CALIDAD DEL CARBONO ORGÁNICO DEL SUELO EN DIFERENTES TÉCNICAS DE MANEJO DE RESIDUOS FORESTALES

Lupi, Ana Maria; Conti, Marta E.; Fernandez, Roberto A.

doi:10.5902/198050985736

RESUMEN

Las distintas técnicas de cosecha y manejo de residuos pueden provocar cambios en la cantidad y calidad de la materia orgánica (MO) del suelo. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar las modificaciones en la concentración y la calidad de la MO en un Ultisol con diferentes manejos de los residuos de la cosecha forestal del Pinus elliottii Engelm, al inicio de la segunda rotación. Los tratamientos analizados fueron: a) extracción manual de los residuos de la cosecha y del piso forestal, suelo descubierto (ER), b) quema de residuos y del mantillo, y laboreo con rastra (PI), c) conservación de residuos y del mantillo sobre el suelo (PC). Se determinó el carbono orgánico (CO) en todo el suelo y en las fracciones de ácidos fúlvicos (AF), ácidos húmicos (AH), huminas (HU) y en la fracción liviana (CL). La conservación de los residuos de la cosecha no aumentó el CO ni el CL. Se observó una pérdida de la fracción de ácidos fúlvicos (AF) particularmente en PI. Los tratamientos sin residuos forestales (ER y PI) muestran un aumento en el grado de estabilización de la MO con un incremento de las HU y de la relación CAH/CAF.

Palabras-chave:
sustancias húmicas; residuos de cosecha; preparación del terreno; Pinus

ABSTRACT

Different harvest techniques and residue management can cause changes in the quantity and quality in soil organic matter (OM). This study aims to assess changes in concentration and in the quality of the OM, in an Ultisol with differents forest residue managements at the beginning of the second rotation. The treatment was: a) elimination of harvest residues and forest floor, bare soil (RE), (b) burning of harvest residues and forest floor and subsequent plowing (IP), (c) maintenance of harvest residues and forest floor on the ground (CP). Soil samples were analyzed for determination of soil organic carbon (OC), carbon in the light fraction (LC) and carbon in the fulvic acids (FA), humic acids (HA) and humins (HU) fractions. The harvest residue conservation did not increase the OC or the LC. There was a loss of the more labile fraction (FA) particularly in IP. The treatments without forest residues and forest floor (RE and IP) show an increase in the degree of stabilization of the OM with an increase HU and in the ratio HA/FA.

Keywords:
humid substances; harvest residues; site preparation; Pinus.

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REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS

