Relative age effect in Brazilian Basketball Championship: Under 15 players

Efeito da idade relativa no Campeonato Brasileiro de Basquete: Categoria sub-15

Abstract

In sport, the relative age effect (RAE) refers to the advantages of participation and performance that athletes born in the first months of the selection year have in relation to those within the same age category. The aim of the present study was to investigate the RAE in athletes of the Brazilian Basketball Championship of the U-15 category in 2015, analyzing differences between sexes, geographic region, competitive level and performance of teams. The information of teams and the birth quarter (quartile) of 530 basketball players were obtained through the website of the Brazilian Basketball Confederation (www.cbb.com.br). The results showed greater representation of male athletes born in the first months of the year, the first and second divisions, of the Southeastern, Northern and Mid-Western regions and in female medalists. It was concluded that the RAE is present in Brazilian U-15 male basketball players, being higher in athletes of higher competitive level, particularly in the Southeastern, Northern and Mid-Western regions of Brazil. In addition, RAE proved to be associated with the winning of women’s medals.

Key words
Athletes; Basketball; Relative age

Resumo

No esporte, o efeito da idade relativa (EIR) refere-se a vantagens de participação e desempenho que os atletas nascidos nos primeiros meses do ano de seleção possuem em relação aos demais atletas dentro de uma mesma categoria etária. O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar o EIR nos atletas do Campeonato Brasileiro de Basquetebol da categoria sub-15 em 2015, analisando diferenças entre os sexos, região geográfica, nível competitivo e desempenho das equipes. As informações das equipes e o trimestre de nascimento (quartil) de 530 basquetebolistas foram obtidas através do site da Confederação Brasileira de Basketball (www.cbb.com.br). Foi observada maior representação de atletas nascidos nos primeiros meses do ano da primeira e segunda divisões, das regiões Sudeste, Norte e Centro-Oeste do sexo masculino e nas equipes medalhistas do sexo feminino. Conclui-se que o EIR está presente em basquetebolistas brasileiros da categoria sub-15 do sexo masculino, sendo maior nos atletas de nível competitivo mais elevado, particularmente nas regiões Sudeste, Norte e Centro-Oeste do Brasil. Além disso, o EIR mostrou-se associado à conquista de medalhas no sexo feminino.

Palavras-chave
Atletas; Basquetebol; Idade relativa

INTRODUCTION

The need to understand sports excellence, performance and the selection of athletes promotes the interest of several researches, becoming an important field of investigation in the scientific community^1,2. Several aspects may interfere with the performance of young athletes, including the month of birth. Considering January 1 and December 31 as the start and end of the selection year, respectively, and that young athletes are normally grouped into age categories with an interval of 2 years, there may be a difference of up to 24 months in the chronological age of participants of a same age category, according to their birth date³.

The difference in chronological age among individuals of the same age category is called relative age⁴. When the birth date distribution of a selected group of athletes differs from the expected normal distribution, with a greater representation of athletes born in the first months of the year, there is a phenomenon known as the relative age effect (RAE)⁴. RAE has directly and indirectly interfered with the selection or dropout of young athletes, as selection considers body size and physical performance, and coaches tend to choose the tallest, strongest and most agile, and most of them are older⁵. Thus, RAE has been observed mainly in contexts of selection of young athletes for national teams and athlete development programs⁶.

RAE is more evident in sports in which performance is related to strength, power and body size, predominantly in young athletes, and in teams with higher competitive level⁷. In addition, some studies have shown that RAE may also be associated with better performance⁸, being observed in athletes belonging to winning teams, finalists and semi-finalists⁹.

In international basketball, RAE was often observed^8,10-13, although such phenomenon is not always observed14^,15. In the context of Brazilian basketball, the only study with adult athletes did not find RAE in basketball players participating in the 2012 London Olympic Games¹⁶. In young athletes, Cortela et al.¹⁷ found higher proportion of athletes born in the first half of the year, but only among male Schoolchildren athletes. In athletes of the 2015 Brazilian U-17 Championship, Oliveira et al.¹⁸ found RAE in both sexes, also associating the results to the best teams.

