Relationship of speed and unilateral vertical jump performance of basketball athletes

Relação entre a velocidade e desempenho de salto vertical unilateral de atletas de basquetebol

Abstracts

Abstract

Basketball is a sport practiced around the world in this way, performances tests especially with low-cost and accessible are suggested to adjust the training. The 00aim of present study was to evaluate and correlate the speed and jump performance of lower limbs of basketball athletes from the Praia Grande, city of São Paulo, Brazil. Twelve male athletes (6.92 ± 2.57 years of pratice) from the Basketball team of Praia Grande City, aged 18.7 ± 0.6 years, height 1.85 ± 0.06, body mass 83.66 ± 10.16 kg were evaluated. The athletes were submitted to test sessions using the protocol for evaluating the maximum speed of 20 meters and the unilateral vertical jump. The speed on 20 meter test was 3.53 ± 0.20 seconds. Although an asymmetry of 17.81 ± 14.64% was found, no statistical difference (p = 0.817) was found between the dominant (36.50 ± 7.36 cm) and non-dominant (35.92 ± 5.63 cm) of vertical jump performance. Additionally, correlation between 20-meter test and values jump was found to dominant leg (p = 0.042) but not to non-dominant leg (p = 0.704). In conclusion, although asymmetry was found between members of the dominant and non-dominant side of the pitch, did not show any difference in the vertical jump.

Key words:
Muscle power; Performance; Velocity; Jump

Resumo

O basquete é um esporte praticado em todo o mundo, desta forma, testes de desempenho principalmente com baixo custo e acessíveis são sugeridos para adequar o treinamento. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar e correlacionar a velocidade e o desempenho de salto de membros inferiores de atletas de basquetebol da cidade da Praia Grande, São Paulo, Brasil. Foram avaliados 12 atletas do sexo masculino (6,92 ± 2,57 anos de prática) da equipe de Basquetebol da Cidade de Praia Grande, com idade 18,7 ± 0,6 anos, estatura 1,85 ± 0,06, massa corporal 83,66 ± 10,16 kg. Os atletas foram submetidos a sessões de testes utilizando o protocolo de avaliação da velocidade máxima de 20 metros e do salto vertical unilateral. A velocidade no teste de 20 metros foi de 3,53 ± 0,20 segundos. Embora tenha sido encontrada uma assimetria de 17,81 ± 14,64%, não foi encontrada diferença estatística (p = 0,817) entre o desempenho do salto vertical dominante (36,50 ± 7,36 cm) e não dominante (35,92 ± 5,63 cm). Além disso, foi encontrada correlação entre o teste de 20 metros e os valores de salto para perna dominante (p = 0,042), mas não para perna não dominante (p = 0,704). Em conclusão, embora tenha sido encontrada assimetria entre membros do lado dominante e não dominante do campo, não houve diferença no salto vertical

Palavras-chave:
Potência muscular; Desempenho; Velocidade; Salto

INTRODUCTION

According to the International Basketball Federation¹, currently there are approximately 450 million basketball players and fans in the world. In Brazil, approximately 35 million are involved with the modality and 3 million practitioners². Around physical capacity and motor skill at basketball, the jump performance had been considered the important component to athlete's to influence the outcome in competitions. The high frequency of jumps, especially during the game, can promote muscle imbalance, especially to the quadriceps femoris, generating an overload on the knee joint in sports³.

Bishop et al.⁴ evaluated the symmetry in the jump of young elite female soccer players in the United States and correlated it with their maximum sprint performance, showing that asymmetric results are related to poor performance in the 20-meter speed test. In sports such as basketball, which constantly requires vertical jumps, having excellent muscle power becomes essential, especially for facilitating shots, rebound successes or blocking an opponent's shot, which can be decisive for the success of a match⁵. Like jumping, speed is of great importance for the specificity of the sport.

Its is known that basketball is considered a sport of acyclic and intermittent character, with times when there is a need for short distance displacements at high speed, as a counter-attack, or for the search for a defense reorganization when it suffers the counter -attack⁶,⁷. Thus, considering the importance of speed and muscle power, the aim of this study was to evaluate the asymmetry and correlate the speed and vertical jump performance of basketball athletes.

