Predictive factors of the attack efficacy: the case of the Brazilian women’s Volleyball League champion team

Fatores preditivos da eficácia do ataque: o caso da equipe campeã da superliga feminina

Abstract

The aim was to identify the predictive factors of the attack efficacy of the Brazilian women’s League Champion team according to the level of performance of the opposing team.The sample was composed of the observation of 1137 attacks in 21 games of the 2015-2016 Brazilian women’s Volleyball League champion team. The results were significant to identify the predictive factors of the attack efficacy against high (.²=110.562; .<0.00001), intermediate (.²=64.134; .<0.00001) and low (.²=62.137; .<0.00001) performance opponents. Thus, it is concluded that when playing against high- performance teams, powerful attack for position 6 and second attack tempo increase the chances of attack point; powerful attacks for position 1 and 5 reduce the chances of game continuation; and powerful attack for position 6 increases the chances of blocking. In addition, in games against intermediate-performance teams, reception that allows organized attack without all attack options reduces the chances of attack point and game continuation, while the reception effect did not seem to be a predictive factor of the attack efficacy in games against high- and low-performance opponents and, finally, in games against low-performance teams, powerful attack for position 1 reduces the chances of game continuation and attack blocking.

Key words
Efficacy; Performance; Volleyball

Resumo

Objetivou-se identificar os fatores preditivos da eficácia do ataque da equipe campeã da superliga feminina conforme o nível de desempenho das equipes adversárias. A amostra compôs-se pela observação de 1137 ataques ocorridos em 21 jogos da equipe campeã da Superliga Feminina 2015-2016. Os resultados mostraram-se significativos na identificação dos fatores preditivos da eficácia do ataque em confrontos contra adversários de desempenho elevado (x^.=110,562; p<0,00001), intermediário (x^.=64,134; p<0,00001) e baixo (x^.=62,137; p<0,00001). Assim, conclui-se que ao enfrentar equipes de elevado desempenho o ataque potente para a posição 6 e o 2º tempo de ataque aumentaram as chances de pontuar no ataque; os ataques potentes para a posição 1 e 5 reduziram as chances de ocorrer a continuidade do jogo e o ataque potente para a posição 6 aumentaram as chances de ocorrer o bloqueio. Além disso, em jogos contra equipes de desempenho intermediário a recepção que permitiu o ataque organizado sem todas as opções de ataque reduziu as chances de pontuar no ataque e de continuidade do jogo, enquanto que a eficácia da recepção não mostrou-se como fator preditivo da eficácia do ataque em jogos contra adversários de elevado e baixo desempenho; e, finalmente, em jogos contra equipes de baixo desempenho o ataque potente para a posição 1 reduziu as chances de ocorrer a continuidade do jogo e o bloqueio do ataque.

Palavras-chave
Desempenho; Eficácia; Voleibol

INTRODUCTION

Notational analysis in sports is not new¹,² and allows understanding which aspects of the game influence sports performance³,⁴. In the case of volleyball, it is observed that, in males, attack efficacy is predicted by excellent receptions that allow organized attack with all attack options⁵. In addition, 1^stand 2^ndattack tempo⁶,⁷ and powerful parallel and diagonal attacks⁸,⁹predict attack efficacy in both sexes. However, analysis regarding sex shows that there are differences in the type of game played, derived from the power used in attacks, as well as the speed of the female game¹⁰,¹¹, that is, in women’s volleyball, attack has lower power and the game is slower compared to men’s volleyball.

In analyzing the attack efficacy in complex 1¹²-¹⁴, that is, in the game procedures regarding reception, setting and attack, it is verified that the result of the reception action in men’s volleyball⁶,¹³, as well as the attack tempo¹³,¹⁵ and attack type¹⁰,¹³,¹⁶ in both sexes, influence the attack efficacy and that the type of game practiced changes according to the level of performance of the opposing team¹².

Thus, the quality of the opposing team enables managing risks in decision-making¹⁷, and the quality of the game results in changes in the type of game practiced¹², suggesting that situational constraints must be taken into account when analyzing volleyball game¹⁸,¹⁹. In this context, there is a gap in literature, since most studies had been devoted to the comprehension of the game in a generalized manner¹²,¹³,²⁰, but the present research aimed to identify the predictive factors of the attack efficacy of the Brazilian women’s League champion team according to the level of performance of the opposing team, indicated by the final classification of teams.