Although studies partially analyzed RAE in Brazilian base category of basketball, no research was found in the U-15 category alone and associated with other variables. It is important to point out that the first official national championship takes place in this category, involving all states of the country. This competition, the Brazilian U-15 Basketball Championship, the target of the present study, is the first selection process for the formation of national and state teams, which attracts the attention of all those involved in the training of athletes in Brazilian basketball. Therefore, investigating the existence of RAE and possible relationships with other variables in this category may contribute to a more appropriate selection process to formation of basketball players.

Thus, the aim of the present study was to investigate RAE in U-15 athletes of the 2015 Brazilian Basketball Championship, analyzing possible differences between sexes, geographic region, competitive level and team performance.

METHODOLOGICAL PROCEDURES

All participants of the Brazilian U-15 Basketball Championship who played in 2015 were analyzed (n = 530). Male athletes presented on average 15.0 ± 0.5 years, 70.4 ± 13.2 kg and 1.80 ± 0.09 m; female athletes 14.6 ± 0.8 years, 58.2 ± 9.3 kg and 1.68 ± 0.08 m. The information for the study was obtained from the website of the Brazilian Basketball Confederation (CBB) (http://www.cbb.com.br). The use of public data available on the internet for analysis has been described in other studies without need for approval of the ethics research committee^16,18-20.

The championship was played by 27 men’s teams and 26 women’s teams, each representing one of the Brazilian States and the Federal District. The teams are ranked in divisions (1^st division: 10 teams, 2^nd division: 8 teams, 3^rd division: 9 teams), according to the classification obtained in the previous year’s championship. The championship is conducted separately by sex and division. At the end of the championship, the three top-ranked teams ascend to the top division, while the three worst teams are downgraded.

The month of birth of each player was categorized into quartiles: 1^st quartile (Q1): January to March; 2^nd quartile (Q2): April to June; 3^rd quartile (Q3): July to September; 4^th quartile (Q4): October to December. In order to investigate the presence of RAE, the distribution of birth quartiles was compared with the expected distribution in the reference population of live births in Brazil in the years 2000 and 2001, using the Chi-Square test (Χ²) and Odds Ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI). OR compared the distribution of the first three quartiles with the last quartile, as recommended by Cobley et al.⁷. Data from the reference population were obtained from the Live Birth Information System (SINASC), extracted from DATASUS (http://datasus.saude.gov.br/). In order to analyze possible factors involved in RAE, the analysis of data was performed separately by gender, geographic region, competitive level and performance (medalists - athletes of teams that obtained the first three places; downgraded - athletes of teams that finished in the last three places; and intermediaries - other athletes). All analyses were performed in the SPSS statistical software version 23.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY), adopting significance level of 5%.

RESULTS

Table 1 shows the Χ2 test values for the distribution of birthdates. Greater representation of athletes born in the first two quartiles in relation to the last two quartiles for all male athletes was observed.

Table 1
Evaluation of birth quartiles of athletes of the Brazilian U-15 Basketball Championship

		N		Number (%) of athletes per quartile								X2		p		OR(95% Confidence Interval)
				Q1(%)		Q2(%)		Q3(%)		Q4(%)						Q1xQ4		Q2xQ4		Q3xQ4
Population		6.322.235		1611004 (25.5)		1659471 (26.2)		1584085 (25.1)		1472675 (23.3)		N/A		N/A		N/A		N/A		N/A
All		530		179 (33.8)		154 (29.1)		114(21.5)		83 (15.6)		31.91		<0.001*		1.97 (1.38-2.81)		1.65 (1.15-2.37)		1.28 (0.88-1.85)
Female		260		71 (27.3)		81 (31.2)		59(22.7)		49 (18.8)		5.56		0.133		1.32 (0.80-2.19)		1.47 (0.90-2.41)		1.12 (0.67-1.87)
Male		270		108 (40.0)		73 (27.0)		55(20.4)		34 (12.6)		38.06		<0.001*		2.90 (1.73-4.85)		1.90 (1.12-3.25)		1.50 (0.87-2.60)

• X²: chi-square test; 1^st Quartile (Q1): Jan-Mar; 2^nd Quartile (Q2): Apr-Jun; 3^rd Quartile (Q3): Jul-Sep; 4^th Quartile (Q4): Oct-Dec. p <0.005; N / A: Not applicable.

