Efeito agudo do alongamento estático na força muscular de mulheres idosas

Gurjão, André Luiz Demantova; Carneiro, Nelson Hilário; Gonçalves, Raquel; Moura, Rodrigo Ferreira de; Gobbi, Sebastião

doi:10.5007/1980-0037.2010v12n3p195

Resumos

O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar, em mulheres idosas, o efeito agudo do alongamento estático sobre a taxa de desenvolvimento de força pico (TDFP) e contração voluntária máxima (CVM). A amostra foi composta por 10 mulheres idosas (idade 68,5 ± 7,0 anos; peso 70,9 ± 8,1 kg; estatura 159,4 ± 6,0 cm; índice de massa corporal 28,0 ± 3,8 kg/m²). A TDFP e a CVM foram testadas no exercício Leg Press, antes e após as condições controle ou alongamento (três séries de 30 segundos de alongamento estático do quadríceps femoral), em dois dias diferentes (24 horas de intervalo). A TDFP foi determinada como a inclinação mais íngreme da curva, calculada dentro da janela regular de 20 ms (∆Força/∆Tempo), para os primeiros 200 ms após o início da força muscular. A CVM foi determinada como o maior ponto registrado na tentativa. Em cada dia, apenas uma condição foi testada e a ordem de emprego para cada condição foi determinada aleatoriamente. A intensidade do alongamento foi determinada pelo limiar de dor muscular. Quatro avaliações pós-condições (pós-tratamento; 10; 20 e 30 minutos) foram realizadas para acompanhar o comportamento da força muscular. A ANCOVA 2x5, seguida do teste post-hoc de Scheffé, não mostrou interações, condição vs. momento, significativas (P > 0,05) para a TDFP e CVM. Em conclusão, séries agudas de alongamento estático para o quadríceps femoral não afetam a capacidade de produzir força muscular rapidamente e máxima de mulheres idosas.

Envelhecimento; Aquecimento; Curva força-tempo Isométrica

The objective of this study was to investigate the acute effect of static stretching on the peak rate of force development (PRFD) and maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) in older women. Ten women (68.5 ± 7.0 years; 70.9 ± 8.1 kg; 159.4 ± 6.0 cm; body mass index: 28.0 ± 3.8 kg/m²) were studied. MVC and PRFD were determined by leg press exercise before and after the control or stretching condition (three sets of 30 seconds of static stretching of the quadriceps) on two different days (interval of 24 hours). PRFD was determined as the steepest slope of the curve, calculated within regular windows of 20 milliseconds (∆force/∆time) for the first 200 milliseconds after the onset of contraction. MVC was determined as the highest value recorded in each set. Only one condition was tested on each day and the order of application of each condition was determined randomly. The stretching intensity was evaluated by the muscle pain threshold. Four post-condition assessments (post-treatment, 10, 20, and 30 minutes) were performed to monitor muscle strength. ANCOVA 2x5, followed by the Scheffé post-hoc test, showed no significant interactions between conditions vs. times (P > 0.05) for PRFD or MVC. In conclusion, acute bouts of static stretching of the quadriceps femoris do not affect the ability of rapid and maximum muscle force production in older women.

Aging; Warn-up; Isometric force-time curve

ARTIGO ORIGINAL

Efeito agudo do alongamento estático na força muscular de mulheres idosas

Acute effect of static stretching on muscle force in older women

André Luiz Demantova Gurjão^I; Nelson Hilário Carneiro^II; Raquel Gonçalves^I; Rodrigo Ferreira de Moura^I; Sebastião Gobbi^I

^IUniversidade Estadual Paulista. Instituo de Biociências. Laboratório de Atividade Física e Envelhecimento. Rio Claro,SP. Brasil

^IIUniversidade do Oeste Paulista. Presidente Prudente, SP. Brasil.