METHOD

Sample

The convenience sample consisted of the observation of 1137 attacks in 21 games of the 2015-2016 Brazilian women’s Volleyball League champion team, of the total of 27 games played in that season. This sample is relevant since the Brazilian women’s volleyball is internationally ranked among the top four teams and most of its players participate in the Brazilian Volleyball League.

Variables

Level of performance: for the analysis of this variable, teams were divided according to classification at the end of the championship. Thus, teams that finished competition between the 1^stand 4^th positions were considered highperformance, teams that finished competition between the 5^thand 8^th positionswere considered intermediate performance and those that finished competition between the 9^th and the 12^th positions were considered low performance.

Reception Efficacy: reception efficacy was analyzed using the instrument proposed by Maia and Mesquita²⁰:

• Poor reception (C): reception that did not allow organized attack.

• Moderate Reception (B): Reception that allowed organized attack, although not all attackers were available for the attack.

• Excellent reception (A): reception that allowed organized attack with all attackers available for the attack.

Attack tempo: for this analysis, the instrument proposed by Afonso et al.¹⁵was used:

• 1^stattack tempo: the attacker jumped during or immediately after setting, in which one step can occur after setting;

• 2^ndattack tempo: the attacker made two or three steps after setting;

• 3^rdattack tempo: the attacker waited for the ball to reach the peak of the upward trajectory and only then began the attack step.

Attack type: attack type was analyzed according to instrument proposed by Costa et al.²¹. Attacks exploiting block, when carried out with power, were grouped into powerful attacks on the parallel or diagonal, while Off-speed Attack that exploited block were grouped into the Offspeed Attack category:

• Powerful for position 1 (APP1): Attack carried on downward trajectory towards position 1.

• Powerful for position 6 (APP6): Attack carried on downward trajectory towards position 6.

• Powerful for position 5 (APP5): Attack carried on downward trajectory towards position 5.

• Powerful for position 4 (APP4): Attack carried on downward trajectory towards position 4.

• Powerful for position 3 (APP3): Attack carried on downward trajectory towards position 3.

• Powerful for position 2 (APP3): Attack carried on downward trajectory towards position 2.

• Off-speed Attack (OSA): Attack performed against the ball with less force.

Number of blockers: Corresponds to the number of blockers that opposes the opposing attack. Thus, the following categories were obtained:

• No block: corresponds to the absence of blockers due to the excellence of setting.

• Single block (1x1): corresponds to the block of only one player.

• Double broken block (1 + 1x1): corresponds to the non-compacted block of two players.

• Double compact block (2x1): corresponds to the block of two players, either compacted or not.

• Triple broken block (2 + 1x1): corresponds to the non-compacted block of three players.

• Triple compacted block (3x1): corresponds to the compacted block of three players.

Attack efficacy: to analyze attack efficacy, the instrument proposed by Marcelino, Mesquita and Sampaio²²was used, obtaining the following categories:

• Error: attacker failed in the attack by striking the ball in the net, out or some infraction was made.

• Block: attacker failed in attack due to opponent block

• Continuation: the attack action did not result in a terminal action and allowed the opponent counterattack.

• Point: The attack resulted in a direct point.

Data collection procedure

All games were recorded from the top perspective, i.e., about 7-9 meters behind the bottom line of the court and the camera was positioned approximately three meters above ground level for better viewing of video scenes. A Sony camera with 1080p HD resolution and 60Hz frequency was used for data collection. Observers were physical education professionals with at least 5-year experience in the function of observational analyzers. For the reliability calculation, 20% of actions were re-analyzed, exceeding the reference value of 10%²³. Cohen’s Kappa values for inter- and intra-observer reliability, respectively, were: reception efficacy = 0.98 and 0.98; attack tempo = 0.96 and 0.94; attack type = 1.00 and 1.00; attack efficacy = 1.00 and 1.00. In this sense, the reliability values are above the reference value of 0.75²⁴.

