Projeto Esporte Brasil: physical fitness profile related to sport performance of children and adolescents

Projeto Esporte Brasil: perfil da aptidão física relacionada ao desempenho esportivo de crianças e adolescentes

Abstract

The aim of this study was to outline the physical fitness profile related to sport performance of Brazilian children and adolescents, stratified by sex. This is a descriptive cross-sectional study and information was obtained from the Projeto Esporte Brasil (PROESP-Br). The sample consisted of 8,750 voluntary subjects aged 7-17 years evaluated in the period between 2013 and 2015. The following variables were evaluated: lower limb strength (LLS) through the horizontal jump test and upper limb strength (ULS) through mediceball pitch, speed through the 20-meter sprint test and agility through the square test. Variables were classified with PROESP-Br criteria. For data processing, means, standard deviations, absolute and relative frequencies and confidence intervals were used. The results for boys have shown that the “poor” category had the highest prevalence: LLS (40.2%), ULS (29.7%), speed (41.4%) and agility (37.5%). The “excellent” category, as expected, had the lowest prevalence: LLS (3.7%), ULS (4.9%), speed (2.0%) and speed (3.5%). The results for girls were similar to those of boys, where the “poor” category had the highest prevalence: LLS (43.7%), ULS (36.8%), speed (43.8%) and agility (41.0 %). The “excellent” category also had the lowest prevalence: LLS (4.2%), ULS (4.3%), speed (1.6%) and speed (3.1%). The results indicated that the majority of Brazilian children and adolescents have physical fitness related to sport performance. Among variables analyzed, LLS for girls and speed for boys were the components with the most unfavorable results.

Key words
Athletic performance; Muscle strength; Physical fitness

Resumo

O objetivo deste estudo é delinear o perfil da aptidão física relacionada ao desempenho esportivo de crianças e adolescentes brasileiros, estratificado por sexo. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo com corte transversal. As informações são provenientes do Projeto Esporte Brasil (PROESP-Br). A amostra é voluntária, constituída por 8.750 sujeitos avaliados no período entre 2013 e 2015 com idades entre 7 e 17 anos. Foram avaliadas: força de membros inferiores (FMI) através do teste de salto horizontal e superiores (FMS) através do arremesso de mediceball, velocidade através do teste corrida de 20 metros e agilidade através do teste quadrado. As variáveis foram classificadas com os critérios do PROESP-Br. Para o tratamento dos dados foram utilizadas médias, desvios padrão, frequências absolutas e relativas e intervalos de confiança. Os resultados dos meninos mostram que a categoria “fraco” teve a maior prevalência: FMI (40,2%), FMS (29,7%), velocidade (41,4%) e agilidade (37,5%). A categoria “excelente”, como era esperado, teve as menores prevalências FMI (3,7%), FMS (4,9%), velocidade (2,0%) e agilidade (3,5%). Os resultados das meninas foram semelhantes aos dos meninos, onde a categoria “fraco” teve a maior prevalência: FMI (43,7%), FMS (36,8%), velocidade (43,8%) e agilidade (41,0%). A categoria “excelente” também teve as menores prevalências FMI (4,2%), FMS (4,3%), velocidade (1,6%) e agilidade (3,1%). Os resultados indicam que a maioria das crianças e adolescentes brasileiros tem sua aptidão física relacionada ao desempenho esportivo fraca. Dentre as variáveis analisadas a FMI nas meninas e a velocidade nos meninos, foram os componentes com resultados mais desfavoráveis.

Palavras-chave
Aptidão física; Desempenho atlético; Força muscular

INTRODUCTION

Physical fitness related to the health of children and adolescents has been extensively investigated^1,2. Scientific evidence has suggested a significant association between certain levels of physical fitness components such as abdominal strength, cardiorespiratory fitness, flexibility and body composition, and the prevention of a number of health problems^3,4.

However, in addition to the abilities above, there are others that are characterized by involving different types of muscle strength, displacement velocity, agility (change of direction), reaction speed and resistance^5,6. These variables are related to the performance of specific tasks, either in work activities or sports practice. This group of abilities is called Performance Related Physical Fitness (PRPF)⁷.