^{Correspondencia para} Sebastião Gobbi Departamento de Educação Física Avenida 24 A, 1515. Bairro: Bela Vista CEP: 13506-900 Rio Claro, SP. Brasil. E-mail: sgobbi@rc.unesp.br

RESUMO

O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar, em mulheres idosas, o efeito agudo do alongamento estático sobre a taxa de desenvolvimento de força pico (TDFP) e contração voluntária máxima (CVM). A amostra foi composta por 10 mulheres idosas (idade 68,5 ± 7,0 anos; peso 70,9 ± 8,1 kg; estatura 159,4 ± 6,0 cm; índice de massa corporal 28,0 ± 3,8 kg/m²). A TDFP e a CVM foram testadas no exercício Leg Press, antes e após as condições controle ou alongamento (três séries de 30 segundos de alongamento estático do quadríceps femoral), em dois dias diferentes (24 horas de intervalo). A TDFP foi determinada como a inclinação mais íngreme da curva, calculada dentro da janela regular de 20 ms (∆Força/∆Tempo), para os primeiros 200 ms após o início da força muscular. A CVM foi determinada como o maior ponto registrado na tentativa. Em cada dia, apenas uma condição foi testada e a ordem de emprego para cada condição foi determinada aleatoriamente. A intensidade do alongamento foi determinada pelo limiar de dor muscular. Quatro avaliações pós-condições (pós-tratamento; 10; 20 e 30 minutos) foram realizadas para acompanhar o comportamento da força muscular. A ANCOVA 2x5, seguida do teste post-hoc de Scheffé, não mostrou interações, condição vs. momento, significativas (P > 0,05) para a TDFP e CVM. Em conclusão, séries agudas de alongamento estático para o quadríceps femoral não afetam a capacidade de produzir força muscular rapidamente e máxima de mulheres idosas.

Palavras-chave: Envelhecimento; Aquecimento; Curva força-tempo Isométrica

ABSTRACT

The objective of this study was to investigate the acute effect of static stretching on the peak rate of force development (PRFD) and maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) in older women. Ten women (68.5 ± 7.0 years; 70.9 ± 8.1 kg; 159.4 ± 6.0 cm; body mass index: 28.0 ± 3.8 kg/m²) were studied. MVC and PRFD were determined by leg press exercise before and after the control or stretching condition (three sets of 30 seconds of static stretching of the quadriceps) on two different days (interval of 24 hours). PRFD was determined as the steepest slope of the curve, calculated within regular windows of 20 milliseconds (∆force/∆time) for the first 200 milliseconds after the onset of contraction. MVC was determined as the highest value recorded in each set. Only one condition was tested on each day and the order of application of each condition was determined randomly. The stretching intensity was evaluated by the muscle pain threshold. Four post-condition assessments (post-treatment, 10, 20, and 30 minutes) were performed to monitor muscle strength. ANCOVA 2x5, followed by the Scheffé post-hoc test, showed no significant interactions between conditions vs. times (P > 0.05) for PRFD or MVC. In conclusion, acute bouts of static stretching of the quadriceps femoris do not affect the ability of rapid and maximum muscle force production in older women.