Statistical Procedures

Descriptive analysis and multinominal logistic analysis were performed, observing the relationship of independent variables with the dependent variable one by one. In this context, attack efficacy was considered as dependent variable and attack efficacy, attack tempo and attack type were independent variables, since the number of blockers was not associated with attack efficacy. In order to avoid inconsistencies in the prediction model due to the low occurrence, APP2 and APP4 attacks were excluded. In addition, the analysis of the predictive attack factors was stratified according to the level of performance of opponents, obtaining an analysis for each of them. In data treatment, 5% significance level (p≤0.05) was adopted and SPSS software version 20.0 was used.

RESULTS

The descriptive analysis is presented in table 1 and showed that the occurrences of game procedures varied, although the distribution tendency modified little according to the level of performance of the opposing team.

Table 1
Descriptive analysis of game procedures in relation to the performance of the opposing team

Game procedures			Level of performance			Total
			High	Intermediate	Low
Reception efficacy	Reception C	Occurred	76	49	36	161
		% Occurred	47.2%	30.4%	22.4%	100.0%
	Reception B	Occurred	147	70	34	251
		% Occurred	58.6%	27.9%	13.5%	100.0%
	Reception A	Occurred	337	248	140	725
		% Occurred	46.5%	34.2%	19.3%	100.0%
Attack tempo	1st tempo	Occurred	107	59	43	209
		% Occurred	51.2%	28.2%	20.6%	100.0%
	2nd tempo	Occurred	412	276	142	830
		% Occurred	49.6%	33.3%	17.1%	100.0%
	3rd tempo	Occurred	41	32	25	98
		% Occurred	41.8%	32.7%	25.5%	100.0%
Attack type	APP1	Occurred	174	84	35	293
		% Occurred	59.4%	28.7%	11.9%	100.0%
	APP6	Occurred	120	70	48	238
		% Occurred	50.4%	29.4%	20.2%	100.0%
	APP5	Occurred	145	88	45	278
		% Occurred	52.2%	31.7%	16.2%	100.0%
	APP4	Occurred	5	7	7	19
		% Occurred	26.3%	36.8%	36.8%	100.0%
	APP2	Occurred	3	4	9	16
		% Occurred	18.8%	25.0%	56.3%	100.0%
	OSA	Occurred	113	114	66	293
		% Occurred	38.6%	38.9%	22.5%	100.0%
Number of blockers	No block	Occurred	4	1	2	7
		% Occurred	57.1%	14.3%	28.6%	100.0%
	Single block Simples	Occurred	107	88	65	260
		% Occurred	41.2%	33.8%	25.0%	100.0%
	Block 1+1	Occurred	138	111	39	288
		% Occurred	47.9%	38.5%	13.5%	100.0%
	Double block	Occurred	287	131	82	500
		% Occurred	57.4%	26.2%	16.4%	100.0%
	Block 2+1	Occurred	8	8	4	20
		% Occurred	40.0%	40.0%	20.0%	100.0%
	Triple block	Occurred	4	16	13	33
		% Occurred	12.1%	48.5%	39.4%	100.0%
	No block required	Occurred	12	12	5	29
		% Occurred	41.4%	41.4%	17.2%	100.0%

The analysis of predictive factors of the attack efficacy in confrontations against high-performance opponents was statistically significant (x² = 110.562; p <0.00001), as shown in table 2.

Table 2
Predictive factors of the attack efficacy against high-performance opponents