In this sense, some Brazilian studies have demonstrated that adolescents’ PRPF does not reach adequate levels, and that about 40% of adolescents have poor or regular performance^8-10. Moreover, some studies have shown that the prevalence of adolescents with excellent performance is around 0.5 to 4%^8,11, however, Gaya et al.¹² indicates at population level, considering that excellent performance indicates the possibility of motor talent for Sports practice, which is expected from about 2% of young people who will meet this level of performance.

Some national and international interventions have reported as beneficial to the improvement of these capacities, among them, the systematized sports practice is the most indicated^13,14. Additionally, studies have reported that variables such as lower and upper limb strength, speed and agility are important abilities for the practice of collective modalities with excellence ^15-17.

On the other hand, low PRPF levels tend to keep children and adolescents away from varied body practices, reducing opportunities to improve motor, cognitive and social skills. Such situation may lead to a reduction in the level of general physical activity and consequently increase the risk of developing health problems associated with hypokinetic behavior⁸.

For the elaboration of physical education programs and sports aimed at functional or sports performance, teachers, coaches and researchers should have knowledge on the state of art of these variables at national level. Therefore, the present study shows, with a robust sample of Brazilian children and adolescents, an overview of these variables trying to fill the gap of studies related to this topic.

The aim of this study was to outline the physical fitness profile related to the sports performance of Brazilian children and adolescents, stratified by sex.

METHODOLOGICAL PROCEDURES

This is a descriptive study with quantitative and cross-sectional approach.

Projeto Esporte Brasil (PROESP-Br)

All information used comes from the PROESP-Br database, which since 1999 has the voluntary participation of approximately 96,000 children and adolescents from all Brazilian states, from 5,219 public, private and sports schools.

The PROESP-Br is a support tool for the physical education teacher to evaluate the patterns of body development, nutritional status, physical fitness for health and sports performance of Brazilian children and adolescents (aged 6-17 years). This instrument is composed of a manual with a set of standards and criteria¹⁸ and a website¹⁹ used to send the data. Data are collected by physical education teachers who voluntarily joined the project. By submitting their data, they automatically receive the individual results of students classified for each variable. This project was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, under protocol No. 2008010.

Sample

For this study, all children and adolescents between aged 7-17 years evaluated between January of 2013 and December of 2015 were selected without criteria exclusion. This period was chosen in an attempt to present the most current data of the project. Therefore, the sample consisted of 8,750 boys and girls from 13 Brazilian states and the Federal District. Each locality accounts for about 6 to 10% of the sample.

Variables and data collection procedures

The variables that were part of the study were: gender (male and female), age (in complete years), Upper Limb Strength (ULS) verified through the mediceball throw test (2 kg), Lower Limb Strength (LLS) verified through the horizontal jump test, speed through the 20-meter run test and agility through the square test. Before tests, adolescents received verbal guidelines and demonstrations regarding their performance. In addition, perform warm-up exercises were performed. For all four tests, adolescents have two opportunities for achievement. The best performance was computed and entered on the website.

In order to perform the test for the ULS measurement, a measuring tape was fixed to the ground perpendicular to the wall. The student sits with knees outstretched, legs joined and back fully supported by the wall. The student holds a mediceball (2 kg) next to the chest with your elbows bent. At the signal of the evaluator, the student throws the ball as far as possible, keeping his back against the wall. The result is recorded in centimeters.

The test for the LLS measurement was carried out with a measuring tape fixed to the ground, perpendicular to the starting line. The starting line was signaled using one of the lines that marked the sports courts. The zero point of the measuring tape was on the starting line. The student stands immediately behind the line, with feet parallel, slightly apart, knees semi-flexed and trunk slightly projected forward. At the signal, the student should jump as far as possible with both feet at the same time. The result was recorded in centimeters.