Table 2 shows the Χ2 test values and the distribution of athletes by quartile, taking into account the championship divisions. RAE was verified in the 1^st division and 2^nd division for males.

Table 2
Evaluation of birth quartiles of athletes of the Brazilian U-15 Basketball Championship

Division		Number (%) of athletes per quartile										X2		P		OR(95% Confidence Interval)
		Q1(%)		Q2(%)		Q3(%)		Q4(%)		Total						Q1xQ4		Q2xQ4		Q3xQ4
Female
1st Division		28(28.0)		33(33.0)		18(18.0)		21(21.0)		100		4.25		0.236		1.21 (0.54-2.70)		1.40 (0.64-3.05)		0.80 (0.34-1.85)
2nd Division		20(25.0)		25(31.3)		19(23.8)		16(20.0)		80		1.22		0.748		1.14 (0.46-2.83)		1.39 (0.57-3.37)		1.09 (0.44-2.75)
3rd Division		23(28.8)		23(28.8)		22(27.5)		12(15.0)		80		3.082		0.379		1.75 (0.68-4.70)		1.71 (0.67-4.35)		1.70 (0.66-4.36)
Male
1st Division		43(43.0)		33(33.0)		15(15.0)		9(9.0)		100		26.642		<0.001*		4.37 (1.75-10.87)		3.26 (1.29-8.22)		1.55 (0.57-4.20)
2nd Division		36(45.0)		15(18.8)		19(23.8)		10(12.5)		80		17.705		<0.001*		3.28 (1.28-8.41)		1.33 (0.48-3.68)		1.76 (0.65-4.74)
3rd Division		29(32.2)		25(27.8)		21(23.3)		15(16.7)		90		3.495		0.321		1.76 (0.75-4.17)		1.47 (0.61-3.52)		1.29 (0.53-3.15)

• X²: chi-square test; 1^st Quartile (Q1): Jan-Mar; 2^nd Quartile (Q2): Apr-Jun; 3^rd Quartile (Q3): Jul-Sep; 4^th Quartile (Q4): Oct-Dec. p <0.005

Table 3 shows the RAE in the Southeastern, Northern and Mid-Western regions only for males, not being found for females.

Table 3
Evaluation of birth quartiles of athletes of the Brazilian U-15 Basketball Championship by geographic region