Attack efficacy a		%	Crude Odds Ratio	Crude p	Adjusted Odds Ratio	Adjusted p	95% confidence interval for Exp(B)
							Lower limit	Upper limit
Block	Reception C	8.70%	.353	0.021	1.065	.931	.255	4.448
	Reception B	37.70%	.746	0.487	2.593	.060	.960	7.002
	Reception Ab	53.60%
	1st tempo	29.00%	4.190	0.021	3.980	.131	.663	23.894
	2nd tempo	65.20%	2.886	0.046	2.016	.379	.423	9.616
	3rd tempo b	5.80%
	APP1	33.30%	0.397	0.059	.725	0.618	.205	2.56
	APP6	34.80%	1.875	0.285	13.614	.025*	1.383	134.030
	APP5	18.80%	0.539	0.213	.514	.328	.136	1.949
	OSA b	13.00%
Continuation	Reception C	18.10%	.605	0.152	1.341	.612	.432	4.165
	Reception B	27.40%	.726	0.379	1.419	.445	.578	3.481
	Reception Ab	54.40%
	1st tempo	15.80%	1.222	0.682	1.080	.917	.560	4.552
	2nd tempo	71.20%	1.599	0.214	1.415	.566	.432	4.636
	3rd tempo b	13.00%
	APP1	20.00%	0.141	0.0001	.134	.0001*	.047	.384
	APP6	17.70%	.467	0.1580	2.344	.115	.264	20.818
	APP5	25.10%	0.218	0.0001	.232	.008*	.080	.679
	OSA b	37.20%
Point	Reception C	10.60%	.222	0.0001	1.082	.889	.356	3.293
	Reception B	25.40%	.639	0.2120	1.276	.585	.533	3.058
	Reception Ab	64.00%
	1st tempo	17.40%	8.119	0.0001	4.075	.062	.929	17.863
	2nd tempo	79.40%	7.996	0.0001	5.134	.011*	1.463	18.017
	3rd tempo b	3.20%
	APP1	35.00%	0.816	0.617	.735	.568	.255	2.119
	APP6	25.40%	2.011	0.193	10.239	.037*	1.150	91.195
	APP5	28.00%	.757	0.511	.816	.715	.274	2.430
	OSA b	11.60%

• Note
• ^a
  The reference category for the dependent variable is the attack error
• ^b
  The reference category for the independent variable
• ^*
  difference for p <0.05

The analysis of predictive factors of the attack efficacy in confrontationsagainst intermediate-performance opponents was statistically significant (x² = 64,134; p <0.00001), as shown in table 3.

Table 3
Predictive factors of the attack efficacy against intermediate-performance opponents

Attack efficacy a		%	Crude Odds Ratio	Crude p	Adjusted Odds Ratio	Adjusted p	95% confidence interval for Exp(B)
							Lower limit	Upper limit
Block	Reception C	31.20%	0.458	.064	.265	.317	.020	3.565
	Reception B	37.50%	1.038	.915	.211	.057	.042	1.050
	Reception Ab	31.30%
	1st tempo	22.60%	3.556	0.020	1.706	.749	.065	44.970
	2nd tempo	67.70%	2.299	0.077	1.671	.714	.107	26.055
	3rd tempo b	9.70%
	APP1	12.90%	.417	.058	.825	.845	.121	5.629
	APP6	35.50%	2.847	0.070	3.048	.257	.443	20.977
	APP5	29.00%	0.417	.061	.871	.865	.178	4.255
	OSA b	22.60%
Continuation	Reception C	19.10%	0.837	.578	.450	.468	.052	3.873
	Reception B	17.00%	0.778	.409	.172	.010*	.045	.661
	Reception Ab	63.40%
	1st tempo	11.30%	1.000	1.000	1.217	.890	.075	19.410
	2nd tempo	75.90%	1.374	0.352	2.856	.351	.315	25.919
	3rd tempo b	12.80%
	APP1	15.60%	0.144	.001	.458	.3240	.097	2.159
	APP6	13.50%	0.608	.353	.506	.446	.088	2.919
	APP5	22.00%	0.199	.001	.289	.0630	.078	1.070
	OSA b	48.90%
Point	Reception C	7.10%	0.345	.001	.231	.190	.026	2.064
	Reception B	20.20%	0.672	.180	.217	.023*	.058	.807
	Reception Ab	72.60%
	1st tempo	18.50%	5.091	0.0001	3.054	.440	.179	51.948
	2nd tempo	78.00%	5.378	0.0001	4.343	.215	.426	44.261
	3rd tempo b	3.50%
	APP1	32.70%	.747	0.456	2.262	.299	.485	10.555
	APP6	22.60%	2.739	0.059	2.135	.395	.371	12.273
	APP5	25.00%	.672	.315	.803	.746	.214	3.019
	OSA b	19.70%

• Note
• ^a
  The reference category for the dependent variable is the attack error
• ^b
  The reference category for the independent variable
• ^*
  difference for p <0.05

The analysis of predictive factors of the attack efficacy in confrontations against low-performance opponents was statistically significant (x² = 62.137; p <0.00001), as shown in table 4.