Keywords: Aging; Warn-up; Isometric force-time curve

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Recebido em 05/01/09

Revisado em 20/03/09

Aprovado em 02/12/09

Akima H, Kano Y, Enomoto Y, Ishizu M, Okada M, Oishi Y, Katsuta S, Kuno S. Muscle function in 164 men and women aged 20-84 yr. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2001;33(2):220-226.
Holland GJ, Tanaka K, Shigematsu R, Nakagaichi M. Flexibility and physical functions of older adults: A Review. J Aging Phys Act 2002;10(2):169-206.
Warburton DER, Gledhill N, Quinney A. The effects of changes in muscleskeletal fitness on health. Can J Appl Physiol 2001;26(2):161-216.
Kwon IS, Schrager M, Talbot LA, Fozard JL, Metter EJ. Relationship between muscle strength and the time taken to complete a standardized walk-turn-walk test. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2001;56(9):B398-B404.
Lynch NA, Metter EJ, Lindle RS, Fozard JL, Tobin JD, Roy TA, Fleg JL, Hurley BF. Muscle quality. I. Age-associated differences between arm and leg muscle groups. J Appl Physiol 1999;86(1):188-194.
Nelson ME, Rejeski WJ, Blair SN, Duncan PW, Judge JO, King AC, Macera CA, Castaneda-Sceppa C, American College of Sports Medicine, American Heart Association. Physical activity and public health in older adults: recommendation from the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Heart Association. Circulation 2007;116(9):1094-1105.
Rubini EC, Costa ALL, Gomes PSC. The Effects of Stretching on Strength Performance. Sports Med 2007;37(3):213-224.
Knudson D. Stretching during warm-up: Do we have enough evidence? J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 1999;70(1):24-27.
Shrier I, Gossal K. Myths and truths of stretching: Individualized recommendations for healthy muscles. Physician Sports Med 2000;28(1):57-63.
Feland JB, Myrer JW, Schulthies SS, Fellingham GW, Measom GW. The effect of duration of stretching of the hamstring muscle group for increasing range of motion in people aged 65 years or older. Phys Ther 2001;81(5):1110-1117.
Pope RP, Herbert RD, Kirwan JD, Graham BJ. A randomized trial of pre-exercise stretching for prevention of lower-limb injury. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2000;32(2):271-277.
Alpkaya U, Koceja D. The effects of acute static stretching on reaction time and force. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2007;47(2):147-150.
Cramer JT Housh TJ, Johnson GO, Weir JP, Beck TW, Coburn JW. An acute bout of static stretching does not affect maximal eccentric isokinetic peak torque, the joint angle at peak torque, mean power, electromyography, or mechanomyography. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2007;37(3):130-139.
Behm DG, Kibele A. Effects of differing intensities of static stretching on jump performance. Eur J Appl Physiol 2007;101(5): 587-594.
Siatras TA, Mittas VP, Mameletzi DN, Vamvakoudis EA. The duration of the inhibitory effects with static stretching on quadriceps peak torque production. J Strength Cond Res 2008;22(1):40-46.
Power K, Behm DG, Cahill F, Carroll M, Young W. An acute bout of static stretching: effects on force and jumping performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2004;36(8):1389-1396.
Behm DG, Button DC, Butt JC. Factors affecting force loss with prolonged stretching. Can J Appl Physiol 2001;26(3):261-272.
Avela J, Finni T, Liikavainio T, Niemelä E, Komi PV. Neural and mechanical responses of the triceps surae muscle group after 1 h of repeated fast passive stretches. J Appl Physiol 2004;96(6):2325-2332.
Sahaly, R, Vandewalle, H, Driss, T, and Monod, H. Maximal voluntary force and rate of force development in humans - importance of instruction. Eur J Appl Physiol 2001;85(3-4):345-350.
Aagaard P, Simonsen EB, Andersen JL, Magnusson P, Dyhre-Poulsen, P. Increased rate of force development and neural drive of human skeletal muscle following resistance training. J Appl Physiol 2002;93(4):1318-1326.
Handrakis JP, Southard VN, Abreu JM, Aloisa M, Doyen MR, Echevarria LM, Hwang H, Samuels C, Venegas SA, Douris PC. Static Stretching Does Not Impair Performance in Active Middle-Aged Adults. J Strength Cond Res. 2009 Out 7. [Epub ahead of print]
Ryan ED, Beck TW, Herda TJ, Hull HR, Hartman MJ, Stout JR, Cramer JT. Do practical durations of stretching alter muscle strength? A dose-response study. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2008;40(8):1529-1537.
Fowles JR, Sale DG, MacDougall JD. Reduced strength after passive stretch of the human plantar flexors. J Appl Physiol 2000;89(3):1179-1188.
Ogura Y, Miyahara Y, Naito H, Katamoto S, Joki J. Duration of static stretching influences Muscle force production in hamstring Muscles. J Strength Cond Res 2007;21(3):788-792.
Bazett-Jones DM, Winchester JB, McBride JM. Effect of potentiation and stretching on maximal force, rate of force development, and range of motion. J Strength Cond Res 2005;19(2):421-426.
McBride JM, Deane R, Nimphius S. Effect of stretching on agonist-antagonist muscle activity and muscle force output during single and multiple joint isometric contractions. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2007;17(1): 54-60.
Gurjão ALD, Gonçalves R, de Moura RF, Gobbi S. Acute effect of static stretching on rate of force development and maximal voluntary contraction in older women. J Strength Cond Res 2009;23(7):2149-2154.
Wilson GJ, Murphy AJ, Pryor JF. Musculotendinous stiffness: Its relationship to eccentric, isometric, and concentric performance. J Appl Physiol 1994;76(6):2714-2719.
Edman KA, Tsuchiya T. Strain of passive elements during force enhancement by stretch in frog muscle fibres. J Physiol 1996;490(Pt 1):191-205.
Narici MV, Maganaris CN. Plasticity of the muscle-tendon complex with disuse and aging. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2007;35(3):126-134.