The test for the speed measurement was carried out using a stopwatch and a 20-meter track demarcated with three parallel lines on the ground as follows: the first (starting line); the second, 20 meters away from the first (timing line) and the third line, marked one meter from the second (finish line). The third line serves as the finish reference for the student in an attempt to prevent the student from starting the deceleration before crossing the timeline. The stopwatch was triggered by the evaluator at the time the student takes the first step (touches the ground), going beyond the starting line. When the student crosses the second line (20 meters), the stopwatch is stopped. The result was recorded in seconds and milliseconds.

The test for the agility measurement was performed by marking a four-meter square with a cone at each angle of the square. A crepe tape or straight line drawn with chalk indicates the starting line. The student starts from the standing position, with one foot advanced forward just behind the starting line (at one of the vertices of the square). At the sign of the evaluator, the student must move at maximum speed and touch with one hand the cone in the diagonal corner of the square (cross the square). Next, the student must run to touch the cone to his left and then move to touch the cone diagonally (cross the square diagonally). Finally, the student should run towards the last cone, which corresponds to the starting point. The stopwatch was triggered by the evaluator when the student touches with his foot the inside of the square for the first time and is stopped when the student touches the fourth cone with a hand. The result was recorded in seconds and milliseconds.

The classification criteria adopt a system referenced in standards corresponding to the Brazilian population standards, considering age and stratified by sex. There are five physical fitness categories: “poor” (percentile <40), “reasonable” (percentile 40-59), “good” (percentile 60-79) and “very good” (Percentile> 98). “Excellence” category defines the indication of possible motor talent for the evaluated variable⁹.

Statistical analysis

Data treatment used descriptive analysis with means and standard deviations for the continuous variables and absolute and relative frequencies with 95% confidence intervals for categorical variables. Continuous analyses were stratified by age and sex and categorical by gender, as the classification criteria already takes into account age. All data were analyzed using the SPSS for Windows version 20.0 statistical package.

RESULTS

For being a voluntary sample, many teachers only performed a few tests. Therefore, of the total participants, 8,280 (4,967 boys and 3,313 girls) performed the horizontal jump; 8,655 (4,751 boys and 3,904 girls) performed the throwing test; 7,967 (4,724 boys and 3,243 girls) performed the velocity test and; 8,032 (4,796 boys and 3,236 girls) the agility test. The sample characterization with information related to each variable was stratified by sex and age (Tables 1 and 2). It was observed that there is a considerable increase in the performance of adolescents (mean values) with advancing age in both sexes. However, LLS showed a slight oscillation in boys from the age of 13 years.

Table 1
Characterization of the female sample regarding physical fitness variables related to sports performance.

				LLS						ULS						SPEED						AGILITY
Age		n		ẋ		SD		n		ẋ		SD		n		ẋ		SD		n		ẋ		SD
07 years		236		109.48		28.08		226		146.00		46.54		229		5.17		1.00		235		8.35		1.36
08 years		299		110.78		27.05		289		165.49		49.02		306		5.00		1.04		294		7.96		1.32
09 years		337		118.78		25.42		334		185.74		55.22		346		4.80		0.94		341		7.60		1.28
10 years		348		124.68		28.51		344		207.14		66.07		348		4.65		0.85		348		7.64		1.28
11 years		353		132.68		30.99		363		235.41		58.81		365		4.59		1.30		369		7.54		1.41
12 years		353		136.55		26.79		354		268.69		61.03		357		4.35		0.69		353		7.32		1.24
13 years		443		138.98		28.43		428		290.18		64.20		439		4.31		0.83		427		7.24		1.27
14 years		421		133.06		29.36		389		306.98		82.47		396		4.14		0.73		387		6.90		1.09
15 years		260		136.78		31.03		235		335.80		71.51		237		3.98		0.68		243		6.72		1.03
16 years		184		137.25		28.68		168		343.24		55.77		153		3.96		0.69		169		6.60		0.80
17 years		69		136.07		33.39		65		360.70		72.00		67		3.92		0.71		70		6.39		0.85

• ULS: Upper limb strength; LLS: Lower limb strength; n: absolute sample value; ẋ: mean value; SD: standard deviation.

Table 2
Characterization of the male sample regarding physical fitness variables related to sports performance.