ALMENDROS, G.; GONZÁLEZ-VILA, F. J.; MARTÍN, F. Fire-induced transformation of soil organic matter from an oak forest: an experimental approach to the effects of fire on humic substances. Soil Science, v. 149, n. 3, p.158-168, marzo 1990.
ANDERSON, D. W.; PAUL E. A.; ARNAUD, R .J. Extraction and characterization of humus with reference to clay associated humus. Can. J. Soil Sci. v. 54, n. 3, p.317-323, Aug. 1974.
BAYER, C.; MIELNICZUK, J.; NETO, L. M. Alterações da matéria orgânica associada a frações minerais induzidas pelo manejo do solo no sul do Brasil. In: ENCONTRO BRASILEIRO SOBRE SUBSTÂNCIAS HÚMICAS, 3., 1999. Santa Maria. Anais... Santa Maria, 1999, p.125-134.
CABRERA, A. L. Regiones fitogeográficas Argentinas. Enciclopedia Argentina de Agricultura y Jardinería. 3. ed. Argentina. ACME 1976. 85 p.
CADE-MENUN, B. J. et al. Phosphorus form and related soil chemistry of Podzolic soil on northern Vancouver Island. II The effects of clear-cutting and burning. Can. J. For. Res. v. 30, n. 11, p1726-1741, 2000.
CARTER, M. C.; FOSTER, C. D. Prescribed burning and productivity in southern pine forest: a review. Forest Ecol. and Management, v. 91, n. 1-3, p.93-109, Apr. 2004.
CHEN, C. R.; XU, C. Z. Soil carbon and nitrogen pool and microbial properties in a 6-year-old slash pine plantation of subtropical Australia: impacts of harvest residue management. Forest Ecol. and Management . v. 206, n. 1-3, p. 237-247, Feb. 2005.
CROMACK, K. et al. Soil carbon and nutrients in a coastal Oregon Douglas fir plantation with red alder. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. v. 63, n. 1, p.232-239, Jan./Feb. 1999.
DEVELOPMENT CORE TEAM. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Austria. ISBN 3-900051-00-3, 2007.
DUXBURY, J. M.; SMITH, M. S.; DORAN, J. W. Soil organic matter as a source and a sink of plant nutrients. Dynamics of soil organic matter in tropical ecosystems. Honolulu, 1989. 245p.
FEARNSIDE, P. M.; BARBOSA, R. I. Soil carbon changes from conversion of forest to pasture in Brazilian Amazonia. Forest Ecology and Management, v. 108, n.1-2, p.147-166, Aug. 1998.
FERNÁNDEZ, A.; CABANEIRO, A; CARBALLA, S. T. Organic matter changes immediately after a wildfire in an Atlantic forest soil and comparison with laboratory soil heating. Soil Biol. Boichemistry, v. 29, n. 1, p. 1-11, Jan. 1997.
FERNÁNDEZ, R. et al. Técnicas de manejo de residuos de cosecha para el establecimiento forestal y su impacto sobre la condición química de los suelos rojos del noreste de argentina. En: CONGRESO ARGENTINO DE INGENIERÍA RURAL. AVANCES EN INGENIERÍA AGRÍCOLA. 6. Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad Agronomía, 2000. Actas... Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad Agronomía, 2000. p. 243:248.
GALANTINI, J. A.; SUÑER, L. Las fracciones orgánicas del suelo: análisis en los suelos de la Argentina. Agriscientia v. 25, n. 1, p. 41-55, junio 2008.
GIUFFRÉ, L. et al. Efecto de diferentes técnicas de manejo de residuos de la cosecha forestal en algunas propiedades de un suelo Kandiudult en el Noreste Argentino. Agricultura Técnica, v. 62, n. 1, p.143-149, enero 2002.
GONĢALVES, J. L. et al. Silvicultural effects on the productivity and wood quality of eucalypt plantationsForest Ecology and Management , v. 193, n. 1-2, p. 45-61, mayo 2004.
GONZALEZ-PEREZ, J.A. et al. The effect of fire on soil organic matter-a review. Environment International. v. 30, n. 6, p. 855- 870, Aug. 2004
GREGORICH, E.G.; JANZEN, H.H. Storage of soil carbon in the light fraction and macroorganic matter. In: CARTER, M.R; STEWART, B.A. (eds.). Structure and organic matter storage in agricultural soils. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 1996. p. 167-192.
INTA. Atlas de suelo de la República Argentina. Secretaría de Agricultura, Ganadería y Pesca: Provincia de Misiones, Argentina. 1990, p.111-154.
IPCC. Good Practice Guidance for Land Use, Land- Use Change, and Forestry Intergovernmental Panel of Climate Change. 2000. Disponible en: <Disponible en: http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/publications_and_data_reports.htm > Acceso en diciembre 2009.
» http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/publications_and_data_reports.htm
JURGENSEN, M. F. et al. Impacts of timber harvesting on soil organic matter, nitrogen, productivity, and health of Inland Northwest forests. Forest Sci. v. 43, n. 2, p 234-251, May 1997.
