support can both contribute to quality of life in many ways, as well as impair the care of those who live with the disease, as the diagnosis, treatment and the entire stigma surrounding this chronic condition directly influence the type and quality of support provided.

Conclusion:

It is hoped that the results of this review will contribute to are flection on health practices for the elderly with HIV/Aids.

Keywords:
Elderly; Social Support; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

Resumo

Objetivo:

Verificar o conhecimento científico produzido sobre o apoio social aos idosos com HIV/aids.

Método:

Foram consultadas as bases de dados Lilacs, Medline, Scopus e Web of Science por estudos realizados nos últimos 10 anos. A análise final foi realizada com sete artigos.

Resultados:

Verificou-se que há uma grande importância do apoio social na vida dos idosos com HIV/aids, bem como mostrou-se uma real necessidade deles quanto a esse suporte. Este suporte pode tanto contribuir de diversas formas para a qualidade de vida, como prejudicar o cuidado da pessoa que vive com a doença, pois o diagnóstico, o tratamento e todo o estigma que rodeia essa condição crônica influenciam diretamente no tipo e na qualidade do apoio que lhe é fornecido.

Conclusão:

Espera-se que os resultados desta revisão contribuam para reflexão sobre as práticas de saúde destinadas aos idosos que vivem com HIV/aids.

Palavras-chave:
Idoso; Apoio Social; Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida

INTRODUCTION

The population aged 60 and over in Brazilian society is growing rapidly. At the same time, fast-moving advances in medicine and technology are allowing people to grow older in a healthier way, with a better quality of life. This includes prolonging sexual activity through facilitators of modern life, such as hormone replacement and impotence drugs. These facilitators help the elderly to rediscover experiences, including sexuality, making their lives more enjoy able yet more vulnerable, and requiring investment in prevention campaigns against sexually transmitted infections (STIs), especially AIDS11 Laroque MF, Affeldt AB, Cardoso DH, Cardoso DH, de Souza GL, Santana MG, et al. Sexualidade do idoso: comportamento para a prevenção de DST/aids. Rev Gaúch Enferm. 2011;32(4):774-80..

The aging of the HIV epidemic has brought new challenges related to both diagnosis and the link between the elderly person and the proposed therapeutic approach, in the hope of achieving greater adherence to and connection with treatment, while not overlooking issues such as human rights, mutual respect and inclusion. The overall population is aging and the increase in HIV prevalence among the elderly is related to the fact that people can contract HIV at more advanced ages through unprotected sex, as well as the greater life expectancy of people who have been living with HIV since before the age of 6022 Ministério da Saúde. Cuidado integral às pessoas que vivem com HIV pela Atenção Básica: manual para a equipe multiprofissional. Brasília, DF: MS; 2017..

Recent data from the 2017 Epidemiological Bulletin on AIDS and STI from the Ministry of Health indicate that in 2016, when 1,294 HIV cases were registered, there was a 15.0% increase in the number of people aged over 60 with the virus in comparison with the previous year. In 2015, meanwhile, the numbers were 51.16% (1,125 people infected) higher than in 2014, when 856 people were diagnosed with the virus33 Ministério da Saúde, Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Departamento de DST, aids e Hepatites Virais. HIV/aids. Bol Epidemiol DST/AIDS Dist Fed. 2017:1-9..

Receiving a positive diagnosis of HIV represents a significant event, triggering reactions and a combination of negative feelings linked to ideas of death/finitude. It is a serious concern that greatly affects the physiological and psychological systems of both those with the disease and their families, who are directly involved in the care of the sufferer, whether through social, religious, ethical or moral impacts44 Lima TC, Freitas MIP. Caracterização de população com 50 anos ou mais atendida em serviço de referência em HIV/aids, Brasil. Rev Ciênc Méd (Campinas). 2013; 22(2):77-86..

In the 2015 study by Silva, the reactions of the elderly to a diagnosis of HIV positive involved fear of death and disability, and notably that the diagnosis, which is considered shameful, would be revealed to family, friends and others from the patient’s social network, causing embarrassment, rejection, discrimination and distancing from others. HIV-related stigma and prejudices have a number of negative consequences in the battle against AIDS, both for people living with HIV and for prevention strategies6Jardim LN. O HIV na terceira idade: o lugar designado ao idoso nas políticas públicas em HIV/aids e as concepções de profissionais de saúde acerca desta problemática [dissertação]. [Juiz de Fora]: Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora; 2012.6.