				LLS						ULS						SPEED						AGILITY
Age		n		ẋ		SD		n		Age		n		ẋ		SD		n		Age		n		ẋ
07 years		227		120.78		26.37		216		164.95		49.56		227		4.90		0.94		229		7.84		1.35
08 years		367		124.00		25.23		358		189.23		46.82		371		4.68		0.95		365		7.44		1.21
09 years		451		130.17		26.02		441		212.64		50.38		455		4.57		0.91		451		7.25		1.15
10 years		540		137.71		24.89		526		234.42		55.83		542		4.30		0.73		542		7.01		1.07
11 years		624		145.64		30.05		624		261.89		64.84		611		4.14		0.62		628		6.78		0.93
12 years		694		154.74		29.39		679		305.16		74.86		694		3.92		0.62		690		6.58		0.96
13 years		677		165.94		29.78		655		346.96		90.86		627		3.85		0.80		640		6.40		0.96
14 years		602		180.41		32.12		546		417.18		101.78		533		3.68		0.85		545		6.19		1.03
15 years		367		186.13		30.80		335		474.33		95.26		310		3.40		0.60		334		6.00		1.02
16 years		286		190.90		29.31		254		496.13		102.31		236		3.32		0.48		248		5.74		0.75
17 years		132		194.80		34.80		126		522.46		97.80		118		3.22		0.44		124		5.65		0.82

• ULS: Upper limb strength; LLS: Lower limb strength; n: absolute sample value; ẋ: mean value; SD: standard deviation.

The classification percentages are presented in table 3. The four variables presented a very similar pattern in the prevalence of each category, and the poor category was the most prevalent and excellent the less prevalent in both boys and girls.

Table 3
Classification of performance-related physical fitness variables stratified by sex

		LLS		ULS		SPEED		AGILITY
	MALE
		% (CI95%)		% (CI95%)		% (CI95%)		% (CI95%)
Poor		40.2 (38.8 - 41.5)		29.7 (28.4 - 30.9)		41.4 (39.9 - 42.8)		37.4 (36.1 - 38.8)
Reasonable		17.3 (16.2 - 18.3)		18.5 (17.4 - 19.5)		15.1 (14.0 - 16.1)		15.7 (14.6 - 16.7)
Good		19.4 (18.3 - 20.4)		22.6 (21.4 - 23.7)		20.2 (19.0 - 21.3)		18.9 (17.7 - 20.0)
Very Good		19.4 (18.2 - 20.3)		24.3 (23.0 - 25.5)		21.3 (20.1 - 22.4)		24.5 (23.2 - 25.7)
Excellent		3.7 (3.1 - 4.2)		4.9 (4.2 - 5.5)		2.0 (1.6 - 2.3)		3.5 (2.9 - 4.0)
		LLS		ULS		SPEED		AGILITY
	FEMALE
		% (CI95%)		% (CI95%)		% (CI95%)		% (CI95%)
Poor		43.7 (42.0 - 45.3)		36.8 (41.6 - 56.3)		42.8 (41.1 - 44.4)		41.0 (39.3 - 42.6)
Reasonable		17.6 (16.3 - 18.8)		17.6 (16.2 - 18.9)		16.2 (14.0 - 17.4)		15.7 (14.4 - 16.9)
Good		17.0 (15.7 - 18.2)		19.4 (17.9 - 20.6)		17.0 (15.7 - 18.2)		19.2 (17.8 - 20.5)
Very Good		17.5 (16.2 - 18.7)		21.9 (20.4 - 23.3)		22.4 (20.9 - 23.8)		21.0 (19.6 - 22.3)
Excellent		4.2 (3.5 - 4.8)		4.3 (3.6 - 4.9)		1.6 (1.1 - 2.0)		3.1 (2.5 - 3.6)

• LLS: Lower limb strength; ULS: Upper limb strength; %: Proportional sample value; CI 95%: confidence interval of 95%.

For all variables, in boys and girls, poor / reasonable performance exceeded 40%, a result very similar to good / very good categories. Strength (LLS and ULS) presented good prevalence of excellent performance, about 4%. Agility followed this same pattern for both sexes, with slightly lower values of excellent performance. However, speed had more adolescents with good performance and the lowest prevalence of excellent performance (Table 3).