Region		Number (%) of athletes per quartile										X2		P		OR(95% Confidence Interval)
		Q1(%)		Q2(%)		Q3(%)		Q4(%)		Total						Q1xQ4		Q2xQ4		Q3xQ4
Female																N/A		N/A		N/A
Northern		21(30.0)		14(20.0)		23(32.9)		12(17.1)		70		4.404		0.221		1.60 (0.60-4.25)		1.04 (0.37-2.88)		1.78 (0.67-4.68)
Southern		5(16.7)		12(40.0)		5(16.7)		8(26.7)		30		4.099		0.251		0.57 (0.13-2.63)		1.33 (0.34-5.15)		0.58 (0.12-2.66)
Southeastern		14(35.0)		15(37.5)		7(17.5)		4(10.0)		40		7.31		0.062		3.19 (0.77-13.2)		3.32 (0.80-13.63)		1.63 (0.36-7.43)
Northeastern		21(26.3)		24(30.0)		19(23.8)		16(20.0)		80		0.891		0.828		1.19 (0.48-2.96)		1.33 (0.54-3.25)		1.10 (0.44-2.75)
Mid-western		10(25.0)		16(40.0)		5(12.5)		9(22.5)		40		5.458		0.141		1.01 (0.29-3.59)		1.57 (0.47-5.24)		0.52 (0.12-212)
Male
Northern		28(40.0)		20(28.6)		13(18.6)		9(12.9)		70		10.397		0.015*		2.85 (1.03-7.80)		1.98 (0.71-5.55)		1.32 (0.45-3.91)
Southern		10(33.3)		9(30.0)		7(23.3)		4(13.3)		30		2.206		0.531		2.30 (0.49-10.80)		1.99 (0.42-9.45)		1.63 (0.33-8.11)
Southeastern		17(42.5)		14(35.0)		6(15.0)		3(7.5)		40		11.639		0.009*		5.17 (1.13-23.51)		4.13 (0.90-19.04)		1.86 (0.36-9.67)
Northeastern		32(35.6)		25(27.8)		21(23.3)		12(13.3)		90		7.611		0.055		2.43 (1.00-5.93)		1.84 (0.75-4.56)		1.62 (0.64-4.08)
Mid-western		21(52.5)		5(12.5)		8(20.0)		6(15.0)		40		15.914		0.001*		3.19 (0.90-11.36)		0.73 (0.17-3.24)		1.24 (0.31-4.96)

• X2: chi-square test; 1st Quartile (Q1): Jan-Mar; 2nd Quartile (Q2): Apr-Jun; 3rd Quartile (Q3): Jul-Sep; 4th Quartile (Q4): Oct-Dec. p <0.005. N / A: Not applicable

Regarding the team performance, RAE was verified only in females, since in males, RAE was observed in all groups.

Table 4
Evaluation of birth quartiles of athletes of the Brazilian U-15 Basketball Championship by team classification

Division		Number (%) of athletes per quartile										X2		p		OR(95% Confidence Interval)
		Q1(%)		Q2(%)		Q3(%)		Q4(%)		Total						Q1xQ4		Q2xQ4		Q3xQ4
Female
Medalists		24(26.7)		35(38.9)		22(24.4)		9(10.0)		90		12.439		0.006*		2.43 (0.92-6.41)		3.44 (1.34-8.81)		2.26 (0.85-6.01)
Intermediaries		26(28.9)		24(26.7)		18(20.0)		22(24.4)		90		2.397		0.985		1.07 (0.47-2.45)		0.97 (0.42-2.20)		0.76 (0.32-1.80)
Lowest ranking		21(26.3)		22(27.5)		19(23.8)		18(22.5)		80		0.149		0.985		1.06 (0.44-2.59)		1.08 (0.45-2.62)		0.98 (0.40-2.40)
Male
Medalists		33(36.7)		27(30.0)		19(21.1)		11(12.2)		90		10.218		0.017*		2.74 (1.10-6.77)		2.17 (0.87-5.43)		1.60 (0.62-4.14)
Intermediaries		37(41.1)		24(26.7)		19(21.1)		10(11.1)		90		14.933		0.002*		3.37 (1.35-8.44)		2.12 (0.83-5.46)		1.76 (0.67-4.63)
Lowest ranking		38(42.2)		22(24.4)		17(18.9)		13(14.4)		90		14.402		0.002*		2.67 (1.12-6.33)		1.50 (0.61-3.70)		1.20 (0.47-3.08)

• X²: chi-square test; 1^st Quartile (Q1): Jan-Mar; 2^nd Quartile (Q2): Apr-Jun; 3^rd Quartile (Q3): Jul-Sep; 4^th Quartile (Q4): Oct-Dec. p <0.005.

DISCUSSION

The aim of the present study was to investigate the presence of RAE in Brazilian U-15 basketball athletes, analyzing possible intervening variables. The presence of RAE was verified in males, in teams in the Southeastern, Northern and Midwestern regions, and in first and second division athletes, regardless of the team’s final classification. However, for females, RAE was found only in the best ranked teams.