KÖGEL-KNABNER, I. et al. Advances in soil organic matter research: the impact on agriculture and the environment. Fate of plant components during biodegradation and humification in forest soils: Evidence from structural characterization of individual biomacromolecules. Special publication Nº 90. The Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge. 1991. p. 61-69.
KOPPEN, W. Das geographidche System der Klimate. 5 t. Handbuchder Klimatologie: Berlin. 1936.
KÖRSCHENS, M.; WEIGEL, A.; SCHULZ, E. Turnover of soil organic matter and long term balances- tools for evaluating sustainable productivity of soil. Z Pflanzenernahr Bodenk, v. 161, p. 409-424, 1998.
KUZYAKOV, Y.; FRIEDL, J. K.; STAHR K. Review of mechanisms and quantification of priming effects. Soil Biol. and Biochemistry, v. 32, n. 11, p. 1485-1498, Oct. 2000.
MARTIN, D. et al. Characteristics of humic substances in cultivated and natural forest soils of Sikkim. Geoderma, v. 84, n. 4, p. 345-362, July 1998.
MATHERS, N. J. et al. How does residue management impact soil organic matter composition and quality under Eucalyptus globules plantations in southwestern Australia?. Forest Ecol. and Management , v. 179, n. 1-3, p. 253-267, July 2003.
MCKEE, W. H. Changes in soil fertility following prescribed burning on coastal plain pine sites. USDA Forest Service Research Paper 234, 1982, 23 p.
MENDHAM, D. S. et al. Residue management effects on soil carbon and nutrient content and growth second rotation eucalypts. Forest Ecol. and Management , v. 181, n. 3, p. 357-372, Aug. 2003.
MIGLIERINA, A.M.; ROSELL, R.A. Humus quantity and quality of an entic Haplustoll under different soil-crop management systems. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anan. v. 26, n. 19, p 3343-3355, Nov. 1995.
NAMBIAR, S. E. K. Sustained productivity of plantations: Science and practice. In: SIMPÓSIO IUFRO: MANEJO NUTRITIVO DE PLANTACIONES FORESTALES. Valdivia, Chile, 1995. Actas... Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad Austral de Chile, 1995, p.388-393.
NASCIMENTO, V. M.; ALMENDROS, G.; FERNANDES, F. E. Evolution patterns of the soil organic matter in some agricultural systems in the Brazilian "Cerrado" region. Eur. J. Soil Biol. v. 29, n. 3-4, p.177-182, 1993.
NEARY, D. G. et al. Fire effects on belowground sustainability: a review and synthesis. Forest Ecol and Management, v. 122, n. 1-2, p. 51-71, Sept. 1999.
NZILA, J. D. et al. The effects of slash management on nutrient cycling and tree growth in Eucalyptus plantation in the Congo. Forest Ecol. and Management , v. 171, n. 1-2, p. 209-221, Nov. 2002.
PICCOLO, G. A. Transformaciones de la materia orgánica de un suelo rojo (Kandihumult), durante el período de degradación y recuperación de la fertilidad. 1996. 117p. Tesis (Maestria - Ciencias del Suelo)-Universidad de Buenos Aires. Buenos Aires, 1996.
POWERS, R. F.et al. The North American long -term soil productivity experiment: finding from the first decade of research. Forest Ecol. and Management , v. 220, n. 1-3, p. 31-50, Dec. 2005.
RAISON, R. J. Modification of the soil environment by vegetation fires, with particular reference to nitrogen transformations: a review. Plant and Soil, v. 51, n. 1, p. 73-108, Feb. 1979.
RICHTER, M. et al. Densimetric fractionation of soil organomineral complexes. Journal of Soil Science v. 26, p. 112-123, 1975.
RICHTER, M.; MIZUNO, I.; SVARTZ, H. Un método rápido y preciso para la determinación de ácidos húmicos, ácidos fúlvicos y huminas en suelos. Revista de investigaciones agropecuarias. INTA, v. 4, n.2, p 25-36, 1978-1979.
SHINDO, H.; URABE, M. Changes in the humus composition of volcanic ash soils by heating at various temperatures. Soil. Sci. Plant Nutrition. v. 39, n. 1, p. 189-192, 1993.
SIX, J. R. T. et al. Stabilization mechanisms of soil organic matter: Implications for C-saturation of soilsPlant and Soil . v. 241, n. 2, p. 155-176, Apr. 2002
STEVENSON, F. J.; COLE, M.A. Cycles of soil. Carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, micronutrients. John Wiley & Sons: New York, 1986. 280p.
STEVENSON, F. J.; ELLIOTT. E. Methodologies for assessing the quantity and quality of soil organic matter: Dynamics of soil organic matter in tropical ecosystems. Honolulu, University of Hawaii. 1989, 245p.
USSIRI, D. A. N.; JOHNSON, C. H. Organic matter composition and dynamics in a northern hardwood forest ecosystem 15 years after clear-cutting. Forest Ecol. and Management .v. 240, n. 1-3, p 131-142, Mar. 2007.
WALKLEY, A.; BLACK, I. A. An examination of the Degtjareff method for determining soil organic matter and a proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method. Soil Sci. v. 37, p. 29-38, 1934