METHODS

Subjects

Twelve male athletes from the Basketball team of the City of Praia Grande-SP, aged 18.7 ± 0.6 years, height 1.85 ± 0.06 meters, body mass 83.66 ± 10.16 kg and practice time 6.92 ± 2.57 years participate voluntarily of study. Of these athletes, eight were considered right-handed and four left-handed, the dominance side being considered from the arm with which the athlete shoots. Of the 12 athletes, two act as guards, 2 guards, 4 wings, 2 pivots and 2 pivots, all participating in the under-20 basketball team, which compete in the Regional Games and the Open Interior Games, representing the city.

Among then, 10 subjects perform strength training 4.2 ± 0.6 days a week and seven reported that they had some injury, 5 in the lower limbs. According to the resolution of the National Health Council, only participants who gave their free and informed consent in writing were admitted to the study in concordance with ethical committee (1.598.072).

Parameters evaluated

Anthropometry

The body mass was evaluated using a digital scale with a capacity of up to 180 kg. The height was evaluated by mobile Wiso® brand stadiometer with a maximum average of up to 210 cm. The body mass index (BMI) was calculated according to the equation BMI = body mass (kg) / height (m2).

Velocity test

The 20-meter running test was used to assess speed according to Johnson & Nelson⁸. Briefly, before the test, all athletes performed a modality-specific warm-up for around 5 minutes, without the interference of the evaluators. After the warm-up, one athlete at a time was called to position themselves behind one of the lanes that marked the basketball court, where there were two cones positioned in a straight line 20 meters away from this same lane with a distance of 2 meters between the cones. At the evaluator's signal, the athlete covered the 20 meters at maximum speed, and the time after overtaking between the cones was measured. The shortest time of three attempts was used as a parameter.

Unilateral vertical jump test

To assess the performance of the lower limbs, the unilateral vertical jump test protocol adapted in accordance with Lockie et al.⁹ was used. After warming up and familiarizing with the test, all athletes were instructed to position themselves in front of the evaluators who were carrying an iPhone 8 cell phone using the My Jump¹⁰ application. The athletes were instructed to do a knee semi-flexion, with the spine erect, and at the evaluator's signal they jumped as high as possible. There were three attempts for each leg (dominant and non-dominant side) and the highest jump of each leg was recorded. The equation used to assess bilateral asymmetry was: Bilateral asymmetry = (best leg - worst leg) / best leg*100.

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS

After confirming of data normality by dominant and non-dominant leg jump, the Student's t test was used to compare the values ​​of jumps. The Person correlation test was performed to analyses the relation between the jumps performance and 20 meters performace test. Analyzes were performed using GraphPad Prism 5.0 statistical software (San Diego, CA, USA) and data presented as mean ± standard error with significance of p≤ 0.05.

RESULTS

The players' speed at 20 meters test was 3.53 ± 0.20 seconds. In Figure 1A it is showed the values ​​related to the performance in the unilateral jump of both legs. Although an asymmetry of 17.81 ± 14.64% was found in the performance of the vertical jump, no statistical difference was found (p= 0.817; t= 0.235; df= 11; 95% CI= -6.025 to 4.858) between the dominant (36.50 ± 7.36 cm) and non-dominant (35.92 ± 5.63 cm) leg.

Figure 1
Panel A: values expressed in mean ± standard deviation of vertical jump by dominant and non-dominant legs. Panel B: Person correlation of 20 meters test performance and vertical jump performance of dominant (⬤) and non-dominant (○) leg.

As can be seen in Figure 1B, a correlation was found between the performance of the 20-meter test and jump performance of dominant leg (p= 0.042; r2: 0.350; 95% CI: -0.870 to -0.027) but not with the non-dominant leg (p=0.704; r2: 0.015; 95% CI: -0.650 to 0.704). Additionally, the asymmetry values ​​did not correlate with the performance of 20-meter test performance (p= 0.326; r2: 0.096; 95% CI: -0.320 to 0.750).

DISCUSSION

In high performance, we know that the requirements of physical fitness and physical conditioning are extremely important factors for an athlete to achieve maximum performance. The muscles of the lower limbs need to develop maximum strength (dynamic and static), explosive (power) and endurance¹¹. The quadriceps has a dominance when it comes to recruiting muscle fibers responsible for knee flexion and extension, due to its greater need, both in daily life and in sport¹². Thus, morphofunctional tests are often used in sports teams for evaluation of performance, the evaluation of the power of lower limbs in sport has been receiving a lot of attention. The evaluation using the force platform is considered a reference in the evaluation process³, however the accessibility and cost make it difficult to carry out more studies and access, thus, low cost tests, easy execution and access for all audiences are used, with emphasis on the horizontal and vertical jump tests¹³,¹⁴.