HIV/AIDS in the elderly has effects that can lead to changes in their identities, experiences, and a remodeling of their being and situation in the world. AIDS-related prejudice is still with us, taking its toll on people living with HIV in terms of suffering, isolation and loneliness, notably because such discrimination often comes from relatives and those closest to the sufferer, restricting their support network, which has consequences for the positive coping with the disease77 Castro SF, Costa AA, Carvalho LA, Barros Júnior FO. Prevenção da aids em idosos: visão e prática do enfermeiro. Rev Ciênc Saúde. 2014;7(3):131-40..

According to Silva88 Silva AO, Loreto MDS, Mafra SCT. HIV na terceira idade: repercussões nos domínios da vida e funcionamento familiar. Rev Fac Serv Soc UEFJ. 2017;39(15):129-54., social support networks are hierarchical groups of people who maintain links between one another, typically of relationships in which they give and receive support, and places that usually provide material help, services and information, such as allowing people to believe they are cared for, loved and valued in times of need and ensuring that they belong to a network of common and mutual relationships. Social support is important insofar as it corresponds to the needs experienced by the elderly themselves. Within this perspective, social support includes a broad network of emotional, informational and instrumental support.

Thus, the need for listening, attention, information and esteem is established as fundamental, influencing different attitudes towards HIV/AIDS, both in the diagnosis and during the course of the disease, depending on the social support received by the elderly. The aim of the present study was therefore to carry out an integrative review of literature, seeking scientific evidence about social support for the elderly living with HIV/AIDS.

METHOD

The present study comprised an integrative review of literature, systematically gathering and synthesizing the results of research on a given topic, allowing the incorporation of the evidence in clinical practice99 Mendes KDS, Silveira RCCP, Galvão CM. Revisão integrativa: método de pesquisa para a incorporação de evidências na saúde e na enfermagem. Texto & Contexto Enferm. 2008;17(4):758-64.. The study was carried out based on the following steps: 1) Definition of the theme and elaboration of the guiding question; 2) Selection of the electronic databases used in the research; 3) Establishing of inclusion and exclusion criteria; 4) Definition of descriptors; 5) Pre-selection of articles; 6) Evaluation of the articles that made up the sample; 7) Interpretation of results and 8) Presentation of the integrative review1010 Souza MT, Silva MD, Carvalho R. Revisão integrativa: o que é e como fazer. Einstein. 2010;8(1):102-6..

The following guiding question was applied: what scientific evidence has been published in the last 10 years that addresses social support for the elderly with HIV/ AIDS? Articles were selected from four databases: Latin American and Caribbean Literature in Health Sciences (or LILACS), Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE), SCOPUS and WEB OF SCIENCE. The articles were collected between May and June 2018. Descriptors in Portuguese and English were taken from the Health Sciences Descriptors (or DeCS) of the Virtual Health Library (HIV, AIDS, social support and the elderly) and the Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) of the National Library of Medicine (HIV, Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, Social Support and Aged), combined with Boolean operators. In the LILACS search, the search key “HIV or AIDS and SOCIAL SUPPORT and THE ELDERLY” was used. In MEDLINE, SCOPUS and WEB OF SCIENCE the following combination was used: “HIV or ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME and SOCIAL SUPPORT and AGED”.

The inclusion criteria were: complete articles available electronically in any language, published in the last 10 years and that cover the theme of social support in the elderly with HIV/AIDS. The exclusion criteria included review articles, dissertations, theses, letters to the editor, technical guidelines, expert opinions and books. Repeated articles were considered only once.

Once selected, the articles were read and analyzed in an organized manner to evaluate the rigor and characteristics of each study, observing their methodological aspects, intervention or proposed care, result, conclusion and level of evidence. The instrument corresponded to the Hierarchical Classification of Evidence for the Evaluation of Studies, based on the categorization of the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), where the quality of evidence is classified into seven levels. According to the eligibility criteria, the levels of the Hierarchical Classification in the present study were: Scientific evidence from randomized controlled clinical trials, well-delineated clinical trials without randomization, cohort studies and well-delineated control cases and scientific evidence derived from descriptive or qualitative studies1111 Melnyk BM, Fineout-Overholt E. Evidence-based practice in nursing & healthcare: a guide to best practice: making the case for evidence-based practice. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2011..