The results found in the present study corroborate those of the international literature^10-12,21,22. Multiple factors related to the individual (birth date, sex and maturation), task (type of sport, competitive level and game position) and environment (sports system-division into categories, popularity of sport, influence of family and coaches) interact for the occurrence of RAE^4,19,23. Of these factors, the emphasis on the physical aspects related to the sport performance for the selection of talents and the grouping into age categories that last about two years are pointed out as the main responsible for the occurrence of RAE.

Regarding gender, RAE is particularly evident in males in various modalities²⁴, including basketball, so the results found confirm the findings of other studies with U-15 basketball players in France^5,11 and Spain^21,22. Studying RAE in this category becomes important, since from 13 to 15 years, boys are in a period of great biological variability, as a function of the growth spurt. In this period of adolescence, due to maturational processes, chronologically older boys are generally taller and heavier, stronger and faster, and exhibit greater cognitive abilities and greater sports experience, resulting in temporary performance advantages over their peers chronologically within the same age category⁴.

In female athletes, RAE is not so evident²⁰ and tends to disappear in adulthood^8,14 and there are situations in which inverse RAE is observed²⁵. Our findings for females do not corroborate the available literature. In young female basketball players, RAE was observed in French girls aged 7-18 years^5,11, in Brazilian schoolchildren¹⁷ and in U-17 athletes of the 2015 Brazilian Basketball Championship¹⁸. Some factors could explain the inconsistency of findings in females such as: less competition in selective processes and lower maturational variability in girls at ages when athletes are usually selected^20,26.

In relation to the competitive level, the presence of RAE is directly proportional to higher demand levels^4,7, starting from sports training programs²¹. In the present study, RAE was verified in the 1^st and 2^nd division of the men’s Brazilian championship. This result corroborates results found in Spanish basketball¹², where the effect was found in the first three divisions. The presence of RAE at higher competitive levels was found in a meta-analysis with athletes of different modalities and countries⁷. Thus, the results of the present study corroborate the premise that greater competition in the selective process may aggravate RAE²⁵.

In fact, the chronological age of young athletes in relation to their peers has been considered a relevant factor, which affects the athlete’s chance of achieving higher performance levels^7,19. However, coaches and managers should be careful in the conduction of selective processes, since the quality of the evidence of the relationship between birth date and athletic success is insufficient²⁷. In the present study, for example, RAE was not associated with the performance of men’s teams, but it was observed that RAE could somehow influence the results for females, since this phenomenon was found only in athletes from the best classified teams. Similar result was found in U-17 Brazilian basketball players¹⁸.

The association of RAE with the final classification of the team found in this study and in the study of Oliveira et al.¹⁸ suggest as a consequence of RAE in the Brazilian Women’s Championship a better performance of teams in the U-15 and U-17 categories. However, the same cannot be said about the final classification of men’s teams. Other studies on the relationship between RAE and performance in young basketball players found that athletes born in the first months of the year had better performance in three-point shot in the U-17 category of the world basketball championship⁸ and improved performance in some technical foundations for both sexes in Polish basketball players of various categories²⁸.

In the present study, caution is required in interpreting the relationship between RAE and classification of teams in the championship, since the birth year of athletes was not controlled in this analysis. It is known that in the short term, coaches end up selecting older athletes based on their immediate performance, implying better conditions and development opportunities, unlike younger athletes who end up leaving the sport more frequently^5,29.

Another relevant aspect in the analysis of RAE relates to the birth place of athletes, in this study represented by the geographic region of each team. RAE was observed in male athletes belonging to the Northern, Southeastern and Mid-Western basketball federations. Some studies attribute the cause of RAE to the context, more specifically between RAE and the number of inhabitants of the city^15,20. Although it is not possible to attribute cause or relationship between the results found and otherstudies, it is noteworthy that the Southeastern region has greater number of teams, and also, have the states with more titles won in all editions of the Brazilian Basketball championships.