Although no statistical difference was found between the vertical jump of dominant and non-dominant legs, an asymmetry of 17.81% was found, a result higher than the 10% maximum proposed as ideal by other studies¹⁵,¹⁶. Fort-Vanmeerhaeghe et al.¹⁷, evaluating volleyball and basketball players, found mean asymmetries of 12.84 ± 7.16%, however, 33% of the sample presented asymmetry greater than 15%. Read et al.¹⁸, evaluating elite male soccer players, demonstrated that asymmetry resulted in a higher risk of lower limb injuries.

About performance, Bishop et al.⁴, analyzing the performance of elite soccer players in the 20-meter test and in the jump, demonstrated that the unilateral vertical test is the most appropriate to identify asymmetry compared to the horizontal jump, triple jump and cross jump. Additionally, the authors demonstrated that the asymmetry between the lower limbs is related to a lower performance in the sprint, unlike our study, which found no correlation with the asymmetry, but only with the leg on the dominant side.

High-level sports such as basketball end up determining body patterns that go beyond an exercise routine for non-athletes, resulting in musculoskeletal changes that are associated with the efficiency of the sportive gesture¹⁹. Unlike the results found in our study, there was no difference in vertical jump between the dominant and non-dominant legs. This result was interesting, especially when we consider the pattern of the motor gesture often used in throws with the leg opposite the dominant hand as a reference in the jump impulse, however, it is necessary to consider that during the throw both legs can be requested explaining in part this similarity, along with physical preparation

Gantois et al.²⁰ evaluated college basketball athletes and showed a correlation between maximum sprint and vertical jump. In our study we demonstrated positive correlations only with the dominant side leg, which can be interesting especially when we consider that this leg traditionally plays a primary role in the beginning of sprint acceleration.

In the study by Fort-Vanmeerhaeghe et al.¹⁷ analyzing the relationship between asymmetries between limbs in unipodal tests against movement and horizontal and the performance of 30-meter sprints in 81 basketball, volleyball and handball athletes demonstrated significant relationships between asymmetries in the single-legged jump against movement and time of sprint. Bishop et al.¹⁵, evaluating female soccer players in the single-leg vertical jump and sprint speed of 10 and 30 meters, showed that asymmetries between limbs were significantly associated with slower performance in the test.

Some limitations of the study must be mentioned as the total number of subjects as well as the tests used in this study do not allow generalizations and therefore the findings must be carefully analyzed.

CONCLUSIONS

Thus, further studies must be conducted to confirm our findings.In conclusion, although asymmetry was found between the limbs of the dominant and non-dominant sides of the throw did not show any difference in the vertical jump.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors would like to thank all participants for the participation in the study and to Faculdade Estacio de Sá-Vitoria by grants from the Productivity Research Program Scholarship by address to RLC.

• How to cite this articleNascimento YGA, Faria CS, Lima LEM, Rica RL, Bocalini DS, Figueira Junior A, Lauria VT, Guedes Júnior DP, Silva RP. Relationship of speed and unilateral vertical jump performance of basketball athletes. Rev Bras Cineantropom Desempenho Hum 2023, 25:e89732. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1590/1980-0037.2023v25e89732
• COMPLIANCE WITH ETHICAL STANDARDS

• Funding

  This work was supported by grants from the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Espírito Santo (grant numbers 1007/2022) and fellowship granted to study publication (07/2022; process 2021-BV07V). The funders providers had no role in the decision to publish nor in the preparation of the paper.