Figure 1 shows the distribution of articles found and selected based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The great majority of the excluded articles were removed due to the fact they did not approach the theme of social support in elderly people with HIV/AIDS, and when the theme of “social support” was addressed, it was in the pediatric or adolescent population.

Figure 1
Diagram of articles found and selected from database search. Recife, Pernambuco, 2018.

RESULTS

After the exploratory reading of the 11 articles selected, seven articles were selected for inclusion in the integrative review, after which the hierarchical classification of the evidence for the evaluation of studies was performed, based on the AHRQ categorization.

The relevant information of the selected articles is described in Chart 1.

Chart 1
Characteristics and presentation of synthesis of articles included in integrative review. Recife, Pernambuco, 2018.

The seven articles found were published between 2009 and 2017(based on the inclusion criteria of publication in the previous 10 years). Two were published in European countries (the UK and Ireland), three in the USA, one in Canada and one in Brazil. One article was evaluated as evidence level II and six scored level VI.

Most of the findings came from cross-sectional and descriptive studies, with the direct observation of a planned number of people with HIV/AIDS in a single moment, preventing the long-term comparisons of the characteristics of the sample.

DISCUSSION

Although few articles were found using the search key and eligibility criteria, some important points arose through the construction of this study, namely that great importance is attached to social support in the life of the elderly with HIV/AIDS, as well as the genuine need for such support and help.

The search for means of help or support is considered a natural reaction of human beings who are going through difficult situations under severe stress. In other words, there is a search for support networks, both formal and informal, aimed at coping with the changes generated after HIV diagnosis1919 Lemos TSA, Pereira ER, Costa DC, Silva RMCRA, Silva MA, Oliveira DC. Trabajo del professional de la salud y la família portadora de HIV/aids. Rev Cuba Enferm. 2016;32(4):126-37..

Many studies of elderly persons living with HIV/AIDS highlight the fact that this population is at risk of a deterioration in their psychological and physical health when such social support from friends and family is inadequate1212 Okuno MFP, Gomes AC, Meazzini L, Scherrer Júnior G, Belasco Júnior D, Belasco AGS. Qualidade de Vida de Pacientes Idosos Vivendo com HIV/aids. Cad Saúde Pública. 2014;30(7):1551-9.,1717 Johnson CJ, Heckmana TG, Hansenb NB, Kochman A, Sikkema KJ. Adherence to antiretroviral medication in older adults living with HIV/aids: a comparison of alternative models. AIDS Care. 21(5):541-51.,2020 Field J, Schuldberg D. Social-support moderated stress: a nonlinear dynamical model and the stress-buffering hypothesis. Nonlinear Dyn Psychol Life Sci. 2011;15(1):53-85..

In a study of individuals aged 50 or more living withHIV/AIDS2121 Shippy A, Karpiak E. Perceptions of support among older adults with HIV. Res Aging. 2005;27(3):290-306.,it was found that such individuals are more likely to reside in nursing homes than those who do not have HIV/AIDS. The reasons that led to this difference in types of residence were the fact that those living with HIV/AIDS said that they were not able to rely on emotional and/or financial support from their relatives, with the implication that such a lack of support results in a decline in their physical and emotional health. The elderly tend to have a reduced network of social support and ways of dealing with psychological and social stressors, resulting in a perception of lower social support.

A greater propensity of elderly persons without parents and/or who may have an older partner with declining health may suffer limitations in both the type and level of support available to them2222 Lyons A, Pitts M, Grierson J, Thorpe R, Power J. Ageing with HIV: health and psychosocial well-being of older gay men. AIDS Care. 2015;22(10):1236-44.. In the study by Okonkwo, Larkan and Galligan (2016) it was found that slightly more than half of the elderly participants had a low perception of social support. In the analysis of this study, emotional and informational support was found to improve the quality of life of these elderly people living with HIV/ AIDS, when provided through the proper channels1313 Okonkwo NO, Larkan F, Galligan M. An assessment of the levels of perceived social support among older adults living with HIV and aids in Dublin. SpringerPlus. 2016;5(1):1-7..