Fechas de Publicación

Publicación en esta colección
Apr-Jun 2012

Este es un artículo publicado en acceso abierto bajo una licencia Creative Commons

[1] ALMENDROS, G.; GONZÁLEZ-VILA, F. J.; MARTÍN, F. Fire-induced transformation of soil organic matter from an oak forest: an experimental approach to the effects of fire on humic substances. Soil Science, v. 149, n. 3, p.158-168, marzo 1990.

[2] ANDERSON, D. W.; PAUL E. A.; ARNAUD, R .J. Extraction and characterization of humus with reference to clay associated humus. Can. J. Soil Sci. v. 54, n. 3, p.317-323, Aug. 1974.

[3] BAYER, C.; MIELNICZUK, J.; NETO, L. M. Alterações da matéria orgânica associada a frações minerais induzidas pelo manejo do solo no sul do Brasil. In: ENCONTRO BRASILEIRO SOBRE SUBSTÂNCIAS HÚMICAS, 3., 1999. Santa Maria. Anais... Santa Maria, 1999, p.125-134.

[4] CABRERA, A. L. Regiones fitogeográficas Argentinas. Enciclopedia Argentina de Agricultura y Jardinería. 3. ed. Argentina. ACME 1976. 85 p.

[5] CADE-MENUN, B. J. et al. Phosphorus form and related soil chemistry of Podzolic soil on northern Vancouver Island. II The effects of clear-cutting and burning. Can. J. For. Res. v. 30, n. 11, p1726-1741, 2000.

[6] CARTER, M. C.; FOSTER, C. D. Prescribed burning and productivity in southern pine forest: a review. Forest Ecol. and Management, v. 91, n. 1-3, p.93-109, Apr. 2004.

[7] CHEN, C. R.; XU, C. Z. Soil carbon and nitrogen pool and microbial properties in a 6-year-old slash pine plantation of subtropical Australia: impacts of harvest residue management. Forest Ecol. and Management . v. 206, n. 1-3, p. 237-247, Feb. 2005.

[8] CROMACK, K. et al. Soil carbon and nutrients in a coastal Oregon Douglas fir plantation with red alder. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. v. 63, n. 1, p.232-239, Jan./Feb. 1999.

[9] DEVELOPMENT CORE TEAM. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Austria. ISBN 3-900051-00-3, 2007.

[10] DUXBURY, J. M.; SMITH, M. S.; DORAN, J. W. Soil organic matter as a source and a sink of plant nutrients. Dynamics of soil organic matter in tropical ecosystems. Honolulu, 1989. 245p.

[11] FEARNSIDE, P. M.; BARBOSA, R. I. Soil carbon changes from conversion of forest to pasture in Brazilian Amazonia. Forest Ecology and Management, v. 108, n.1-2, p.147-166, Aug. 1998.