Sebastião Gobbi

Departamento de Educação Física

Avenida 24 A, 1515. Bairro: Bela Vista

CEP: 13506-900 Rio Claro, SP. Brasil.

E-mail:

sgobbi@rc.unesp.br

Datas de Publicação

Publicação nesta coleção
10 Out 2012
Data do Fascículo
Jun 2010

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

[1] Akima H, Kano Y, Enomoto Y, Ishizu M, Okada M, Oishi Y, Katsuta S, Kuno S. Muscle function in 164 men and women aged 20-84 yr. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2001;33(2):220-226.

[2] Holland GJ, Tanaka K, Shigematsu R, Nakagaichi M. Flexibility and physical functions of older adults: A Review. J Aging Phys Act 2002;10(2):169-206.

[3] Warburton DER, Gledhill N, Quinney A. The effects of changes in muscleskeletal fitness on health. Can J Appl Physiol 2001;26(2):161-216.

[4] Kwon IS, Schrager M, Talbot LA, Fozard JL, Metter EJ. Relationship between muscle strength and the time taken to complete a standardized walk-turn-walk test. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2001;56(9):B398-B404.

[5] Lynch NA, Metter EJ, Lindle RS, Fozard JL, Tobin JD, Roy TA, Fleg JL, Hurley BF. Muscle quality. I. Age-associated differences between arm and leg muscle groups. J Appl Physiol 1999;86(1):188-194.

[6] Nelson ME, Rejeski WJ, Blair SN, Duncan PW, Judge JO, King AC, Macera CA, Castaneda-Sceppa C, American College of Sports Medicine, American Heart Association. Physical activity and public health in older adults: recommendation from the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Heart Association. Circulation 2007;116(9):1094-1105.

[7] Rubini EC, Costa ALL, Gomes PSC. The Effects of Stretching on Strength Performance. Sports Med 2007;37(3):213-224.

[8] Knudson D. Stretching during warm-up: Do we have enough evidence? J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 1999;70(1):24-27.

[9] Shrier I, Gossal K. Myths and truths of stretching: Individualized recommendations for healthy muscles. Physician Sports Med 2000;28(1):57-63.

[10] Feland JB, Myrer JW, Schulthies SS, Fellingham GW, Measom GW. The effect of duration of stretching of the hamstring muscle group for increasing range of motion in people aged 65 years or older. Phys Ther 2001;81(5):1110-1117.

[11] Pope RP, Herbert RD, Kirwan JD, Graham BJ. A randomized trial of pre-exercise stretching for prevention of lower-limb injury. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2000;32(2):271-277.