DISCUSSION

The physical fitness profile related to sports performance was similar in the four variables analyzed. LLS, agility, speed, and ULS (in girls) had prevalence of approximately 40% of children and adolescents with poor performance, differing only in ULS for boys, where the prevalence was 29%. About 15-20% of adolescents had reasonable, good and very good performance on all variables. Strength (LLS and ULS) had the best prevalence of excellent performance, approximately 4%, followed by agility (3%) and speed (1-2%) with the lowest prevalence.

Overall, the high prevalence of poor performance in all variables is in line with the results of some studies that have indicated that children and adolescents have distanced from sports practice and physical activities in general^20,21. The results indicated that the performance related to sports practice of young people is unsatisfactory; however, it is also important to emphasize that good levels of these variables, especially speed and LLS are related to increased bone mineral content, prevention of fractures and strengthening of joints, which is indicative of lower risk of injury^22-25.

Few studies have been carried out on the PRPF of children and adolescents in Brazil and the results found, in general, are similar to those of the present study. Santos et al.²⁶ indicated that adolescents had reasonable performance on ULS, LLS, agility and speed tests at two schools in Pelotas, RS, as well as the results of Luguetti et al. ²⁷ and Verardi et al.⁹, in which the prevalence of adolescents with low performance in tests was between 46.0% and 57.0% for boys and girls, respectively. The highest prevalence was reported by Jochims et al.²⁸ and Pereira et al.¹¹, in which adolescents with poor performance reached 70.0% for LLS and 94.0% for agility.

These findings indicate that the PRPF of Brazilian children and adolescents is in a worrisome situation. Some factors may be directly related to the poor performance presented such as low participation in sports practices or general physical activities, including school physical education. In this sense, some studies have analyzed the PRPF levels of adolescents participating in sports programs and school physical education with a differentiated structure. In the study by Silva et al.¹³, students of a social program (soccer school) presented average results in the classification of PRPF variables higher than those found in the present study. The authors used the battery of tests and PROESP-Br classification procedures. These results suggest that sports practice beyond school physical education may contribute to better PRPF levels in adolescents. Another study used intervention in school physical education, with one week with practical class and one week with theoretical class for two months to identify the effects on physical fitness¹⁴. The authors identified that in some components, especially agility, the average results decreased both for boys and girls. Although conceptual aspects may contribute to the increase in the physical activity levels of adolescents and consequently improve the physical fitness levels, the reduction in the number of practical classes seems to have been negative for the physical fitness levels of adolescents.

Some longitudinal studies have reported not only physical fitness levels, but also associations with bone health. In a three-year study conducted with Spanish boys, improvements in speed (30-m sprint test) and explosive force (vertical jump test) were associated with increased bone mass²². Additionally, 15-year research data have shown that during adolescence and early adulthood, only muscle fitness (explosive and isometric strength) and speed were related to bone mineral density in adulthood. Similarly, a 20-year survey showed that in adolescence, the main physical fitness component related to adult bone mineral content was muscular physical fitness²³.

In contrast to the above, the present study showed an expected prevalence of adolescents with excellent performance, considering that some studies such as those of Pereira et al.¹¹ and Mello et al.⁸ reported that in some variables, there were no subjects with this level of performance (between 0 and 4%). When these results are analyzed from a sporting perspective, it should consider that the values referring to a certain population characteristic occurring more frequently and with greater regularity are considered as “normal”. Therefore, PROESP-Br agrees with the proposal of the National Talent Search Program from the Australian Institute of Sport, which indicates individuals of superior or atypical performance as those that are beyond two standard deviations of the mean (percentile> 98)¹².

The increase in the amount of sports practice and physical activity in general seems to be the main strategy for increasing physical fitness levels in adolescents^21,30. In this perspective, school physical education and sports and physical activity programs in general in the different school shifts are important alternatives. However, changes in the school curriculum increasing the number of physical education classes, as well as the increase in the offer of sports programs and physical activity in general in the different school shifts are not considered a simple task. To do so, it is necessary to carry out a broad discussion involving several sectors, where necessarily the public power must be present.