HIV-related stigma and prejudice have a number of negative consequences for the fight against AIDS, both for people living with HIV and for prevention strategies6Jardim LN. O HIV na terceira idade: o lugar designado ao idoso nas políticas públicas em HIV/aids e as concepções de profissionais de saúde acerca desta problemática [dissertação]. [Juiz de Fora]: Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora; 2012.6. In addition, the reality of being old and living with HIV/AIDS is often shocking, unthinkable and difficult to accept, since it contradicts the stereotypes specifically related to the elderly, which are mainly related to conceptions of asexuality at this time of life2323 Cassette JB, da Silva LC, Felício EEAA, Soares LA, de Morais RA, Prado TS, et al . HIV/AIDS em idosos: estigmas, trabalho e formação em saúde. Rev Bras Geriatr Gerontol. 2016;19(5):733-44..

One of the studies that used the HIV/AIDS Quality of Life test (HAT-Qol)1212 Okuno MFP, Gomes AC, Meazzini L, Scherrer Júnior G, Belasco Júnior D, Belasco AGS. Qualidade de Vida de Pacientes Idosos Vivendo com HIV/aids. Cad Saúde Pública. 2014;30(7):1551-9. (a specific instrument for evaluating the quality of life of individuals living with HIV/AIDS) supported this idea of the negative impact of socially constructed stigma and prejudice, as one of the domains assessed most negatively by these elderly people was “concern with confidentiality”, which may be related to the stigma connected with the disease, leading to the devaluation, discrimination and judgment of the way of life and behavior of these elderly people living with HIV/AIDS.

All such biopsychosocial impacts means the elderly require social, family and professional support, as the discovery of the diagnosis can generate changes in several aspects of the life of these individuals. In relation to disclosing the news of a positive HIV diagnosis, many prefer to live in silence, for a variety of reasons: lack of a social support network or insufficiency thereof, fear of stigma, abuse based on stereotyped views of people living with HIV, loss of social support, breach of confidentiality and the desire not to burden family members with problems of health2424 Hightow-Weidman LB, Phillips G, Outlaw AY, Wohl AR, Fields S, Hildalgo J, et al. Patterns of HIV disclosure and condom use among HIV-infected young racial/ethnic minority men who have sex with men. AIDS Behav. 2013;17(1):360-8..

In the study aimed at analyzing whether non-disclosure of HIV status is associated with psychological symptoms, non-adherence to antiretroviral therapy and viral load among people living with HIV in the UK, the elderly were more likely to have low levels of social support or experience psychological symptoms, in addition to having a higher prevalence of non-disclosure in a social context and lacking a long-term partner, compared to other age groups1818 Daskalopoulou M, Lampe FC, Sherr L, Phillips AN, Johnson MA, Gilson R, et al. Non-disclosure of HIV status and associations with psychological factors, ART non-adherence and viral load non-suppression among people living with HIV in the UK. AIDS Behav. 2017;21(1):184-95..

In addition, there is a possible association between HIV/AIDS in old age and a greater perception of the level of stigma among the elderly than among younger people. In a qualitative study2525 Loutfy M, Logie CH, Zhang Y, Blitz SL, Margolese SL, Tharao WE, et al. Gender and ethnicity differences in HIV-related stigma experienced by people living with HIV in Ontario, Canada. PLoS ONE. 2014;7(12):1-10. conducted with 63 African American, Latino and Caucasian elderly people with HIV, several barriers to social support were identified: age bias, family unavailability, non-disclosure of diagnosis, HIV stigma and concern about not becoming a burden. Despite these statements about the non-disclosure of HIV status, disclosure can also represent a strategy for providing social and psychological support to overcome a diagnosis which is in many ways more complex than other chronic conditions2626 Yonah G, Fredrick F, Leyna G. HIV serostatus disclosure among people living with HIV/aids in Mwanza, Tanzania. AIDS Res Ther. 2014;11(1):1-5..

The elderly have formal and informal support needs. In the studies, informal support was the resource that is most received and perceived by the elderly (family, friends, neighbors and religious communities)2727 Williams SW, Dilworth-Anderson P. Systems of social support in families who care for dependent African American elders. Gerontologist. 2002;42(2):224-36.,2828 Becker G, Newsom E. Resilience in the face of serious illness among chronically ill African Americans in later life. J Gerontol Ser B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2005;60(4):214-23..

However, one study shows that the elderly living with HIV/AIDS are more disconnected from informal sources of support, often leading to gaps in care, thus requiring support from health professionals, companies and formal integral care services2121 Shippy A, Karpiak E. Perceptions of support among older adults with HIV. Res Aging. 2005;27(3):290-306..