Table 4
Predictive factors of attack efficacy against low-performance opponents

Attack efficacy a		%	Continue	Crude p	Adjusted Odds Ratio	Adjusted p	95% confidence interval for Exp(B)
							Lower limit	Upper limit
Block	Reception C	15.80%	.075	.299	.413	.406	.051	3.321
	Reception B	21.10%	.806	.837	.568	.474	.121	2.673
	Reception Ab	63.20%
	1st tempo	26.30%	4.000	.121	1.454	.778	.108	19.566
	2nd tempo	63.20%	3.667	.101	1.807	.607	.190	17.175
	3rd tempo b	10.50%
	APP1	5.30%	.083	0.032	.083	.035*	.008	.844
	APP6	31.60%	.833	.820	.921	.930	.147	5.767
	APP5	21.10%	.333	0.153	.318	.151	.067	1.517
	OSA b	42.10%
Continuation	Reception C	23.70%	.516	0.180	.278	.142	.050	1.536
	Reception B	13.20%	1.053	.933	.554	.380	.148	2.073
	Reception Ab	63.20%
	1st tempo	13.20%	.966	.957	.479	.490	.059	3.866
	2nd tempo	67.10%	1.841	.249	1.230	.816	.215	7.028
	3rd tempo b	19.70%
	APP1	14.50%	.012	0.001	.120	.001*	.033	.444
	APP6	15.80%	.212	0.032	.280	.143	.051	1.536
	APP5	17.10%	.138	0.001	.141	.003	.039	.505
	OSA b	52.60%
Point	Reception C	9.40%	.178	0.002	.247	.112	.044	1.387
	Reception B	12.90%	.815	.740	.569	.403	.152	2.134
	Reception Ab	77.60%
	1st tempo	29.40%	6.171	.013	1.602	.669	.184	13.931
	2nd tempo	64.70%	7.929	0.001	3.016	.239	.480	18.951
	3rd tempo b	5.90%
	APP1	21.20%	.414	0.145	.382	.138	.107	1.364
	APP6	30.60%	0.996	.996	1.010	.991	.194	5.256
	APP5	27.10%	.529	0.285	.451	.207	.131	1.552
	OSA b	21.20%

• Note.
• ^a
  The reference category for the dependent variable is the attack error
• ^b
  The reference category for the independent variable
• ^*
  difference for p <0.05

DISCUSSION

The aim of the present study was to identify the predictive factors of the attack efficacy of the Brazilian women’s League champion team according to the level of performance of the opposing team. Descriptive analysis showed that, regardless of level performance of the opposing team, there was higher occurrence of A reception, second attack tempo, powerful attack for position 1 and double compact block. These results corroborate literature, which shows greater occurrence of receptions that allow organized attack⁸,¹²,²¹, second attack tempo⁸,⁹,¹³,²⁵, powerful attack¹³ and double block²⁶. In this context, it was observed that the offensive game pattern of the Brazilian League champion team did not change according to the levelof performance of the opponent and therefore, to a certain extent, do not corroborate results that indicate that the quality of the opposing team and the quality of confrontation enable managing risks in decision-making¹⁷, as well as changes in the type of game practiced¹². Thus, it is suggested that the complex I, composed of reception, setting and attack, suffered little influence from the opposing team when considering the game procedures analyzed. However, these results do not allow inferring about the offensivestrategy used, a factor that can contribute to similarities observed in the descriptive analysis and that, according to Ramos et al.¹⁹, changes according to the opponent and moment of the game.

Analysis of predictive factors of the attack efficacy on games against high-performance teams showed that powerful attack for position 6 and second attack tempo increased the chances of attack point; powerful attacks for positions 1 and 5 reduced the chances of game continuation; and powerful attack for position 6 increased the chances of blocking. These results partially corroborate literature, since 1^stand 2^ndattacks tempo are predictive factors of the attack point, as well as the powerful attacks⁸,¹¹,²⁷. Regarding block, there is partial agreement with the study by Conti et al.⁹, who demonstrated increased chances of blocking after powerful attacks performed with parallel and diagonal. In this way, it was observed that to set faster, specifically in second attack tempo and powerful attack are essential in high-performance women’s volleyball. However, the fact that the powerful attack for position 6 has increased the chances of block to occur suggests greater concern with tactical procedures to protect this typeof attack by the attacking team. Analysis of predictive factors of the attack efficacy on games against intermediate-performance teams showed that reception B reduced the chances of attack point and game continuation. Theresults corroborate the study by Conti et al.⁹, who demonstrated reduction of the chances of point after receptions that do not allow attack with all attack options. In addition, the study by Costa et al.¹⁰demonstrated that defeat on the set is predicted by non-scoring attacks and poor quality receptions. Thus, it is possible to suggest that receptions that do not allow attackorganization with all attack options limit distribution and, consequently, restrict the action of the attacker, making difficult obtaining the point.