CONCLUSION

Approximately 40% of Brazilian children and adolescents had poor performance on LLS, ULS, speed and agility tests. Among the variables analyzed, LLS in females and speed in males were the components with the most unfavorable results. Approximately 20% of adolescents had good performance on these variables, and 20% had very good performance. Approximately 3 to 4% of adolescents had excellent performance in some of the variables, being able to be indicative of motor talent related to sports practice.

REFERENCES

• ¹
  Glaner MF. Importância da aptidão física relacionada à saúde. Rev Bras Cineantropom Desempenho Hum 2003;5(2):75-85.
• ²
  Østergaard L, Kolle E, Steene-Johannessen J, Anderssen SA, Andersen LB. Cross sectional analysis of the association between mode of school transportation and physical fitness in children and adolescents. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2013;10(1):1.
• ³
  Ortega FB, Ruiz JR, Castillo MJ, Sjöström M. Physical fitness in childhood and adolescence: a powerful marker of health. Int J Obesity 2008;32(1):1-11.
• ⁴
  Dorneles RCG, Oliveira HLDR, Bergmann MLDA, Bergmann GG. Flexibility and muscle strength/resistance indicators and screening of low back pain in adolescents. Rev Bras Cineantropom Desempenho Hum 2016;18(1):93-102.
• ⁵
  Crowther GJ, Jubrias SA, Gronka RK, Conley KE. A “functional biopsy” of muscle properties in sprinters and distance runners. Med Sci Sport Exer 2002;34(11):1719-24.
• ⁶
  Sleivert G, Taingahue M. The relationship between maximal jump-squat power and sprint acceleration in athletes. Eur J Appl Physiol 2004;1;91(1):46-52.
• ⁷
  Nahas MV. Atividade física, saúde e qualidade de vida: conceitos e sugestões para um estilo de vida ativo. Londrina: Midiograf; 2010.
• ⁸
  Mello JB, Hernandez MDS, Farias VM, Pinheiro EDS, Bergmann GG. Aptidão física relacionada ao desempenho motor de adolescentes de Uruguaiana, Rio Grande Do Sul. Rev Bras Cienc Mov 2015;23(4):72-9.
• ⁹
  Verardi CEL, Silva Lobo AP, Amaral VE, Lima Freitas V, Hirota VB. Análise da aptidão física relacionada à saúde e ao desempenho motor em crianças e adolescentes da cidade de Carneirinho-MG. Rev Educ Fís Esporte 2009;6(3):127-34.
• ¹⁰
  Dumith SC, Ramires VV, Souza MJA. Aptidão física relacionada ao desempenho motor em escolares de sete a 15 anos. Rev Bras Educ Fís Esporte 2010;24(1):5-14.
• ¹¹
  Pereira CH, da Silva FD, Copetti GL, Guimarães LC, Barbacena MM, Liggeri N, et al. Aptidão física em escolares de uma unidade de ensino da rede pública de Brasília-DF. Rev Bras Ativ Fís Saúde 2012;16(3):223-7.
• ¹²
  Gaya A, Gonçalves da Silva G, Cardoso M, Torres L. Talento esportivo: estudo de indicadores somato-motores na seleção para o desporto de excelência. Rev Perfil 2003;1(1):86-96.
• ¹³
  Silva DA, Duarte MG. Nível de aptidão física de crianças entre 10 e 12 anos participantes do Projeto Social Gol de Letra–Craque Da Amazônia. Acta Bras Mov Hum 2012;2(2):58-68.
• ¹⁴
  Carneiro MVO, Andrade Junior PM, de Moraes JFVN, Laitano O, Machado A, Campbell CSG, et al. O Efeito de dois meses de aula de educação física sobre o aspecto motor e pressão arterial de escolares de Juazeiro-BA. Rev Bras Cien Mov 2013;21(3):35-41.
• ¹⁵
  Lloyd RS, Oliver JL, Radnor JM, Rhodes BC, Faigenbaum AD, Myer GD. Relationships between functional movement screen scores, maturation and physical performance in young soccer players. J Sport Sci 2015;33(1):11-9.