[12] FERNÁNDEZ, A.; CABANEIRO, A; CARBALLA, S. T. Organic matter changes immediately after a wildfire in an Atlantic forest soil and comparison with laboratory soil heating. Soil Biol. Boichemistry, v. 29, n. 1, p. 1-11, Jan. 1997.

[13] FERNÁNDEZ, R. et al. Técnicas de manejo de residuos de cosecha para el establecimiento forestal y su impacto sobre la condición química de los suelos rojos del noreste de argentina. En: CONGRESO ARGENTINO DE INGENIERÍA RURAL. AVANCES EN INGENIERÍA AGRÍCOLA. 6. Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad Agronomía, 2000. Actas... Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad Agronomía, 2000. p. 243:248.

[14] GALANTINI, J. A.; SUÑER, L. Las fracciones orgánicas del suelo: análisis en los suelos de la Argentina. Agriscientia v. 25, n. 1, p. 41-55, junio 2008.

[15] GIUFFRÉ, L. et al. Efecto de diferentes técnicas de manejo de residuos de la cosecha forestal en algunas propiedades de un suelo Kandiudult en el Noreste Argentino. Agricultura Técnica, v. 62, n. 1, p.143-149, enero 2002.

[16] GONĢALVES, J. L. et al. Silvicultural effects on the productivity and wood quality of eucalypt plantationsForest Ecology and Management , v. 193, n. 1-2, p. 45-61, mayo 2004.

[17] GONZALEZ-PEREZ, J.A. et al. The effect of fire on soil organic matter-a review. Environment International. v. 30, n. 6, p. 855- 870, Aug. 2004

[18] GREGORICH, E.G.; JANZEN, H.H. Storage of soil carbon in the light fraction and macroorganic matter. In: CARTER, M.R; STEWART, B.A. (eds.). Structure and organic matter storage in agricultural soils. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 1996. p. 167-192.

[19] INTA. Atlas de suelo de la República Argentina. Secretaría de Agricultura, Ganadería y Pesca: Provincia de Misiones, Argentina. 1990, p.111-154.

[20] IPCC. Good Practice Guidance for Land Use, Land- Use Change, and Forestry Intergovernmental Panel of Climate Change. 2000. Disponible en: <Disponible en: http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/publications_and_data_reports.htm > Acceso en diciembre 2009.
» http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/publications_and_data_reports.htm

[21] JURGENSEN, M. F. et al. Impacts of timber harvesting on soil organic matter, nitrogen, productivity, and health of Inland Northwest forests. Forest Sci. v. 43, n. 2, p 234-251, May 1997.

[22] KÖGEL-KNABNER, I. et al. Advances in soil organic matter research: the impact on agriculture and the environment. Fate of plant components during biodegradation and humification in forest soils: Evidence from structural characterization of individual biomacromolecules. Special publication Nº 90. The Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge. 1991. p. 61-69.

[23] KOPPEN, W. Das geographidche System der Klimate. 5 t. Handbuchder Klimatologie: Berlin. 1936.

[24] KÖRSCHENS, M.; WEIGEL, A.; SCHULZ, E. Turnover of soil organic matter and long term balances- tools for evaluating sustainable productivity of soil. Z Pflanzenernahr Bodenk, v. 161, p. 409-424, 1998.

[25] KUZYAKOV, Y.; FRIEDL, J. K.; STAHR K. Review of mechanisms and quantification of priming effects. Soil Biol. and Biochemistry, v. 32, n. 11, p. 1485-1498, Oct. 2000.

[26] MARTIN, D. et al. Characteristics of humic substances in cultivated and natural forest soils of Sikkim. Geoderma, v. 84, n. 4, p. 345-362, July 1998.

[27] MATHERS, N. J. et al. How does residue management impact soil organic matter composition and quality under Eucalyptus globules plantations in southwestern Australia?. Forest Ecol. and Management , v. 179, n. 1-3, p. 253-267, July 2003.

[28] MCKEE, W. H. Changes in soil fertility following prescribed burning on coastal plain pine sites. USDA Forest Service Research Paper 234, 1982, 23 p.