In the study which sought to observe the social support needs of African-American women who were HIV-positive, the elderly individuals described a need for emotional support (talking to others, feeling close to others, pampering themselves), informational support (adverse effects of medication, family support group information, mental healthcare provider information) and instrumental support (transportation assistance, health insurance). One of the needs highlighted by the elderly women is the desire to talk about their HIV-related and general concerns about life with other people who would act empathetically and not be judged1414 Warren-Jeanpiere L, Heather D, Pilar H. Life begins at 60: Identifying the social support needs of African American women aging with HIV. J Health Care Poor Underserved. 2017;28:389-405..

These elderly women described the need to express their concerns, thoughts and experiences about aging with HIV and seek advice from doctors, therapists, family members and friends living with HIV/AIDS1414 Warren-Jeanpiere L, Heather D, Pilar H. Life begins at 60: Identifying the social support needs of African American women aging with HIV. J Health Care Poor Underserved. 2017;28:389-405.. These types of support which are described as necessary for the elderly should be provided continuously as these people age with the disease, making them a facilitator in building self-empowerment and the self-management of HIV1414 Warren-Jeanpiere L, Heather D, Pilar H. Life begins at 60: Identifying the social support needs of African American women aging with HIV. J Health Care Poor Underserved. 2017;28:389-405..

The participants found the search for informal social support more useful although, due to the simultaneous occurrence of HIV stigma and the aging process, these elderly persons tend to find it more difficult to seek social support from informal sources to assist them with the condition, compared with other chronic diseases1414 Warren-Jeanpiere L, Heather D, Pilar H. Life begins at 60: Identifying the social support needs of African American women aging with HIV. J Health Care Poor Underserved. 2017;28:389-405.. Again the stigma acts as a barrier in the search for social support, especially from informal sources. The study by Poindexter and Shippy reached a similar conclusion, with African-American women living with HIV aged 50 to 83 years revealing that they did not consider their families to be a reliable source of social support2929 Poindexter C, Shippey RA. Networks of older new yorkers with HIV: fragility, resilience, and transformation. AIDS Patient Care STDs. 2008;22(9):723-33..

This importance of social support in the lives of elderly people with HIV/AIDS and their need for such help and support is further emphasized with other studies selected in the review, where social support and self-efficacy were considered as protection factors for quality of life. mental health and physical health, contributing to the “cushioning” of life’s adverse events and contributing to better adaptability when faced with these changes1515 Emlet CA, Fredriksen-Goldsen KI, Kim HJ. Risk and protective factors associated with health-related quality of life among older gay and bisexual men living with HIV Disease. Gerontologist. 2013;53(6):963-72..

Social support is a protective factor in promoting resilience in old age, since many elderly people living with HIV experience uncertainties and stigmas that may contribute to mental suffering, requiring consistent and structured social support to be able to use resilience as a coping ability and an important pillar in the lives of these elderly people. It was also found that the social, family, peer group and spiritual support sought and received positively affected the quality of life of these elderly people, as well as promoting resilience1616 Furlotte C, Schwartz K. Mental health experiences of older adults living with HIV: Uncertainty, Stigma, and Approaches to Resilience. Can J Aging. 2017:36(2):125-40..

When inadequate, social support has been directly related to poor adaptive coping with the condition of HIV/AIDS. The negative affect of this social support completely mediated the associations between maladaptive coping and adherence to antiretroviral therapy, emphasizing the importance and necessity of social support in the influence of behaviors and results for health1717 Johnson CJ, Heckmana TG, Hansenb NB, Kochman A, Sikkema KJ. Adherence to antiretroviral medication in older adults living with HIV/aids: a comparison of alternative models. AIDS Care. 21(5):541-51..It is likely that improving coping, support and affection will positively influence the adherence of the elderly to the management of the disease3030 Silva LMS, Tavares JSC. The family's role as a support network for people living with HIV/aids: a review of Brazilian research into the theme. Ciênc Saúde Colet. 2015;20(4):1109-18..

Limitations of the present study include gaps in detailed theoretical information and explanations of fundamental concepts such as social support and help in most of the studies, and also the fact that social support was evaluated in most of the studies in a secondary form. The research included in this review was carried out in several socio-cultural contexts, which may lead to different results, and few longitudinal studies were found, with the cross-sectional approach most prevalent among the studies analyzed in the review.