• ¹⁶
  Scanlan AT, Tucker PS, Dalbo VJ. A comparison of linear speed, closed-skill agility, and open-skill agility qualities between backcourt and frontcourt adult semiprofessional male basketball players. J Strength Cond Res 2014;28(5):1319-27.
• ¹⁷
  Young W, Farrow D, Pyne D, McGregor W, Handke T. Validity and reliability of agility tests in junior Australian football players. J Strength Cond Res 2011;25(12):3399-403.
• ¹⁸
  Gaya ACA, Gaya AR. Projeto esporte Brasil: manual de testes e avaliação. Porto Alegre: UFRGS, 2016.
• ¹⁹
  Projeto Esporte Brasil. PROESP. Brasil. 2015; Disponível em: <https://www.ufrgs.br/proesp/index.php> [01 out 2015].
  » https://www.ufrgs.br/proesp/index.php
• ²⁰
  Correa R, Silva E, Neto AS, Faria W, Farias JP, Elias R, Santos G. Tracking de atividade física em escolares entre 2010 e 2012. Rev Bras Ativ Fís Saúde 2016;21(1):39-44.
• ²¹
  Schubert A, Januário RSB, Casonatto J, Sonoo CN. Aptidão física relacionada à prática esportiva em crianças e adolescentes. Rev Bras Med Esporte 2016;22(2):142-46.
• ²²
  Barnekow-Bergkvist M, Hedberg G, Pettersson U, Lorentzon R. Relationships between physical activity and physical capacity in adolescent females and bone mass in adulthood. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2006;16(1):447-55.
• ²³
  Vicente-Rodriguez G, Ara I, Perez-Gomez J, Serrano-Sanchez JA, Dorado C, Calbet JA. High femoral bone mineral density accretion in prepubertal soccer players. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2004;36:1789-95.
• ²⁴
  Eisenmann J, Souza M, Santos F, Gomes T, Chaves R, Santos D, et al. Longitudinal Development And Inter-relationships Of Sprint Speed, Agility And Long Jump In Portuguese Youth. Med Sci Sport Exer 2015;47(5S):696.
• ²⁵
  Lankhorst K, Ende-Kastelijn K, de Groot J, Zwinkels M, Verschuren O, Backx F, et al. Health in Adapted Youth Sports Study (HAYS): health effects of sports participation in children and adolescents with a chronic disease or physical disability. Springer Plus 2015;4(1):1-10.
• ²⁶
  Dos Santos CA, Campos ALP, Schild JFG. Comparação dos níveis de aptidão física e desempenho motor de estudantes de uma escola pública e uma escola privada da cidade de pelotas. Rev Bras Presc Fisiol Exercício 2013;7(41):440-8.
• ²⁷
  Luguetti CN, Ré AHN, Böhme MTS. Indicadores de aptidão física de escolares da região centro-oeste da cidade de São Paulo. Rev Bras Cineantropom Desempenho Hum 2010;12(5):331-7.
• ²⁸
  Jochims S, Zeni AE, Nunes HMB, Borfe L, Burgos MS. Aptidão física relacionada ao desempenho motor de escolares: estudo comparativo dos hemisférios Norte–Sul–Leste-Oeste, da zona rural de Santa Cruz do Sul-RS. Cinergis 2013;14(2):143-47.
• ²⁹
  Kemper HC, Twisk JW, Van Mechelen W, Post GB, Roos JC, Lips P. A fifteen-year longitudinal study in young adults on the relation of physical activity and fitness with the development of the bone mass: The Amsterdam Growth And Health Longitudinal Study. Bone 2000;27(6):847-53.
• ³⁰
  Zahner L, Puder JJ, Roth R, Schmid M, Guldimann R, Pühse U, et al. A school-based physical activity program to improve health and fitness in children aged 6–13 years (“Kinder-Sportstudie KISS”): study design of a randomized controlled trial. Public Health 2006;6(1):147.

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  Nov-Dec 2016

History

• Received
  29 Aug 2016
• Accepted
  02 Nov 2016