[12] Alpkaya U, Koceja D. The effects of acute static stretching on reaction time and force. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2007;47(2):147-150.

[13] Cramer JT Housh TJ, Johnson GO, Weir JP, Beck TW, Coburn JW. An acute bout of static stretching does not affect maximal eccentric isokinetic peak torque, the joint angle at peak torque, mean power, electromyography, or mechanomyography. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2007;37(3):130-139.

[14] Behm DG, Kibele A. Effects of differing intensities of static stretching on jump performance. Eur J Appl Physiol 2007;101(5): 587-594.

[15] Siatras TA, Mittas VP, Mameletzi DN, Vamvakoudis EA. The duration of the inhibitory effects with static stretching on quadriceps peak torque production. J Strength Cond Res 2008;22(1):40-46.

[16] Power K, Behm DG, Cahill F, Carroll M, Young W. An acute bout of static stretching: effects on force and jumping performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2004;36(8):1389-1396.

[17] Behm DG, Button DC, Butt JC. Factors affecting force loss with prolonged stretching. Can J Appl Physiol 2001;26(3):261-272.

[18] Avela J, Finni T, Liikavainio T, Niemelä E, Komi PV. Neural and mechanical responses of the triceps surae muscle group after 1 h of repeated fast passive stretches. J Appl Physiol 2004;96(6):2325-2332.

[19] Sahaly, R, Vandewalle, H, Driss, T, and Monod, H. Maximal voluntary force and rate of force development in humans - importance of instruction. Eur J Appl Physiol 2001;85(3-4):345-350.

[20] Aagaard P, Simonsen EB, Andersen JL, Magnusson P, Dyhre-Poulsen, P. Increased rate of force development and neural drive of human skeletal muscle following resistance training. J Appl Physiol 2002;93(4):1318-1326.

[21] Handrakis JP, Southard VN, Abreu JM, Aloisa M, Doyen MR, Echevarria LM, Hwang H, Samuels C, Venegas SA, Douris PC. Static Stretching Does Not Impair Performance in Active Middle-Aged Adults. J Strength Cond Res. 2009 Out 7. [Epub ahead of print]

[22] Ryan ED, Beck TW, Herda TJ, Hull HR, Hartman MJ, Stout JR, Cramer JT. Do practical durations of stretching alter muscle strength? A dose-response study. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2008;40(8):1529-1537.

[23] Fowles JR, Sale DG, MacDougall JD. Reduced strength after passive stretch of the human plantar flexors. J Appl Physiol 2000;89(3):1179-1188.

[24] Ogura Y, Miyahara Y, Naito H, Katamoto S, Joki J. Duration of static stretching influences Muscle force production in hamstring Muscles. J Strength Cond Res 2007;21(3):788-792.

[25] Bazett-Jones DM, Winchester JB, McBride JM. Effect of potentiation and stretching on maximal force, rate of force development, and range of motion. J Strength Cond Res 2005;19(2):421-426.

[26] McBride JM, Deane R, Nimphius S. Effect of stretching on agonist-antagonist muscle activity and muscle force output during single and multiple joint isometric contractions. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2007;17(1): 54-60.

[27] Gurjão ALD, Gonçalves R, de Moura RF, Gobbi S. Acute effect of static stretching on rate of force development and maximal voluntary contraction in older women. J Strength Cond Res 2009;23(7):2149-2154.

[28] Wilson GJ, Murphy AJ, Pryor JF. Musculotendinous stiffness: Its relationship to eccentric, isometric, and concentric performance. J Appl Physiol 1994;76(6):2714-2719.

[29] Edman KA, Tsuchiya T. Strain of passive elements during force enhancement by stretch in frog muscle fibres. J Physiol 1996;490(Pt 1):191-205.

[30] Narici MV, Maganaris CN. Plasticity of the muscle-tendon complex with disuse and aging. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2007;35(3):126-134.