REFERENCES

• ¹
  International Basketball Federation [Internet]. Mies: International Basketball Federation; c2022 [cited 2022 Nov 11]. Available from: https://www.fiba.basketball/presentation
  » https://www.fiba.basketball/presentation
• ²
  Brasil DVC, Ribeiro AN, Scaglia AJ. O basquete 3x3 como facilitador para o desenvolvimento positivo de jovens. E-balonmano.com 2019;15(3):187-96.
• ³
  Ferreira JC, Carvalho RGS, Szmuchrowski LA. Validade e confiabilidade de um tapete de contato para mensuração da altura do salto vertical. Rev Bras Biomec 2008;9(17):93-9.
• ⁴
  Bishop C, Read P, McCubbine J, Turner A. Vertical and horizontal asymmetries are related to slower sprinting and jump performance in elite youth female soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 2021;35(1):56-63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000002544 PMid:29489719.
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000002544
• ⁵
  Carvalho MHC, Picanço ES, Santos HQ. Treinamento específico de salto vertical para uma equipe de basquetebol sub-17 masculino. Motricidade 2018;14(1):316-9.
• ⁶
  Báez AAP, Silva WNC, Guerrero PMP. Estrategia para perfeccionar situaciones del contraataque en baloncesto sub-16, ambos sexos. Educ Fis Deporte 2020;25(265):122-8.
• ⁷
  Nunes J, Fantato E, Montagner PC. Velocidade no basquetebol. Conexões 2006;4(2):47-55.
• ⁸
  Johnson BL, Nelson JK. Pratical measurements for evaluation in physical education. London: Macmillan; 1986.
• ⁹
  Lockie RG, Callaghan SJ, Berry SP, Cooke ER, Jordan CA, Luczo TM, et al. Relationship between unilateral jumping ability and asymmetry on multidirectional speed in team-sport athletes. J Strength Cond Res 2014;28(12):3557-66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000000588 PMid:24942166.
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000000588
• ¹⁰
  Balsalobre-Fernández C, Glaister M, Lockey RA. The validity and reliability of an iPhone app for measuring vertical jump performance. J Sports Sci 2015;33(15):1574-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2014.996184 PMid:25555023.
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2014.996184
• ¹¹
  Guedes DP Jr, Rocha AC, Teixeira CVS, Guedes KM, Silva RP. Hipertrofia muscular: a ciência na prática em academias. São Paulo: Conselho Regional de Educação Física da 4ª Região; 2018.
• ¹²
  Benck BT, David AC, Carmo JC. Déficits no equilíbrio muscular em jovens atletas de ginástica feminina. Rev Bras Ciênc Esporte 2016;38(4):342-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rbce.2016.01.008
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rbce.2016.01.008
• ¹³
  Bocalini DS, Rica RL, Triviño RN, Serra AJ, Oliveira BSB, Limongelli AMA. Desempenho em testes de velocidade de nadadores velocistas treinados com parachute. Integração 2009;15(57):145-9.
• ¹⁴
  Bocalini DS, Rica RL, Triviño RN, Serra AJ. Efeitos do treinamento de força específico no desempenho de nadadores velocistas treinados com parachute. Rev Bras Ciênc Esporte 2010;32(1):217-27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-32892010000400015
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-32892010000400015
• ¹⁵
  Bishop C, Turner A, Maloney S, Lake J, Loturco I, Bromley T, et al. Drop jump asymmetry is associated with reduced sprint and change-of-direction speed performance in adult female soccer players. Sports 2019;7(1):29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sports7010029 PMid:30669686.
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sports7010029
• ¹⁶
  Perrin DH, Robertson RJ, Ray RL. Bilateral lsokinetic peak torque, torque acceleration energy, power, and work relationships in athletes and nonathletes. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 1987;9(5):184-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2519/jospt.1987.9.5.184 PMid:18797005.
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.2519/jospt.1987.9.5.184
• ¹⁷
  Fort-Vanmeerhaeghe A, Bishop C, Buscà B, Aguilera-Castells J, Vicens-Bordas J, Gonzalo-Skok O. Inter-limb asymmetries are associated with decrements in physical performance in youth elite team sports athletes. PLoS One 2020;15(3):e0229440. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0229440 PMid:32126107.
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0229440
• ¹⁸
  Read PJ, Oliver JL, Croix MBADS, Myer GD, Lloyd RS. A prospective investigation to evaluate risk factors for lower extremity injury risk in male youth soccer players. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2018;28(3):1244-51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/sms.13013 PMid:29130575.
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/sms.13013
• ¹⁹
  Richene RV. A importância da fisioterapia na prevenção de lesões esportivas no basquetebol. J Spec 2019;1(3).
• ²⁰
  Gantois P, Dantas MP, Simões TBDS, Araújo JPDF, Dantas PMS, Cabral BGDAT. Relação entre o desempenho de sprint repetido e salto vertical intermitente de atletas de basquetebol. Rev Bras Ciênc Esporte 2018;40(4):410-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rbce.2018.04.006
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rbce.2018.04.006

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  28 Apr 2023
• Date of issue
  2023

History

• Received
  22 June 2022
• Accepted
  10 Oct 2022