Analysis of predictive factors of the attack efficacy on games against low-performance teams showed that powerful attack for position 1 reducedthe chances of game continuation and attack block. These results partially corroborate the study by Costa et al.⁸, who demonstrated reduction of game continuation after powerful attacks performed for position 1. On the other hand, the results disagree with those obtained by Conti et al.⁹, who observed an increase in the chances of game continuation occurring after powerful attack for position 1. Although there are divergences in the predictive factors pointed out in the present research, it was observed that this fact can be related to the specific analysis of the aforementioned studies, since they analyzed attacks made from positions 4, 2 and 1 of the men’s national league. However, since literature points out that the game played in women’s volleyball is supportive, that is, it consists of a greater amount of defense than the game played in men’s volleyball⁶,¹²,²⁸, it can be suggested that attacks made from position 1 aim to limit the offensive construction, considering that the setter occupies such a position in the defensive system when in the defense zone.

The present study did not show reception efficacy as a predictive factor of the attack efficacy in games against high- and low-performance opponents, and did not show the 1^stattack tempo as a predictive factor of the attack efficacy, regardless of opponent’s level of performance. These results contradict the available literature in both sexes⁹,¹⁴,²⁶,²⁹, which demonstrated the influence of reception efficacy on the attack efficacy, as well as the 1^st attack tempo on point achievement. According to the Brazilian Volleyball Confederation (CBV)³⁰, the efficacy of attackers of the champion team was higher than the average of the competition and 3 attackers of the champion team were ranked among the 10 most effective attackers of the competition, which suggests that when playing against high-performance opponents, high-quality receptions are a prerequisite and teams should havespecific offensive tactical strategies based on situational constraints. On the other hand, in confrontations with low-performance teams, reception efficacy may not be predictive due to discrepancies in the tactical-technicalperformance, especially in attack, a game procedure that is shown to be a determining factor for the point achievement and winning the set⁵,¹⁴. With regard to attack tempo, it is possible to infer that playing in 1^stattack tempo is an essential factor and that the level of performance does not change this game procedure. Thus, it was observed that high-quality receptions and fast game are fundamental for point achievement and are not differentiating factors of sport performance.

Finally, it is hoped that the information contained in the results obtained allows adaptations of the tactical concepts used by coaches in structuring specific training to improve both attack performance through training of technical and tactical actions that potentiate the attack efficacy and in a defense situation, consolidating technical-tactical actions capable of neutralizing the opponent’s actions. However, the study presents as limitations the analysis of the attack efficacy as a whole, without distinguishing distinct periods of the game (e.g., differences between sets or punctuation intervals within sets), and did not consider counterattacks.

CONCLUSION

Based on the aims, applied methods and results found, the present study showed how the performance of the opposing team influences the offensive construction of the attack, that is, in complex 1. In this way, confrontations with low- and intermediate- performance teams were influenced by the reception efficacy and attack type, respectively. On the other hand, confrontations with high-performance teams were influenced by powerful attacks for position 1, suggesting the need to limit the opponent’s offensive construction.

How to cite this article

• Rocha ACR, Freire AB, Martins LR,Maia MP, Guimarães JS, UgrinowitschH, Castro HO, Costa GDCT. Predictivefactors of the attack efficacy: the case of the Brazilian women’s Volleyball Leaguechampion team. Rev Bras CineantropomDesempenho Hum 2019, 21:e59383.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1980-0037.2019v21e59383

COMPLIANCE WITH ETHICAL STANDARDS

• Funding
  This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies inthe public, commercial, or non-profit sectors. This study was funded bythe authors.
• Ethical approval
  The protocol of this research was written in accordance with standards setby the Declaration of Helsinki.

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  » http://superliga.cbv.com.br/15-16/index.php/2014-10-24-18-2403/estatisticas-por-atletas

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  08 Aug 2019
• Date of issue
  2019

History

• Received
  25 Sept 2018
• Accepted
  06 Apr 2019