CONCLUSION

The present integrative review identified far fewer studies than might have been expected considering the period investigated, the significance of this epidemic in the elderly population, and the importance of both formal and informal social support in the life of these elderly persons. There is therefore a shortage of scientific production on social support for the elderly in the context of HIV/AIDS, especially in terms of the primary analysis of social support in scientific research.

Social support has been shown to play a role in contributing to the quality of life of the elderly living with HIV/AIDS, as well as having a negative effect when absent or inadequate, considering the burden of diagnosis and treatment and the stigma attached to the disease. Support becomes a strong ally throughout the process of dealing with the disease.

The elderly suffer a greater stigma in relation to HIV/AIDS than other age groups, and those living with HIV/AIDS among this population receive less social support, hindering care. Because of this stigma, many face the disease in a solitary manner, generating negative feelings throughout its course, thus reinforcing the need for informal social support from relatives, friends, as well as the formal support provided by professionals and reference services. This support can help to avoid negative consequences in terms of adherence to treatment, isolation and difficulties in seeking help when required.

Reactions to elderly persons with HIV from family members may be influenced by the meanings given to the disease by society, resulting in situations of discrimination and exclusion by the family group.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to thank Márcia Carréra Campos Leal, Ana Paula de Oliveira Marques and Rogério Dubosselard Zimmermann for their contributions to the present study, especially their substantial contribution to its design and planning, the analysis and interpretation of data, the preparation of the draft and the critical review of the content.