As a practical implication, it is recommended that coaches, federations and confederations know about RAE, the variables associated with this phenomenon and its consequences in order to avoid early dropout of sports practice²⁹. In the base categories of French basketball, in boys, the highest dropout occurs in those born in the 4^th quartile, especially at 13-14 years, while in girls, it occurs earlier, around 11-12⁵. According to the study⁵, athletes born in the 3^rd and 4^th quartiles tend to abandon basketball because they are smaller, have lower performance, play less time and therefore experience fewer positive experiences, reducing their perceived competence.

Possible solutions to minimize this problem include, for example, dividing age categories into intervals of at least 12 months^4,11, and more recently the combination of the annual rotation of the selection cutoff point (January 1 and July 1) and additional training support to relatively younger athletes has been considered a very effective strategy²⁴. According to Werneck et al.²⁴, the strategy adopted must take into account not only available scientific evidence, but also the logistics for its implementation in practice, which often implies changes in the structure of competitions. The way the Brazilian Base Basketball Championship was organized may need to be adjusted to reduce RAE in the process of selecting young basketball players.

CONCLUSION

The present study brings new contributions to the knowledge of the relative age effect in basketball in the hope that the selection of athletes in basketball will advance in order to avoid athletes being early excluded from the process of sports formation. It was concluded that RAE is present in the U-15 category of basketball players who competed in the 2015 Brazilian Basketball Championship. The presence of RAE was statistically significant in male athletes, in athletes in the 1^st and 2^nd divisions, athletes in the Southeastern, Northern and Mid-Western regions and presented a relationship with the winning of medals in women.

Acknowledgments

CAPES (process No. 99999.002183 / 2015-03) and Federal University of Ouro Preto for the financial support.