[29] MENDHAM, D. S. et al. Residue management effects on soil carbon and nutrient content and growth second rotation eucalypts. Forest Ecol. and Management , v. 181, n. 3, p. 357-372, Aug. 2003.

[30] MIGLIERINA, A.M.; ROSELL, R.A. Humus quantity and quality of an entic Haplustoll under different soil-crop management systems. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anan. v. 26, n. 19, p 3343-3355, Nov. 1995.

[31] NAMBIAR, S. E. K. Sustained productivity of plantations: Science and practice. In: SIMPÓSIO IUFRO: MANEJO NUTRITIVO DE PLANTACIONES FORESTALES. Valdivia, Chile, 1995. Actas... Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad Austral de Chile, 1995, p.388-393.

[32] NASCIMENTO, V. M.; ALMENDROS, G.; FERNANDES, F. E. Evolution patterns of the soil organic matter in some agricultural systems in the Brazilian "Cerrado" region. Eur. J. Soil Biol. v. 29, n. 3-4, p.177-182, 1993.

[33] NEARY, D. G. et al. Fire effects on belowground sustainability: a review and synthesis. Forest Ecol and Management, v. 122, n. 1-2, p. 51-71, Sept. 1999.

[34] NZILA, J. D. et al. The effects of slash management on nutrient cycling and tree growth in Eucalyptus plantation in the Congo. Forest Ecol. and Management , v. 171, n. 1-2, p. 209-221, Nov. 2002.

[35] PICCOLO, G. A. Transformaciones de la materia orgánica de un suelo rojo (Kandihumult), durante el período de degradación y recuperación de la fertilidad. 1996. 117p. Tesis (Maestria - Ciencias del Suelo)-Universidad de Buenos Aires. Buenos Aires, 1996.

[36] POWERS, R. F.et al. The North American long -term soil productivity experiment: finding from the first decade of research. Forest Ecol. and Management , v. 220, n. 1-3, p. 31-50, Dec. 2005.

[37] RAISON, R. J. Modification of the soil environment by vegetation fires, with particular reference to nitrogen transformations: a review. Plant and Soil, v. 51, n. 1, p. 73-108, Feb. 1979.

[38] RICHTER, M. et al. Densimetric fractionation of soil organomineral complexes. Journal of Soil Science v. 26, p. 112-123, 1975.

[39] RICHTER, M.; MIZUNO, I.; SVARTZ, H. Un método rápido y preciso para la determinación de ácidos húmicos, ácidos fúlvicos y huminas en suelos. Revista de investigaciones agropecuarias. INTA, v. 4, n.2, p 25-36, 1978-1979.

[40] SHINDO, H.; URABE, M. Changes in the humus composition of volcanic ash soils by heating at various temperatures. Soil. Sci. Plant Nutrition. v. 39, n. 1, p. 189-192, 1993.

[41] SIX, J. R. T. et al. Stabilization mechanisms of soil organic matter: Implications for C-saturation of soilsPlant and Soil . v. 241, n. 2, p. 155-176, Apr. 2002

[42] STEVENSON, F. J.; COLE, M.A. Cycles of soil. Carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, micronutrients. John Wiley & Sons: New York, 1986. 280p.

[43] STEVENSON, F. J.; ELLIOTT. E. Methodologies for assessing the quantity and quality of soil organic matter: Dynamics of soil organic matter in tropical ecosystems. Honolulu, University of Hawaii. 1989, 245p.

[44] USSIRI, D. A. N.; JOHNSON, C. H. Organic matter composition and dynamics in a northern hardwood forest ecosystem 15 years after clear-cutting. Forest Ecol. and Management .v. 240, n. 1-3, p 131-142, Mar. 2007.

[45] WALKLEY, A.; BLACK, I. A. An examination of the Degtjareff method for determining soil organic matter and a proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method. Soil Sci. v. 37, p. 29-38, 1934

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