REFERENCES

  • 1
    Laroque MF, Affeldt AB, Cardoso DH, Cardoso DH, de Souza GL, Santana MG, et al. Sexualidade do idoso: comportamento para a prevenção de DST/aids. Rev Gaúch Enferm. 2011;32(4):774-80.
  • 2
    Ministério da Saúde. Cuidado integral às pessoas que vivem com HIV pela Atenção Básica: manual para a equipe multiprofissional. Brasília, DF: MS; 2017.
  • 3
    Ministério da Saúde, Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Departamento de DST, aids e Hepatites Virais. HIV/aids. Bol Epidemiol DST/AIDS Dist Fed. 2017:1-9.
  • 4
    Lima TC, Freitas MIP. Caracterização de população com 50 anos ou mais atendida em serviço de referência em HIV/aids, Brasil. Rev Ciênc Méd (Campinas). 2013; 22(2):77-86.
  • 5
    da Silva LC, Felício EEAA, Cassétte JB, Soares LA, de Morais RA, Prado TS, et al. Impacto psicossocial do diagnóstico de HIV/aids em idosos atendidos em um serviço público de saúde. Rev Bras Geriatr Gerontol. 2015;18(4):821-33.
  • Jardim LN. O HIV na terceira idade: o lugar designado ao idoso nas políticas públicas em HIV/aids e as concepções de profissionais de saúde acerca desta problemática [dissertação]. [Juiz de Fora]: Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora; 2012.6
  • 7
    Castro SF, Costa AA, Carvalho LA, Barros Júnior FO. Prevenção da aids em idosos: visão e prática do enfermeiro. Rev Ciênc Saúde. 2014;7(3):131-40.
  • 8
    Silva AO, Loreto MDS, Mafra SCT. HIV na terceira idade: repercussões nos domínios da vida e funcionamento familiar. Rev Fac Serv Soc UEFJ. 2017;39(15):129-54.
  • 9
    Mendes KDS, Silveira RCCP, Galvão CM. Revisão integrativa: método de pesquisa para a incorporação de evidências na saúde e na enfermagem. Texto & Contexto Enferm. 2008;17(4):758-64.
  • 10
    Souza MT, Silva MD, Carvalho R. Revisão integrativa: o que é e como fazer. Einstein. 2010;8(1):102-6.
  • 11
    Melnyk BM, Fineout-Overholt E. Evidence-based practice in nursing & healthcare: a guide to best practice: making the case for evidence-based practice. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2011.
  • 12
    Okuno MFP, Gomes AC, Meazzini L, Scherrer Júnior G, Belasco Júnior D, Belasco AGS. Qualidade de Vida de Pacientes Idosos Vivendo com HIV/aids. Cad Saúde Pública. 2014;30(7):1551-9.
  • 13
    Okonkwo NO, Larkan F, Galligan M. An assessment of the levels of perceived social support among older adults living with HIV and aids in Dublin. SpringerPlus. 2016;5(1):1-7.
  • 14
    Warren-Jeanpiere L, Heather D, Pilar H. Life begins at 60: Identifying the social support needs of African American women aging with HIV. J Health Care Poor Underserved. 2017;28:389-405.
  • 15
    Emlet CA, Fredriksen-Goldsen KI, Kim HJ. Risk and protective factors associated with health-related quality of life among older gay and bisexual men living with HIV Disease. Gerontologist. 2013;53(6):963-72.
  • 16
    Furlotte C, Schwartz K. Mental health experiences of older adults living with HIV: Uncertainty, Stigma, and Approaches to Resilience. Can J Aging. 2017:36(2):125-40.
  • 17
    Johnson CJ, Heckmana TG, Hansenb NB, Kochman A, Sikkema KJ. Adherence to antiretroviral medication in older adults living with HIV/aids: a comparison of alternative models. AIDS Care. 21(5):541-51.
  • 18
    Daskalopoulou M, Lampe FC, Sherr L, Phillips AN, Johnson MA, Gilson R, et al. Non-disclosure of HIV status and associations with psychological factors, ART non-adherence and viral load non-suppression among people living with HIV in the UK. AIDS Behav. 2017;21(1):184-95.
  • 19
    Lemos TSA, Pereira ER, Costa DC, Silva RMCRA, Silva MA, Oliveira DC. Trabajo del professional de la salud y la família portadora de HIV/aids. Rev Cuba Enferm. 2016;32(4):126-37.
  • 20
    Field J, Schuldberg D. Social-support moderated stress: a nonlinear dynamical model and the stress-buffering hypothesis. Nonlinear Dyn Psychol Life Sci. 2011;15(1):53-85.
  • 21
    Shippy A, Karpiak E. Perceptions of support among older adults with HIV. Res Aging. 2005;27(3):290-306.
  • 22
    Lyons A, Pitts M, Grierson J, Thorpe R, Power J. Ageing with HIV: health and psychosocial well-being of older gay men. AIDS Care. 2015;22(10):1236-44.
  • 23
    Cassette JB, da Silva LC, Felício EEAA, Soares LA, de Morais RA, Prado TS, et al . HIV/AIDS em idosos: estigmas, trabalho e formação em saúde. Rev Bras Geriatr Gerontol. 2016;19(5):733-44.
  • 24
    Hightow-Weidman LB, Phillips G, Outlaw AY, Wohl AR, Fields S, Hildalgo J, et al. Patterns of HIV disclosure and condom use among HIV-infected young racial/ethnic minority men who have sex with men. AIDS Behav. 2013;17(1):360-8.
  • 25
    Loutfy M, Logie CH, Zhang Y, Blitz SL, Margolese SL, Tharao WE, et al. Gender and ethnicity differences in HIV-related stigma experienced by people living with HIV in Ontario, Canada. PLoS ONE. 2014;7(12):1-10.
  • 26
    Yonah G, Fredrick F, Leyna G. HIV serostatus disclosure among people living with HIV/aids in Mwanza, Tanzania. AIDS Res Ther. 2014;11(1):1-5.
  • 27
    Williams SW, Dilworth-Anderson P. Systems of social support in families who care for dependent African American elders. Gerontologist. 2002;42(2):224-36.
  • 28
    Becker G, Newsom E. Resilience in the face of serious illness among chronically ill African Americans in later life. J Gerontol Ser B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2005;60(4):214-23.
  • 29
    Poindexter C, Shippey RA. Networks of older new yorkers with HIV: fragility, resilience, and transformation. AIDS Patient Care STDs. 2008;22(9):723-33.
  • 30
    Silva LMS, Tavares JSC. The family's role as a support network for people living with HIV/aids: a review of Brazilian research into the theme. Ciênc Saúde Colet. 2015;20(4):1109-18.

Publication Dates

  • Publication in this collection
    19 Aug 2019
  • Date of issue
    2019

History

  • Received
    14 Sept 2018
  • Accepted
    18 Apr 2019
Universidade do Estado do Rio Janeiro Rua São Francisco Xavier, 524 - Bloco F, 20559-900 Rio de Janeiro - RJ Brasil, Tel.: (55 21) 2334-0168 - Rio de Janeiro - RJ - Brazil
E-mail: revistabgg@gmail.com