REFERENCES

• ¹
  Moxley JH, Towne TJ. Predicting success in the National Basketball Association: Stability & potential. Psychol Sport Exerc 2015;16(1):128-36.
• ²
  Baker J, Horton S. A review of primary and secondary influences on sport expertise.High Ability Stud 2004;15(2):211-28.
• ³
  Werneck FZ, Lima JRP, Coelho EF, Matta MO, Figueiredo AJB. Efeito da idade relativa em atletas olímpicos de triatlo. Rev Bra Med Esporte 2014;20(5):394-7.
• ⁴
  Musch J, Grondin S. Unequal competition as an impediment to personal development: A review of the relative age effect in sport. Dev Rev 2001;21(2):147-67.
• ⁵
  Delorme N, Chalabaev A, Raspaud M. Relative age is associated with sportdropout: evidence from youth categories of French basketball. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2011;21(1):120-8.
• ⁶
  Ulbricht A, Fernandez-Fernandez J, Mendez-Villanueva A, Ferrauti A. The relative age effect and physical fitness characteristics in German male tennis players. J Sports Sci Med 2015;14(3):634-42.
• ⁷
  Cobley S, Baker J, Wattie N, McKenna J. Annual age-grouping and athlete development: A meta-analytical review of relative age effects in sports. Sports Med 2009;39(3):235-56.
• ⁸
  García MS, Aguilar OG, Romero JJF, Lastra DF, Oliveira GE. Relative age effect inlower categories of international basketball. Int Rev Sociol Sport 2014;49(5):526-35.
• ⁹
  Vaeyens R, Philippaerts RM, Malina RM. The relative age effect in soccer: A match-related perspective. J Sports Sci 2005;23(7):747-56.
• ¹⁰
  García MS, Aguilar OG, Gallati L, Romero JJF. Efecto de la edad relativa en los mundiales de baloncesto FIBA en cateogrías inferiores (1979-2011). Cuard Psícol Deporte 2015;15(3):237-42.
• ¹¹
  Delorme N, Raspaud M. The relative age effect in young French basketball players: a study on the whole population. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2009;19(2):235-42.
• ¹²
  Esteva S, Drobnic F, Puigdellívol J, Serratosa L, Chamorro M. Fecha de nacimientoy éxito en el baloncesto profesional. Apunts Med Esport 2006;41(149):25-30.
• ¹³
  Schorer J, Neumann J, Cobley S, Tietjens M, Baker J. Lingering effects ofrelative age in basketball players’ post athletic career. Int J Sports Sci Coaching 2011;6(1):143-8.
• ¹⁴
  Goldschmied N. No evidence for the relative age effect in professional women’s sports. Sports Med 2011;41(1):87-8.
• ¹⁵
  Côté J, Macdonald DJ, Baker J, Abernethy B. When “where” is more important than “when”: Birthplace and birthdate effects on the achievement of sportingexpertise. J Sports Sci 2006;24(10):1065-73.
• ¹⁶
  Werneck FZ, Coelho EF, Oliveira HZ, Ribeiro Júnior DB, Almas SP, Lima JRP, et al. Relative age effect in olympic basketball athletes. Sci Sports 2016;31(3):158-61.
• ¹⁷
  Cortela CC, Carneiro VL, Aburachid LMC, Cortela DNR. Efeito relativo da idade em crianças e jovens participantes de jogos estudantis. Conexões 2013;11(1):74-100.
• ¹⁸
  Oliveira HZ, Ribeiro Júnior DB, Werneck FW, Tavares F. Efeito da idade relativa nos jogadores do campeonato brasileiro de basquete da categoria sub17. Rev Port Cien Desporto 2017;S1:90-98.
• ¹⁹
  Wattie N, Schorer J, Baker J. The relative age effect in sport: A developmental systems model. Sports Med 2015;45(1):83-94.
• ²⁰
  Nakata H, Sakamoto K. Sex differences in relative age effects among Japanese athletes. Percept Mot Skills 2012;115(1):179-86.
• ²¹
  Torres-Unda J, Zarrazquin I, Gil J, Ruiz F, Irazusta A, Kortajarena M, et al. Anthropometric, physiological and maturational characteristics in selected elite and non-elite male adolescent basketball players. J Sports Sci 2013;31(2):196-203.
• ²²
  Torres-Unda J, Zarrazquin I, Gravina L, Zubero J, Seco J, Gil SM, et al. Basketballperformance is related to maturity and relative age in elite adolescent players. J Strength Cond Res 2016;30(5):1325-32.
• ²³
  Hancock DJ, Adler AL, Côté J. A proposed theoretical model to explain relative age effects in sport. Eur J Sport Sci 2013;13(6):630-7.
• ²⁴
  Werneck FW, Silva ECR, Rigon RCC, Ferreira RM, Coelho EF, Zaar A, et al. O efeito da idade relativa no esporte no brasil: uma revisão sistemática. Amer J Sport Train 2017;2(1):27-42.
• ²⁵
  Romann M, Fuchslocher J. The need to consider relative age effects in women’s talent development process. Percept Mot Skills 2014;118(3):651-62.
• ²⁶
  Lidor R, Arnon M, Maayan Z, Gershon T, Côté J. Relative age effect and birthplace effect in Division 1 female ballgame players—the relevance of sport-specific factors. Int J Sport Exerc Psychol 2014;12(1):19-33.
• ²⁷
  Rees T, Hardy L, Güllich A, Abernethy B, Côté J, Woodman T, et al. The great British medalists project: a review of current knowledge on the development of the world’s best sporting talent. Sports Med 2016;46(8):1041-58.
• ²⁸
  Rubajczyk K, Świerzko K, Rokita A. Doubly Disadvantaged? The Relative Age Effect in Poland’s Basketball Players. J Sports Sci Med 2017;16:280-5
• ²⁹
  Helsen WF, Starkes JL, Van Winckel J. The influence of relative age on success and dropout in male soccer players. Am J Human Biol 1999;10(6):791-8

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  Sep-Oct 2017

History

• Received
  12 Aug 2017
• Accepted
  21 Sept 2017